Nº 1/2012 Special Issue Migratory Trajectories from Africa, Illegality, and Gender Comparative analysis of Portugal and Italy By Marzia Grassi TL Network e-Working Papers (ISSN 2182-5718) TL Network e-Working Paper Series TL Network e-Working Paper Avª Prof. Aníbal de Bettencourt, Nº9 1600-189 Lisboa, Portugal Tel:351-21-7804700 Fax:351-21-7940274/e-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.tlnetwork.ics.ul.pt Migratory Trajectories from Africa, Illegality, and Gender Comparative analysis of Portugal and Italy Project Team Marzia Grassi (ICS-UL) Principal Investigator Augusto Nascimento (ICCTI) Senior Researcher Alberto Sobrero (University Rome 1) Senior Researcher Martina Giuffré (University Rome 1) Senior Researcher Tatiana Ferreira (ISCTE-IUL/ICS-UL) PhD Researcher Marianna Bacci Tamburlini (ICS-UL) PhD Researcher Pedro Rodrigues (ICS-UL) PhD Researcher Caterina Cingolani (University of Siena) PhD Researcher Francesco Fanoli (University of Messina) PhD Researcher Giovanna Campani (University of Florence) Consultant Karin Wall (ICS-UL) Consultant Granted by “PIHM/GC/0046/2008” Index Foreword – Marzia Grassi. 1 Part I: Linking mobility, illegality and gender Migration Trajectories from Africa to Southern Europe. 3 Marzia Grassi Immigration context: the case of Portugal and Italy. 16 Marzia Grassi, Martina Giuffrè, and Tatiana Ferreira Part II – “Illegal” Migrants Illegal migrants in statistical data. 34 Marzia Grassi, Martina Giuffrè, and Tatiana Ferreira Illegal migrants in the law. 48 Marianna Bacci Tamburlini, Martina Giuffrè, and Marzia Grassi Illegal migrants in Portugal and Italy. 75 Tatiana Ferreira, and Marzia Grassi Part III – Networks, labor market, and illegality Illegality and gender across generations: the case of Portugal. 86 Tatiana Ferreira Papers, labor market, and everyday life in Italy. 94 Caterina Cingolani Part IV – Illegal migrants’ representation in the press In Portuguese press. 108 Pedro Rodrigues, and Marzia Grassi Rosarno and the media in Italy. 132 Francesco Fanoli Discussion: findings and good practices. 142 Marzia Grassi, and Martina Giuffrè Bibliography. 154 Annexes. 170 Index of tables, graphs, and figures Table 1 - Percentage of foreigners of African origin living in Italy, year 2010. 20 Table 2 - Number of requests for status regularization in 1992 and 1996. .35 Table 3 - Residence permit attributed – Law Decree nº4/2001 – 10 January. .37 Table 4 - Requests from legal status regularization. .38 Table 5 - Requests from legal status regularization, by nationality. .38 (Regulatory-Degree nº6/2004 of 26 April, article 71) Table 6 - Identified foreigner individuals, by nationality. .40 Table 7 – Irregular migrants in Italy. .42 Table 8 – Irregular migrants in Italy from African countries (2009a). .43 Table 9 – Irregular migrants in Italy from African countries (2009b). .43 Table 10 - The Security Decree. .65 Table 11: The residence permit. .68 Table 12 - Table 12 - Age by gender. .75 Table 13 - Immigration year by gender. .76 Table 14 - Household composition by gender. .77 Table 15 - Education level by gender. .78 Table 16 - Profession by gender. .78 Table 17 - Migration countries – Portugal. .82 Table 18 - Migration countries – Italy. .83 Table 19: Totals for the sample, by newspaper. .118 Table 20 - Type/form of the articles, by newspaper. .119 Table 21 - Frequency of first-page headline articles in the sample, by newspaper120 Table 22 - Size of the articles, by newspaper. .120 Table 23 - Number of pictures with each article, by newspaper. .121 Table 24 - Frequency of articles, by section, by newspaper. .122 Table 25: The “crime” theme, in both newspapers. .123 Table 26 - Actor role in the articles classified under “crime”. .123 Table 27 - Articles mentioning actor’s name. .125 Table 28 - References to female actors, by newspaper. .126 Table 29 - References to male actors, by newspaper. .126 Table 30 - Female actors in first-page headlines. .127 Table 31 - Male actors in first-page headlines. .127 Table 32 - Gender of actors, by theme and newspaper. .128 Table 33 - Professional status of actors, by gender and newspaper. .129 Table 34 - Actors as responsible or victim of the crime described, by gender and newspaper (number of articles). .129 Graphs Graph 1 – Reasons from migration by gender. .14 Graph 2 - PALOP legally resident population in Portugal. .18 Graph 3 – Legal status at arrival by gender. .80 Graph 4 - Current legal status by gender. .81 Graph 5 - Household composition in Portugal, by gender. .86 Figures Figure 1 - European Regulations. .49 Figure 2 – Main provisions regarding migration by chronological order. .51 Figure 3 – Divergence and convergence elements between Portugal and Italy. .52 Foreword This report represents the contribution of the ICS-UL to the project “Migration trajectories from Africa, illegality and Gender: comparative analysis of Portugal and Italy. The project is coordinated by ICS-UL and funded by the FCT/CIG through the “PIHM/GC/0046/2008” program. We will outline here a preliminary analysis of the findings on illegal representations and self-perceptions grounded in qualitative interviews with migrant actors and organizations dealing with these social groups in Portugal and Italy. Furthermore, we will present a synthetic review of the concept of illegal in the formal laws in this two countries as well as an overview of the representations of illegal migrants in the press. The data and information sources used are the following: Current literature Interviews with migrants Interviews with representatives of NGO and state institutions Press survey As coordinator of the project at ICS-UL, i am responsible for the writing and organization of this report, which has contributions from all team members named inside. I gratefully thank all those who cooperated in this research. A special thanks goes to: Dr. Tatiana Ferreira, for her constant help during the organization of this report and to Dr. Martina Giuffrè for organizing, writing, and supervising the output of the Italian case-study. I also wish to thank the experts of the projects, Dr. Karin Wall and Dr. Giovanna Campani, who contributed during the two years of the project with very helpful feedback that has been crucial to question and analyze the information organized in this report. The final and more in-depth analysis of the collected evidence is the object of a book - in progress - to be published in Italy, in 2012. Lisbon, 20 April 2012 Marzia Grassi 1 PART 1 Linking mobility, illegality, and gender Migration trajectories from Africa to Southern Europe Marzia Grassi Within a prevailing context of rising migratory flows to Western Europe, Portugal and Italy became net recipient countries from the 1990s on with people arriving from various countries including Africa. Recent migratory dynamics feature gender and social class as two of the leading factors inherently influencing the conditions for the success (or otherwise) of the migratory experience. These factors seem also to be important in influencing the perception and representation of the illegality of practices engaged in by migrants. The object of study of this project stems from the scope of other research projects already undertaken by the coordinator (Grassi 2003, 2005, 2007) carried out in Lisbon and other communities hosting African diasporas from 2003 on. Despite highlighting the importance of gender in migrations, most of the studies in this area do not extend their range to the conceptual scope of these practices and representations of illegality in the social integration of men and women in contemporary Europe (Wall et al. 2006; Gonçalves and Figueiredo 2005; Hellerman 2005; Sertório and Pereira 2004; Peixoto 2006; Grassi and Évora 2007). The specific aim of this project is to rethink the notion of illegal immigration in Portugal and Italy, emphasizing the gender differences involved in the legal sphere and in the self- perception and representation of individual. Illegal practices create different challenges depending on t he gender of the immigrants concerned. Different social conditions and identities result in differing conditions of access to labor markets and to citizenship rights, as well as in situations of lesser or greater vulnerability to human rights abuses (UNFPA 2006). This project establishes that the notion of illegality cannot be rethought without taking into account the recognition of gender differences in the experiences of migrants, in the same way that they form part of human experience in general. This interpretative approach to "illegal" migration is seen as an important step in extending an analysis that seeks to clarify illegality as a pertinent theoretical topic in the contemporary European context. The analysis is based on two case studies carried out one in Portugal and the other in Italy. In the Portuguese study, analysis focuses on migratory flows from Portugal's former colonies, which remain the largest source of immigrants into Portugal and which have recently shown an increase in the percentage of migrant women. These are long-standing migratory flows with historic roots that result in enduring perceptions and representations of identity that are moving away from the classic model of family migration, in which men emigrate first and are 3 then joined by women through family reunification laws. A new model involves an increasing number of single women seeking work, mainly in unskilled sectors. According to the OECD (2008), two in five of the approximately 4.5 million immigrants living in Italy are