vo[. xxx NO. 6 JUNE r98r R
Austraha: ASt) 72 Neu Zealand: NZ $ 0.t14 UK:39 p US.A:S0.7ti
o Rurql Youth o lhe EnqgY Prcilm Yeor-Old Grollo China's first high-l1ux nuclear reactor goes into operation. Here, the !:eactor core is being installed. Plrrtto hr Liu l.ltibin PUBLISHED MONTHTY IN ENGLISH, FRENCH, SPANISH, AMBIC, GERMAN, PORTUGUESE AND CHINESE BY THE CHINA TYETFARE INSNTUTE (sOONG CHING LINg, CHAIRMANI
vor. xxx No. 6 JUNE 1981 Articles of the Month CONTENTS Young Folks in the Country Villoge Youth Young People of a Rural Brigade E Eighty percent of Chino's young people live in the o The Youth Experimental Farm B countryside. A series describes their current mood o Into the World Market 1.1 os they work to chonge the foce of Chino. Poge 5 o More Marriages in Zhongshahai 13 Econonny/Science China's First High-Flux Reactor 5B The Making of a Young Science Writer 56 Saving Energy for More Production 34 The Xiamen Special Economic Zone 68 Stockbreeding The Horse of the Future-and the Past 16 Culture/Arts The Energy Problem National Exhibition by Young Artists 30 Xiao Youmei, Pioneer in Music Education 24 lndustriol production rcse 8.4/" in 1980 while output The Dazu Treasure-House of Carvings 50 of energy declilned slightly. Conservotion, energy Engraving on a Human Hair 43 etficiency, ond new lesources ore the onswer. The Art of Miniature 42 Poge 3l ln Guangzhou's Orchid Garden hz s Educotion The Youth A* Erhibition The Overseas Chinese University 18 Friendship How some of Grino's best yoring Memories of Chin.a 40 ortists tockle new themes ond new YMCA Seminar Tour from U.S. 44 styles ol erpression Poge 30 Talitha Gerlach's BSth Birthday 49 Medicine New Hope lor Nephritis Patients Ardhoeology Tombs of the Huns in Their Homeland 66 Notionolities Home on the Range 4 Sports ond Postimes World lce Hockey in Beiling 38 Treosures of Dqzu lnternational Bridge Tournament in Shanghai 37 Sports Briefs 36 A thousond - yeor 'old The Guangzhou Stamp Exhibition 60 treosure ttoue neor ln Our Society Sichuon A Diowning Girl Saved 28 ins 50,000 ; it's now Book Review open to the public. Gone Are the Days of Lawlessness 29 Poge 50 Cdlumns ond Speciols Our Postbag 2 Wit and Barbs Xiomen (Amoy) Speciol Economic,Zone Humor Legends and Historical Tales: "Speciol economic zones" lor loreign inresimenl in Pan Gu Makes the World bt coostol citiles ore o leoture of the new economic Language Corner: Lesson 6 plon. How do they work? Poge 68 The Stone Lions of Lugouqiao (Marco Polo Bridge) 70 Cover Pictures Front: Village girl. Liu Chen Back: Woman with chiikens, Dazu grottoes, Sichuan province (see article p. 50)
Editoriol Officc: Wol Wen BulldlnE, Beijing (37), Chino, Coble: "CTIIRECON" Belling, Gmercl Dirtrlbutor: GUOJI SHUDIAN, P.O. Box 399, Beiling, Chino. Court and ArmY country in 1978 as a mernber of the Switzerland-China Friendship Associa- I am so glad to read the article on tion. From then on I have been a warm- the speeial court carried in Your hearted reader of Chino Reconstructs. February 1981 issue because I am The magazine has deePened and ex- working in a court. I hope You will panded my impressions of Chlna and I carry articles on your army. hope to visit it again. good' The one and a half hour film I shot Tighten Your Articles China Reconstrucls is But it would be bdtter if you changed it into during my stay in China received You should tighten your articles. a weekly magazine. A month is too favorable comments in a film lecture I You waste a lot of words. long to wait for the next issue. gave. I am glad to see that your maga- to see that statistical zine reports China's new developments I am happy NDU\ilIMANA FRANCOIS comparisons are often made, compar- frankly and doesn't avoid seif-criticism. Kibungo, Rtoonda ing one year to the year before. I have Your reports on China's religious activi- seen too many comparisons referring to ties are the clear Proofs oi this. the years before 1949. I don't care what W. BOESCHENSTEIN ldeas happened before 1949 as far as economic Articles with Monnedorl, Susitzerlond statistics are concerned. I only want to see what improvements are made I appreciate your articles very much from year to year. for their simplicity in style and variety of theme. I also like to read those Py'rnt Chinese Characters ERIC W. LIEN articles with the writers' personal ideas Son Francisco, Colifornia: U.S.A, and experiences because they can help I am studYing SinologY and East us understand the Chinese people's way Asian art history at college. I think of thinking and Iife. your articles are interesting, especially reports, which are always in Narcissus FRANCOISE MEDIAVILLA the news Colombes, France concrete terms (e.g., "Historic Trial" in My husband just recentiy started your February l98L issue). subscribing to China Reconstructs. I would be Pleased if You gave the of im- When the February issue came I was Can Ear Read Words? Chinese characters for the names taken by your article on the narcissus portant people, places, and organiza- in China. I read with great interest the article tions. can't read Chinese As a young girl growing uP 0n a "Parapsychoiogy, Is It Real?" that ap- At present I still dairy farm in the San Joaquin Valley peared in your JanuarY l98f issue. newspapers and periodicals due to my in California, my mother had these From it I learned that not onlY ears timited Chinese level, so I can hardly sweet-scented flowers growing in our but aiso other Parts of some Young find the Chinese names for Persons yard. When they started biooming I people, armpits and feet can read which haven't been collected in some like you always felt an excitement, an anticipa- words as well as recognize the color of ordinary reference books. I hope iion kno',rring that spring would soon ink" I am locking lorward to reading will consider and accept my suggestion. follow. an article on the ParaPsYchoiogY INGRID SCHUH ' So when I read that the Chinese Forum In Shanghai. Bornheim, West Germona decorate these fragrant flowers with FAUSTINO BARDALES LOPEZ and had a Spring Festival in late win- ter, it brought back many warm Limo, Peru memories of my childhood. It surprised Short Articles with Summaries me to know that my feelings were and propose that you should carry some shared by many PeoPIe in another Bridge of FriendshiP I Understanding short articles with bold-face summaries country. who don't have much Thank you for the memories and the for those readers read. Please use more pictures, education in that article. China Reconstruats really is a bridge time to of friendship and understanding be- if possible, because they communicate MRS. E. L. IRWIN JR. tween the peoples of China and other better than words, Tulare, Calilornio, U.S.A. countries. The articles' rich contents It would be good i{ You gave short help us learn Your countrY's sYstem, summaries to the articles "Recalling Your Spanish edition heips readers One of Our Founders", "Festival of and Dance" and "Giant To Guard Against TY understand the articles on diffe4Bnt Minority Song subjects through its simple, accurate Project on the Changjiang'i that ap- I have just read your March 1981 is- and humorous form of expression. The peaied in your February 1981 issue. are the sue and the article by Lu Zhenhua in- color pictures in your magazine HERWING BRANDSTETTER the families ever seen. forms me that tvl'o-thirds of most beautiful I have Groz, Austrio in the Beijing area have TV now. This Through your magazine 'I know the im- shows that China is gradually climbing portant people in every fieid and the out of poverty. cultural tradition of China that com- But as a friend of the Chinese Peo- plements and influences ours. I enjoy "Language Corner" Answers ple, I would Iike to tell You that You China's culture and religion very much. guard against it. Because it is Your magazine is good, both the must GUILLERMO GONZP.LEZ ZAYAS you gave like the tongue as described by Aesop: design and the contents. If Ponce, Puerto Rico in the gives expression to men's thoughts, answers to the "Exercises" it on the following is- and those are by turns the best things' "Language Corner" people who are and worst ones as weII. sue, it would help those You Don't Avoid Self-Criticism studying Chinese by themselves. PIERRE AND SIMONE THOMAS STOJCK BELLANGER I was fortunate to have a chance to Bobenheim-Rotheim, W e st GetmanY Paris, France make a three-week visit to Your
2 CTIINA RECONSTRUCTS Wit and Barbs
(-mua Contradiction. Zhang Qinzhe
He only picks what he wants. Zhang Zhengti
Bear meets porcupine Wang Yu
Ancietrts cotrfer (Too many over-age people in top jobs). @iu Chengd.e
JUNE 198I f
&^. w i ". Home on the Ran :
HUANG YOUF'T]
i" ., r*^i;
Yurt mobile homes mastgr of the yurt occupying the on the Inner Mon- golian grassland. center, the men of the household on his left and the women on his Yur(s with ele- ctric lighting in a right. Large families may have settlement on two or more yurts. Hulun Buir glass- land. In the Mongolian language, the Lu Jinla yurt is called mongol ger, ar erge ger, "movable house". The Han Chinese have adapted the old THE vast and beautiful grass- a circular wall, or hana. three to Manchu form, m,onggo boo, to r lands oI Inner Mongolia cover four mete.rs in diameter, ai.l made menggu bao. ("Yurt", originally more than half of the auton- of wicker fastened with leather a Turkic word meaning "home", omous region's 1.4 million square thongs and covered in felt. There comes to the English language kilometers. The white yurts felt is a one-meter-diameter skylight from the Russian, via German.) of the Mongol herdsrrien dot the that accommodates alilc the Ancient Chinese literature had range like sailing ships becalmed stovepipe. The frame is erected many names for the structure: on a sea of green. on a base of earth and stones Tang dynasty (618-907 The yurt is a dwelling in- raised a few inches above the In the timately adapted over thousands ground. A.D.), it was qionglu, "vaulted of years to the nomadic life on The interior has no partitions. house"; other names, such as the northern plains. More than a Cabinets and furniture are array- zhanmu, zhanzhang, zhanfang, tent but not quite a house, it can ed around the wall, with the stove and zhanbao, derive from the be assembled and disassembled in in the middle. Rugs or low Han word zhan, meaning "felt". hours. The typical yurt has a wooden beds are arrangd on It was also called baizi zhang, dome, or uni,2.5 meters high, and three sides of the stove. with the "hundred son tent", for the hundreds of wickers used in its construction. Interestingly, dur- Tourists visiting the Ulan Tuge People's Commune can put up for the night in ing the Tang dynasty, many Han a yurt. yang Shenhe people in the north held weddings in yurts in the hope of having many sons. The Mongol herdsmen are warmhearted, straightforward, and hospitable. Any traveler is welcome at any time to staY for a meal and a night's rest before continuing his or her journeY. But guests are expected to follow the rules of the house - men on the left, 'vvomen on the right' tr
HUANG YOUFU is a researcher at the Central Institute for Nationalities in Beijing.
CHINA RECONSTBUCTS YOU YUWEN
I T was early spring, and in north I China it was still very cold. Though the winter wheat had begun to turn green, the Shandong Iandscape all along our route re- mained a stretch of gray. But suddenly there were bright colors, and I knew we'd arrived at Zhongshahai. Young girls in color- ful jackets and scarves and dy- namic young men were on their way to work in the fields or at their brigade-run factory. Our host, seated next to me in the car, told me these young people had played an important role in im- proving their village's prospects, transforming it from a poverty- stricken backwater to a prosper- Some of Zhongshahai's young men. ous, modernizing rural community.
Poor and Backward whatever work they could to sup- Last year, for the first time, Heze port themselves and their families. not only overfulfilled the state Three years ago Heze prefecture In Zhongshahai, for example, until production target, but had surplus in southwestern Shandong was one the early 1970s, 40 percent of the to sell; it produced altogether of the province's four poorest and 2,900 brigade members had to find 190,000 tons of grain. In addition, most backward areas. Lying on work elsewhere every year. Heze sold to the state 90,000 tons the alluvial plain of the lower There were various reasons for of cotton, 10,000 tons of Huanghe (Yellow) River, 40 this situation natural calamities, peanuts and 9,400 tons sesame. percent oI its cultivated land is a lovr starting- point, and incom- Last year, average grain rations saline-alkaline or sandy. In the petent leadership at different and cash income for the members old days, when there was famine, levels. of the Zhongshahai brigade were peasants the had to sell their But crucial problem was 360 kg. and 280 yuan. There was daughters the or sons, or abandon ultra-Left thinking. some not a single grain-deficient homes In their to find work or places, coffrmune members already household in the village, and 80 charity in other places. Liberation undernourished were told to "re- percent of the peasant families brought an end this, to to but not solutely cut off the tails of capital- had bank deposits, ranging fronl poverty. 1977, grain rations Until ism" which given local conditions several hundred to more than 2,000 averaged only 150 kg. per person, meant, "don't raise chickens at yuan. and in some places it was as low home" as 50 100 wages or do anything else to to kg. Cash provide Going Toward Prosperity averaged only 30 yuan per person for oneself. If they dis- obeyed, they would criticized. annually. Many communes and be Ffom the changes at Zhong- peasants' brigades depended on the state for So at that time the shahai we can get some idea of the faces food and the money to maintain would turn pale at the men- changes throughout Heze. production. Every spring, when tion of "getting rich", and thus the It is not that, even in the period the grain was almost gone, many initiative of the masses and rural of ultra-Left influence, the people people left their villages to find cadres was strangled. of Zhongshahai did not try hard With the Party's adjustment of to improve their lives. In 1968, YOU YUItrEN is a staff reporter for agricultural policies in 1978, Heze aware that farming 300 hectares China Reconstructs. quickly showed improvements. wasn't enough, they resumed their
JUNE I98T tffi years old, he's short but stoutly built, quick-witted and thoughtful. He once planned to go to college or join the army and then return to the village. But as ii turned out, he had no opportunitY to do either, and after graduating from senior middle school, he went right to work in the fields. Twice, some solicitous villagers spoke to his mother about arrang- Sha Deli Ma Xixian Zhang HongJun ing a match for him, but both times the girls' parents reiected the match becatlse Deli's familY traditional leather processing busi- Seven Under a Quilt was too poor. Deli decided he ness which had been forced to Guo Xianke, a worker at the wouldn't marry a Zhongshahai close the late 50s und,er the in brigade's leather processing fac- girl; when the village became slogan is the key link". In "grain tory, is tall and thin, with big, prosperous, he would find an out- 1974, they succeeded in trial-pro- bright, piercing eyes. He appeared side gi.rl and bring her to Zhorlg- cessing gray kidskin and since in my room as I was about to go tJren their products have been sold shahai. to bed, my first night in Zhong- chil- not only at home but also abroad. Deli, as the oldest of six shahai, and asked, how many dren, has had to help suPPort the The brigade could have distributed quilts I usually used. "If you want peasants, but family since he was very Young. the profit among the another one," he said, "I'11 bring the policy then was to invest an The hard life tempered him and it to you right now." Pointing to endowed him with a strong char- excessive part of the earnings in the two thick quilts with red silk production, so acter. He refused to believe that the expansion of covers piled on my bed, I thanked very littJe of the money actuallY he had to remain Poor all his life. him and said, "I think I need onlY got to the people. got When he finished school, he was one, and I've already two." determined to change Zhong- Things are quite different now. years ago I wouldn't have "Ten shahai, and also his own fate. He In 1978, Zhongshahai instituted a been able to make the offer," he got several of his schoolmates system of individual responsibility that time our familY of said. "At together and formed a shock team, in fieldwork and awards and people had only one quilt.l' seven which tackles the heaviest and penalties in tending the collec- He found a 20-year-old girl, Sha work in the f ields. tive's livestock. In the brigade- Dehua, to keep me company, We dirtiest pro- Evenings, they studied together, run industrial and sideline lay awake talking girl-talk" and I piece pointing out each other's short- duction units, work is being was surprised to learn that such a peasants comings and finding waYs to do practiced. Also, the are young girl had 1,000 yuan in the better. Deli keePs a encouraged to engage in household That's a lot of money even their work bank. examines him- sideline production, Iike raising people first diary, in which he for in the cities. At hirnself to cattle, sheep, chicken, ducks, I thought this might be the self and encourages rabbits and bees. The peasants savings of her whole family. But struggle on. brought on a two- macie more money and the collec- she told me proudly this was her Overwork But after he tive gets more organic fertilizer. own money, and that her mother week illness. 'qoon recovered, he plunged into a new As life gets better, the peasants had only 600 yuan in the bank. project building the Youth Ex- of course no longer need to go me a long time to fall It took perimental- Farm. For his hard elsewhere for work, and even asleep night: I kept wonder- that work and organizational abilitY, those who abandoned their homes ing how it was possible that, in a .long he was elected general secretary of ago are coming back. Sixty- village where not too long ago a Zhongshahai blanch of the four-year-old Sha Daojia, who left family of seven had only one quilt. the Comrnunist Youth League. Under at the age of 12 with his mother a girl of 20 could now have 1,000 to lead a beggar's life, has recently yuan bearing interest in a bank. his leadership. League members returned to Zhongshahai with his Who were these people who had have in the past few Years Put one growing reed, family. come so far so fast? hectare of land to There's a lot of worried talk leveled roads, dug drainage ditches and performed other services for now about China's situation, and Stubborn Young Man especially about the younger gen- the villagers. eration, whom some call "a lost All along, there have been Deli is now engaged to a woman generation". But the young people young people in Zhongshahai de- from a brigade 50 km. away. He of Zhongshahai seem to have found termined to modernize the Place. is raising several head of cattle, themselves. Sha Deli is one of them. Now 25 and when he sells them to the
6 CHINA BECONSTNUCTS state (they'll bring about 1,000 rather prgtty, would marry Zhang slopes. Sha Deshe, who works at yuan each) he'Il build a house and Hongjun, who is crippled with the dyeing shop of the leather pro- get urarried. polio. Several years ago when cessing factory, wants to find Fa's mother was seriously iII, ways to better treat waste water, A Girl Who Stayed ZL,ang, a brigade bare-foot doctor, Sha Qixin, a tanner, has plans for tended her day and night until she bringing in advanced equipment. When NIa Xixian graduated died. The young man's dedication Film projectionist Guo Zenghai from senior middle school in 1975, moved Fa Guoqin, and gradually intends to automate the brigade's she thought of finding a job in the she fell in love with him" broadcasting facilities. Cotton city. Working in the countryside, At Spring Festival in 1979 they grower Sha Taoyuan hopes to she thought,, would not give full were married. Even on their produce a manual on how to get play to her talents. But at last she wedding night they were arvakened a higher yield of cotton. Ma Kao- decided to stay and use what she'd by loud knocks at the door: A liang of the Youth Experimental learned to help transform the villager's child was having convul- Farm said a new strain of wheat is village. sions. Fa Guoqin, rememberiag being cultivated there and they Farm ,*rcrk, she soon realized, how anxious she had been when hoped in the near future to have a was not as simple as it looked. her mother was ill, let him go big laboratory. Ma Xixian, who Pruning cotton plants, she often without a word. has some talent as an actress, cut off boll-bearing branches" A few days later, an old woman wants the brigade to sponsor an Seeing premature cotton bolls passing through Zhongshahai suf- opera lroupe of its own. being shed, she couldn't tell whe- fered a heart attack. Zhang Hong- "We are getting old," said bri- ther it was the result of insects or' jun gave her emergency treatment gade head Ma Xinlian, "but we'II Iack of fertilizer. She consulted and placed her in the brigade do whatever we can for the young books and agricultural technicians. clinic for observation. Fa Guoqin people". Within two years, the "Now," she says, "standing at the brought the old woman the brigade intends to buiid a hospital, head of the fields I can tell whe- couple's new quilts, helped her a home for the iged, a kinder- ther the plants need water or take medicine, and cooked special garten, a flour mill and a cinema. fertilizer." food for her, as if she were her The Youth Center will be enlarged Because she demonstrated con- own m<.:ther. and the main roads of the village cern for the collective, the brigade Zhang Hongjun is a young man will be blacktopped. The rest, he Ieadership put her charge of in never content with himself. He said, will be left for the young women's affairs. As an unmarried spends almost all his spare time woman, was -uncomfortable People to do. Ma reading, and has rapidly improved The young people Zhong- doing family-planning work, but in his skills. A commune hospital shahai have felt their heavy re- her sense of responsibility urged offered him a job, but he turned sponsibility and are working hard her not only to do it, but to do it it down. He's determined to dedi- to live up the expectations of well. She bought some books on to cate the rest of his life to their Their honesty, birth control and explained them elders. sim- Zhongshahai and its people who plicity to the women. She went to the and stubborn character left have brought him up. The brigade a deep impression on me. I be- homes of young mothers who is going to build a hospital this ignored birth control to persuade lieve they have the stuff to build year and has asked him to prepare China into a strong and pros- them to have only one child. If a a list of the equipment it will woman wanted be sterilized, perous country. tr to need. Zhang Hongjun says he has Ma would accompany her to the hospital. much to do in Zhongshahai, and Ma shows special concern for his future is bright. The wheai fields of Zhongshahai, . Photos bg Lit Chen old people who live alone. With other young women, she often Future Plans helps them housework and with I talked with many young peo- attends them when they are ill. ple plarx, The old people affectionately call about their and it her "our girl". appears they all have Lofty ideals, Like Sha Deli, Ma found her but a down-to-earth sense of how fianc6 in a nearby viJ.lage. As to achieve them. she does not want to leave, the Some told me they want to build young man will come to live in more new houses and arrange Zhongshahai. them in rows so the village will look neater. Sha DeIi plans to Fine Young Couple construct a sluice gate in the Zhu- shui River to generate electricity, -Some insensitive people might and then grow apple trees on the wonder why Fa Guoqin, who is river banks and grapes on the
JUNE 198I Counlry Youth-ll built 75 sheds for the 105 head o1 cattle and 300 Angora rabbits, and run an B-hectare apple orchard with 2,500 trees. They've also planted 10,000 other trees. Almost all work on the experimental farm The Youth Experimental Farm is' now done with the aid of machinery. Sha Qiqian, 24, graduaied from ZHI EXIANG senior middle school four years ago and was assigned to the then new experimental farm. In the spring rFHE Youth Experimental Farm, tried to improve the water-conser- of 1978, he and his co-workers set I 1.5 kilometers east of the vancy instaliations to enlarge the up a research unit. At first, they village, occupies hectares area under irrigation. At that 48 - experimented with maize hybridi- one-sixth of Zhongshahai's culti- point, the brigade appointed some zation on one hectare of saline- vated land. Forty-four of its 59 of the young people to keep the alkaline soi1. That was his first staff members are under 25. place going. and named it the crop experiment. At first, they It used to be a wasteland that Youth Experimental Farm - "s;s- were hesitant, because they were the peasants called "the Eastern perimental" because of its work to afraid they would fail and lose Wilderness". In the early 1950s, improve the soil, popularize an face. In the heat of summer, ihey people tried to grow winter wheat improved variety of wheat, and do went deep into the field, where the there, but they reaped less than crop experiments. maize was taller than they; stream- they had sown. Later, people tried Guo Xufu, 32, a deputy leader of ing sweat and breathing with dif- to drain the water-logged fields the farm, said that grain output ficulty, they artificially pollinated and reduce the alkalinity of the has increased year by year. Last each maize flower. Working more soil. But nothing worked. year, the yield of wheat was 6 tons than ten hours a day for twelve In the winter of t977, the Zhong- per hectare, up from 2.6 tons in days, they bred a new, high-yield, shahai branch of the Communist 1978. Total annual output of alkali-resistant variety of manze. Youth League mobilized 200 young grain (including wheat, maize. and The next year, they popularized people to fill two old river courses, soybeans) was 160 tons. They have the hybrid throughout the brigade. The yield was 4.5 tons per hectare in 1979, up from 2.2 tons the year before. Later, they experimented with different strains and density of planting. Each year they test and appraise more than 20 varieties of crops for 50 properties. They have contributed to popularizing the improved varieties throughout the brigade.
All-Round Stockman
Ma Yongtao, a strapping stock- man on the cattle farm, isn't quite 20 years old. When he graduated from junior middle school in 1976, he was reluctant to be a stockman. He thought it was a job for old level more than 33 hectares of Sha Qiqian and a land, cart away 20,000 bo-rrorker work- cubic meters ing in the labora- of alkaline soil and build 6 hectares tory, of fertile farmland within 3 months. Meanwhile, to increase the quantity of available manure Meehanic Sha Qi- they built two cattle farms and watrg.
ZIII DXIANG is a staff reporter ior China Reconstructs..
8 4:::'
Building a canal.
A model breeder of Angora rabbits. A newly-married couple.
F F Wushu, a favorite pastime of young people in the countryside.
Workers at the Zhongshahai Leather Processing Factory.
Morning in the countryside.
:t,g peasants and would cause him tc) started him out driving a tractor, lose face. He also feared it would He often went to learn from the be difficult for him to find a wife mechanics in the tractor station. if he were a stockman. Later. "He dug into his job very much," when he understood that one cow deputy leader Guo Xufu said. "He could provide manure for 2.5 hec- was not afraid of hard work, dirt, tares, he changed his mind. or fatigue. When he was inient Ma is in charge of 14 cattle. He on a job, he wouldn't eat or sleep feeds them twice a day, cleans the until it was finished." cattle-sheds once, and collects two While we talked with Sha Qi- cartloads of manure. He's been wang that day, a young man ran known to stay up all night tending up and said, "Go quickly and take a si.ck cow. According to the new a look, there's something wrong -r-ongtaoi system of individual responsibility, Stocknran Ma with the water pump." Qiwang a stockman makes more or less Photos by Liu Chen carefully examined the old 12- money depending on how well he horsepower diesel engine and said, does his job. Every season, the "It doesn't matter, there's some- Youth Experimental Farm has an Way with Tractors thing wrong with the throttle." He awards meeting, and almost every rolled up his sleeves, squatted, and time, Ma Yongtao is given an Sha Qiwang, a tractor driver, in less than half an hour he had it award. Last year, his cattle were had only 4 years of schooling. But fixed. Washing the grease off his rated best. His cows produced 5 he's learned to operate and repair hands, he said with a smile, "This calves last year. Ma got 5,100 the farm's water pump, sheller, hay engi.ne was produced in the 1960s. workpoints for the year, earning cutter, seeder, tractor, and other It's too old. We've ordered new 561 yuan and 63? kilograms of equipment. equipment; socln we'll have an grain, plus 270 yuan in awards. He He's been a repairman since electric motor instead of this diesel was named a model stockman. 1978. The brigade leadership engine. .'r tr
Country Youlh-lll lnto the World Market
ZHENG SHE I T the 1974 Export Commodi- since the quality of the fur inevi- -t I ties Trade Fair in Guangzhou tably changed if the goat were (Canton), a young man - from the raised in a different environment. north Ctr-inese countryside to judge But these skins had not been by his appearance carefully dressed in China: They had been examined an elegant coat- of gray exported raw and processed Sha QiIeng. goat's fur in one of the fair's of- abroad. The coat had been brought fices. The soft, Iight coat had to Guangzhou by a foreign busi- hometown" Could they do it? It been pieced together from about nessman who wanted to know if would take months, perhaps years, 40 or 50 kidskins, and was obvious- orders could be placed for similar to work out the needed formulas ly quite expensive. articles in China. The Chinese and processes, with possible failure It wasn't, however, so much the export firm had then asked the in the end. But Sha decided to price of the coat that interested Sha Zhongshahai production brigade to give it a try. Qifeng, as the young man was send someone to see if they could named, as the fact that the skins handle the job, and that is why From Scratch originally came from his native Sha Qifeng was there. After returning to his village in village, Zhongshahai in Shandong Sha looked Qifeng at the coat Shandong, he brought the matter province. The pelts, known as speculatively. He himself worked up wi.th the leaders of the local Tsining Gray Kidskin on the in- at a tanning Zhong- workshop in production brigade. They backed ternational market, were a of shahai, small and iIl-equipped and his proposal and agreed special type goat to divert of bred only in lacking the know-how for this funds for the project. your the southeastern part "Do of Shandong, kind of work. But the offer was best," they said, "and don't worry tempting. Such a line of produc- about the financial side. We'll ZHENG SIIE is a reporter on the tion could be highly profi.table, for cover the losses if it doesn't work editorial staff of China Reconstructs. his country as well as for his out"'1'
JU\E T98T 11 The tanning workshop at Zhong- workshop possessed in the way of Although they had hundreds of shahai had been set up in some "modern" instruments was a successful experiments behind old temple buildings in 1968. Most thermometer, a balance and densi- them, members of the group held of the workers were young and meter. Most measurements were their collective breath on the first production" But inexperienced. For lack of moneY done by sense of touch, sight and day of mass kidskins were they made do with the simPlest smell. As Sha Qifeng used to when the first joke, instruments on spread out for examination, theY equipment, mainly a few earthen "I've all my along." knew they had won; they had jars some wooden tables me, I always carry them and his family lived lived up to the expectations of donated by the villagers. With Sha Qifeng and a meager budget, but he their feilow villagers. guidance old tanning on from an scrir-nped and saved to buY books worker, they dressed goat and dog and reference material on skin- Recent Development and did a bit of dYeing and skins, dressing. Every night he would The gray kidskins processed ornamental skin cut-out work for check the experiments he had at Zhongshahai soon apPeared picture-rugs. done in the daytime against rele- on the world market. The factory the Sha Qifeng's exPerience in vant data in his books. Then he itself has grown from Year trade was limited to what he had would prepare the next daY's to year, particularly in the last had Iearned from his father who work plan, chemical . formulas and thrre years. Starting with 54 Peo- occasionally tanned a few skins technological processes for discus- ple, it has now 520 on its paYroll, using simple indigenous methods. sion in the experimental grouP of which 460 are young PeoPIe Qifeng himself was onlY a tanner's the following morning. He read under 30. The old workshops have assistant at the workshoP' He had voraciorlsly, often forgetting to eat been replaced by new ones twice little education having stoPPed or sleep. Sometimes his wife as large, and construction on a new - and no wake up in the small hours factory building was at junior middle school - wouid two-story reference books on modern tanning to find him still jotting down completed in April. techniques. The difficulties seem- figures by the light of a kerosene Facing the factory gate is a ed enormous. lamp, She knew it was no use spacious open ground for drying The brigade leadershiP helPed telling him to' go to bed,' so she skins. South of it is a basketball the ground stands him form a five-rnan exPerimental would simply drape a jacket over court; north of team and then sent him to fac- his shoulders against the cold. the Young Pe rftHE village young people place N poverty-stricken Zhongsha- several years ago a girl an- f to in I high value freedom of mar- I hai village in Shandong pr.ov- other village. However, he fell on riage. Once engagd, young lovers ince gi-rls often ran away to find in love with a Zhongshahai. girl will never change minds. husbands elsewhere. The parents named Ma Jingai. According to their The fianc6e of Sha Deli, general of girls who did stay at home had local custom, aft,er the engage- secretary of the Communist Youth to lower their expectations for ment is arranged the two families League in Zhongshahai, was once their sons-in-Law. Zhongshahai exchange presents during festivals. girls badly injured by a tractor while would S&y, "I'lI marry a So Sha was sent by. his parents pockmarked man or an older man working in the field. Unwilling to take a present to his fianc6e's as long as he can support me." to be a drag on him, the,young home. On the way he thought, Girls from other towns also re- woman suggested Sha find why should I marry a stranger that fused to marry Zhongshahai men, someone else. But Sha said sooth- instead of the girl I love? He whose und,esirability as mates thus ingly, if you're crippled turned back and distributed the "Even became not the least of poverty's for life take care of you." presents among his friends. I'iI burdens. True love often had Even- During Spring Festival the vil. tually, he persuaded his par,ents to tragic consequences. Iagers were all in a cheerful mood, let him break off the engagement, Today, the improved economic talking about the weddings. But and after some twists and turns situation in Zhongshahai has it takes a long time to change greatly relieved these frustrations. his dream came true. When he habits and customs. Making a Seventy-two young couples married Ma Jingai, everyone said, in this date must be "It's I marriage of love." in the village still 620-household village were mar- kept private. The lovers will ried within two days during Bride Yang Juting, whose home Spr- meet at night at the riverside, in ing Festival last February. Cars, is near the county town, looks field. bikes and other vehicles clogged quite like a city girl, pretty and a hayloft, or in a wheat Once a boy and a girl decide to the main north-south road, as with an easy manner. Her two joyful celebrants brought dowry sisters also maried Zhongshahai get married, they find an "in- items including tables, chairs, men some years ago. troducer" before announcing their cupboards, trunks and quilts. engagement. The introducers, un- Only half of the brides were T N 1970 her elder sister. Yang like the former matchmakers, are Zhongshahai girls; outsiders are f Lanting, fell in love with an ac- not paid for their services. Only now willing to marry Zhongshahai countant at the village's suppty the form remains, as a sign of boys. and marketing co-op. Lanting young people's respect for their China Reconstructs talked with often rem4pked, "If he weren't so parents' habit. The older peopie some of the newlyweds: handsome and ups.tanding, I'd also know that time has changed, Sha Deyong, a shy young man never have considered marrying and are learning to turn a blind who works in a furrier's shop had anyone from such a poor place!" eye to the young people's been ,engagd by his parents Life was difficult for her after conduct. ! JUNE 198I 13 ilew Hope for ilephritis Patients I,I LEISHI and XIE ZHUFAN NTEPHRITIS. ol glomelular ne- observatior-rs in the next tw'o or siage kidney fai1urr.. At that J \ phritis, is rafher comm()n three .years. However, as traditional point.- a kidney transplanl or among children and young people" Chinese medicine 'urras not based hemodialysis is indicated. both plo- Its rrain symptoms are edema. on laboratory research and etiolt- high blood pressurel and protein in gical study of the . disease was the urine. Chronic nephritis olten lacking. better results in tleat- results in kidney failure or. fatal ment were not achieved One uremia. Although there has been survey at the time showed that much progress in the study of while the edema svmptoms rvere kidney functions and diseases since eliminated in 65 pet'cent of the 1940s, chronic nephritis is stili nephritis patients, only 12 pelcent difficult to treat. lvere really cured. The result was Since 1960. medicaL workers far from satisfactory. here have been experimenting with The Western approach to combinations of Western and tradi- nephritis is based on the theory o{ tional Chinese medicine to find a immune injury to the kidney. and more effective treatment. Clinical it is regar-ded as a disease oI the practice has demonstrated the immune system. Thus Westerr-r soundness of this approach; we doctors stress readjustment of the have achieved hlgher recovery patient's immune response. Since rates and less recurrence of the the 1950s, immun()supplessivt ..-;-,0 disease than when using either agents such as cytotoxic drugs and traditional or Western techniques corticostcroids have been in use. 1#tu alone. About the same time. Chine:se physicians began to prescribo The Problem these drugs, on which great hopes Edema was identif ied and had been placed. There was nr'r Associate prolessor Shen Zi),in (lelt) treated by Chinese physicians in doubt that shor-t-term effects were and his graduate studenl,s a( Shanghai Medical College No. 1 Huashan Hospital. ancient times. Two classics, obtained. However, longitudinal Prof, Shen has achieved good resull,s The Canon of Internal, Med- studies proved that the treatment combining Chinese and Western medi- icine (Nei Jing. written in was beneficial to only some cine to treat nephritis, the Warring States period 475- patients; many suf fere,d relapses 221 B.C.) and The Synopsis of after they stopped taking the cedures being difficult. expensive. Prescriptions of the Golden Cham- drugs, and quite a few failed to and thus rare. ber (Jin Kui Yao Lue, A.D. 219), respond to treatment at all or even Kidney transplants and hemo- both describe the treatment of developed serious complications dialysis were introduced in China edema, emphasizing regulation of caused by the side-effects of the in the 1960s. But as a develoP- bodily functions according to the drugs. Although new drugs similar ing country with a poPulation conditions of different patients tn the immunosuppressive drugs of one billion, China lacks the and their reactions to the medicine were later produced both in China facilities and skilled personnel to In 1955, researchers at Beijing and abroad, the situation has not adopt these methods for thousands Medical College began using varia- completely changed. of nephritis patients. Thus, our tions of the traditional edema While it has been proven that task now is to catch the disease at treatment lor edema from chronic nephritis results at least in part an early stage and prevent its nephritis. Clinical results revealed from imbalance in the immune development. a diuretic effect, and in a few system, the lack of uniformly ef* cases, urinary protein disappeared fective drugs and the strong side- Preliminary Experience and the patients recovered. Many other hospitals reported similar ef f ects of the drugs that were In the early 1960s, we began available made this treatment treating chronic nephritis with unsatisf actory. Some Western and Western LI LEISHI is head of the department combined traditional of medicine in the General Army specialists, in fact, corrcLuded that techniques, in the hope that theY Hospital in Nanjing. it makes no dif ference whether' might produce synergistic ef f ects XIE ZHUFAN is head of the depart- chronic cases ar€ treated or not: better than either technique ment of traditional Chinese medibine at - the Beijing Medical CoIIege Hospital as a result, many patients are used separately. This hypothesis No. l. given only palliatives until the last has been proved correct. 14 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS Palhologists at the General ArmJ, Hospital in Nxnjing rh.,ck f)o('tors at the hospital test the herbal medici ne'l'ripterygi u1.tl a patienl treated by the combined method. Wilfordii on a laboratory animal. \ The marked advantage of this no effect and can easily lead to using the combined method, it combined methoci is that it greatly undesirable side-effects. Under treated 93 cases, in which Western lessens the side-ef f ects and com- such circumstanees, Chinese medi- medicine alone had preived useless, plications resulting from the use cine is used first to improve the with remarkable results. Many of corticosteroids and cytotoxic patient's resistance, and the other hospitals reported that the drugs. immunosuppressive drugs are used recovery rate for adult patients For instance. obesity, acne. and afterwards. If the patient has suffering from nephritis with diabetes, common side-elfects of improved af ter corticosteronic nephrotic syndrome (edema all corticosteronic therapy, can be therapy. Chinese medicine is then over the body and large quantities prevented or ameliorated by employed to reduce the possibility of urinary pt'otein) was only 60 certain Chinese tonics- Overuse oI of relapse. Many Chinese hospitals percent using Western medicine corticosteroids that inhibit rhe now use Western medicine to in- alone, bu1 was over 80 percent immune response easily leads to duce remission. followed by Chi- using the combined method. A dangerous and sometimes f atal nese medicine to reinf orce the Nanjing (Nanking) hospital made bacteriai inlectioru whose symp- curative effect. A common indica- a comparison of the efficacy of toms (e.g , [ever) are often tion involves the common cold. Western medicine alone, Chinese masked by the eflects of the drugs; Since the cold can ]ead to r-ecur- medicine alone, and the combined but Chinese medicines that relieve rence of nephritis. Chinese medi- method. The most severely afflict- "internal heat" reduce these com- cines to prevent colds are used. ed patients were in the group plications. Cytotoxic drugs like treated by the combined method, nitrogen mustard of ten cause Deeper Understanding but their recovery rate was as high unusual reactions of the digestive as 95 percent. system and In combining tl aditional and the inhibition of the In the past two years, the white blood cells. Chinese medi- Western medicine, Chinese re- searcher"s obtained General Ar.'my Hospital in Nanjing cines can remedy these side- have a deeper understanding nephritis. Our discovered that a medicinal herb, ef f ect.s" of pathologists found chronic Tripterygium Wilf ordi,i, was effec- Prolonged use of col'ticosteroids that nephritis may be caused by what tive in treating nephritis. It grows often brings fatigue. chiils. loss ol is called "blood stasis" in Chinese in shady and moist places in the appetite, and even collapse and med,icine slow flow or stagna- hills oI the southern Changjiang shock, because they produce tion of -blood, and that while (Yangtze) valley. The hospital used atrophy o1 the adrenal cortex. bacterial infection is not the its root and an extract from the Shanghai . Medical Cotlege No. 1 direct cause it is closely related to plant to treat skin problems asso- has discovered that radir rehntcn- the disease. Therefore. the Shanxi ciated with nephritis. T. Wilfordii niae and rhizotno anemarhenae Provincial Institute of Traditional functions like a corticosteroid, but can be used to reduce such effects. Chinese Medicine treated the without the side-effects. How- Moreover, use r.rf tonics like rodie disease with blood-invigorating ever. it is still not clear why the aconiti praeparatl. and rodir as- and stasis-removing therapy and preparation works as well as it tragali ensures that less trouble antipyretic methods, with good does. and research is continuing. wili be caused in the withdrawal results. Then other hospitals There are still many problems to of corticosteroids. successfully used the same methods be solved, but the combination of For best results, traditional and to handle cases involving high Western and traditional Chinese Western medicine are used at blood pressure, blood in the urine. medicine offels us rfiany avenues different stages of the disease. If and poor kidney function. to explore, and we believe the the patient is very weak, immuno- In 1978, the Shanghai No. 3 results will be of great benefit to suppressive agents often prove of People's Hospital, reported that. patients. ! JtrNE 1e8t 15 The Horse of the Futune the Post -and LI WEI Breeders are tryin8 to achieve the per- fection of this 2,000-year-old bronzo horse poised in flight with one hoof resting on a swallow. tomb of the 7th-century Tang em- peror Taizong, appears to have been the same kind of horse. (See ]g "For Your Reference.") ..i Horse breeding was already highly developed in the Han dyn- asty. At that time, 36 horse farms were established in the northwest frontier regions, breed- ing 300,000 hor-ses. To improve the quality of the horses and thus in- crease the military strength of the empire, General Ma Yuan had bronze models made in Luoyang, the capital, to represent the ideal horse. The 34 X 45 cm. bronze ex- cavated from his tomb in north- west China, near the Silk Road in Wuyi county, Gansu province, was one oI those models. Professor Cui Yuxi (first right) testing an animal for both saddle and draft use. Lineal Descendants The Gansu Corridor, the south- ,TiHP bronze horse poised in At the pace, a horse moves its legs ern slopes of the Qilian rnountai.ns, I- flight with one hoof resting on in lateral pairs, the two Ieft legs and the areas around Qinghai Lake a swallow looks swift as the wind. rising and falling in unison, follow- have been the major breeding grounds The 2,000-year-old statuetteo ed by the two right legs. The fclr horses in China. The principal breed, the Haomen unearthed in 1969 from the tomb horse's center of gravity thus shifts local horse, bears some resemblance to of General Ma Yuan, an officer of right and left. rather than up and the bronze. It is used as both a the Eastern Han dynasty (A.D. down, so that a rider sways in the saddle and draft animal, and runs 25-220), is now doing the work for saddle as if in a cradle. which it was originally intended at the pace. The pacing charac- - Another aspect of the bronze teristic is a dominant one, and the providing a model for horse that has intrigued horsemen is tha'r breeders. offspring of a Haomen mare and the horse's chest, back, and a stallion of another breed rvill in- The most striking feature of the haunches are relatively sto,ut. like horse depicted in bronze is its herit it. Of the hundreds of ex- that those of a draft horse, while its swiftness is represented not in full tant varieties of horse, only the head, neck, and legs are relatively gallop, but at the pace, which is an Haomen possesses this charac- sleek, like those a saddle horse intermediate gait for most horses. of teristic. Horse-breeding experts - in effect, a horse for all seasons. have thus concluded that the LI WEI is a staff reporter for the Telebiao, one of the six famous Haomen is a lineal descendant of Guangming Daily. horses earved in relief for the the horse depicted in bronze, 16 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Eut the breed had obviously deteriorated. The Haomen is smaller and not so well-formed as its ancestor. An experiment to improve the breed was begun in 1955 at the Menyuan stud farm in the Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai province^ Crossbreeding was done to em- phasize the desired traits, but the breeders had no specific goal until the discovery of the bronze in 1969. In 1973, a stallion elosely re- sembling the bronze was selected from among the second-generation I'he irnprovcd slrain of Haomen horsc. hybrids" Its progeny are now being mated to fix the new breed. Cui Yuxi. professor of animal summarizing the project's ex- two daughters, "Let your father go husbandry at Gansu Agricultural perience, and the other laying out back to his work. He knows I'Il University, was the first to point suggestions for future work. After be all right with you here." out the similarity between the delivering his first paper, he re- Professor Cui appeared on the ceived telegram Eastern Han bronze and the a informing him Platform at Menyuan the next day, that his wife was seriously contemporary Haomen horse, ill. A more or Iess as scheduled, to talk jeep was sent which he had previously identified to take him home about his dream horse. to Huangyang in Gansu province, A few months as a separate breed. He's been an ago, Professor Cui and when he arrived the following and his assistants were at Menyuan advisor to the Mgnyuan breeding day the doctors told him that once again. testing another genera- project since 1963 and has visited although her condition was stilL tion of hybrids one by one in the the stud farm nine times. serjous, she had passed the crisis. piercing wind on the grasslands. Professor Cui's dedication to the But this news merely shifted his Observing the project animals, the old man .is legendary. His col- worries from his wife back to his said confidently, "The horse with leagues tell the story of a 1973 conference, and he asked Mrs. Cui one foot resting on a swallow will conference at Menyuan at which if it was okay for him to return be reborn on the soil of China in he was to deliver two papers - one to Menyuan. Mrs. Cui said to her five to ten years." ! For Your Reference Professot Duan Xizhong of Nanjing Teachers College recently donated to the state his collection Sir Horse Reliels of rubbings of the six horse reliefs carved for the tomb of the Tang Emperor Taizong (Li Shimin),' Ior an Emperor's f,omh which he had kept for more than b0 year.s. To commemorate his military exploits, Tang Telebiao, one of the six farnous horses Taizong ordered craftsmen to carve reliefs of the carved in relief for the tomb of Tang six horses he had ridden in battle. The reliefs were Ilmperor Taizong. placed in front of his tomb on a hill northwest of Liquan county in Shaanxi province. Each stone tablet, 1.6 X 2.0 m., pictures one of the emperor,s horses, and each is shown in a different posture. Unfortunately, the 7th-century relic was broken by thieves in 1914 and two of the tablets were taken to the United States. The remaining four are now on display in the Shaanxi Provincial Museum. In the 1920s, Professor Duan bought a set of rubbings in Xi'an that had been made before the re- liefs were broken. They show no cracks or other disfiguring marks and are thus presumed 'to be perfect representations of the "six war horses" of Tang Taizong. JUNE I98I 77 The Overseqs Chinese University MIAO MU rFHE campus of the Overseas tributions at home and abroad, and the swimming pool and athletic I Chinese University lies on a and to scientific and cultural field were redone. Six new dor- green-blanketed hillside in the city exchanges between China and mitory buildings were built. A of Quanzhou in Fujian province. other countries. It was reopened chernical engineering department Its 40 large buildings cover 40 as a seience university with six and a memorial hali to Chen hectares. Since its reopening in departments: mathematics, PhYs- Jiageng (Tan Kah-kee), the noted 1,978, 800 students from Hongkong ics, and chernistry, and civil, patriotic overseas Chinese, are and Macao and from Korea, Japan, mechanical and chemical now under construction. The hal], Thailand, the Philippines, In- engineering. covering an area ol ?,500 square donesia, Vietnam, Burma, the It is a state policy that overseas meters. will be the universitY Seychelles, and the United States Chinese may settle down and work center. It will contain a 3,000- have studied here. in China if they wish or return tcr seat auditorium and a number" the countries they came from. To of meeting rooms. An exhibi- A Science University help student applicants, both the tion on Chen's life will be on Overseas Chinese University and the second floor. In addition a Zengyi, viee- Yang 7\, is a Jinan University, an art university building for the depar-tment of president. graduate en- A civil (Canton) begin their mechanical engineering will soon gineer in in Guangzhou from Qinghua University enrollment work early, select their be underu'ay. Beijing, he took part building in own examination topics and choose the Beijing-Hankou the bridges on students according to how they do Laboratories and Lib,rary Railway and the Zhejiang-Jiangxi on their examinations. Railway. He has taught at Beijing Every department has its own laboratories. In a laser laboratory, and Qinghua universities. Repair and Enlargement The government opened ihe Prof. Lin Xing. vice-chairman of Overseas Chinese University in For the university's reoPening the physics department has led 1960 as an arts and sciences insti.- in 1978 the government granted experiments on a dye laser with tution. Before being closed in l9?0 5 million yuan for repair, ex- an argon ion laser as a pump. as a result of the "cultural revolu- pansion and equipment. Patri* There are three Iaser laboratories tion" it trained 2,300 overseas otic overseas Chinese also donated in the university. The laser Chinese from 17 countries. These funds, The mathematics, Physics, teaching group has done successful men and women made great con- chemistry and library buiidings, work on practical applications of ruby lasers and helium-neon lasers. A. computer center housing ten ()ne of the students' favorite games. microcomputers occupies the underground floor of the mathe- matics buiiding. The laboratorles for organic chemistry, electrochemistry, spec- trum analysis and physical ehem- istry are aII newly equipped. Third- year students doing experiments in the physi,cal chemistry lab spoke of life at the university. One of them, a girl named Lin Yuzhang from Macao, said, "In the two years since I've studied here, I have feit as though the university were a and students lr big family. Teachers i:jlt, get along well. Our teachers and leaders are carefullY .i tt, tl university ' concerned for our study and life." This girl is one of 17 students from her school in Macao. A good student, she is in charge of liaison t8 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Prof. Yang Zengyi (right), vice-president of the university, and Prof. Li Congshen of the civil engineering department discuss the teaching plan. Wei Chieh Chen, a first-year student from Teachers prepare a laser experiment for the students. Hongkong, works at a rnicrocomputer. Sightseeing on Sunda_v Students intent on classroom work. Y. Y. Liang, of Ho ong, teaches English In the reading room. pltttlos bt Ht.rtt Jiunrirtg work ftrl the student union. In conductor Institute of the Chinese 19?9 she represented the university Academy of Sciences. at the 19th national conference of In seientific research the the China Student Union. Andrew chemistry teachers have taken a Arthur Liu Nan, a second-year successful step in the researches civil engineering student from the on synthesis of high sensitive Seychelles. knew no Chinese when organie reagent and researches he came, but a teacher was assigned on anti-cancer polysaecharides to teach him the language, his separation and structure of bran- professors coached him and Prof. chaff polysaccharides. The depar"t- Mai Shuliang helped him with ment of chernical engineering suc- difficult problems. He studies hard ceeded in extracting lysine from and has made rapid progress. rnolasses waste. Assistant pro- fessor of rnathematics, Lai Wancai, has done much in his research on Teaching and Re{iearch The Tan Kah-kee lEemcrial HalI under the exact value of Hayman's construction. The library has 200,000 books constant in Landau's Theorem, and and 2,000 periodicals. There are thus concluded the studies of the reference rooms and reading problem of Hayman'is constant by from Korea, a physics student, is rooms. Hayman, a British mathmetician a gooC long-distance runner. Lei Ting, a vice-president oI and J.A. Jenkins, an American ex- Evening parties, concerts, Iec- the university, is responsible ior pert on schlicht function theory. tures on literature and all kinds of teaching and research. "To irl- His work wa.s cited at the lasl na- games are organized to eniiven ihe prove teaching quality,'i he said. tionai scieqtific conference. academic life of the students. On "the university carefully considers trol"idays they climb mountains. the educational background of the Extracurricuiar Life picnic and visit tr.istorical spots. students and the fact that rnost r;f Football, tradminton, table ren- The universit;z u.sed to have two canteens them will return to work in their nis, liasketball. swintming , and for the students. A third countries after graduation. On other sports meets are held reg- one was set up recently especially this basis we make our teaching ulariy at the uni'n.ersity. Tire for overseas Chlnese, and two re- plans, eompile and choose teaching athletic field becomes very lively turned. civerseas Chinese cr-;*k.s materials and decide on teaching everv afternoon after fourc'clock, were hired. Food costs average 2fi methods. In some courses big l\{lan5r students are good at sports. yuan per month- Those who calr- classes are divided into small ones. Tang Zhaoliang from l{ongkong, not afford it can get subsidies Special attention is paid to teactr- maioring in . civil engineering, Irom the university. A system oi ing foreign languages, especially broke the records of the 4O0-nreter scholarships v'ras set up this year. professional terminologies. Theory run. 800-meter run and 1500*meter The university also has a f rec' is stressed, but experiments, prac- run f or higher institutir:ns in clinic, bathhouses. a grocery, and tice, and training the students to Fujian province. Zhang Zuoyi a sewing shop T apply basic theory to practical work have been strengthened." Examinations show that these The university swimming pool. Pholos bu Miao Mrt ond Llurt Jianuiitq students are somewhat more sue- cessful than students in regular universities in China. The Overseas Chinese University often invites famous experts and professors at home and abroad to lecture. In the Iast two years these have included Dr. Norman C. Li of chemistry from the Uni- versity of Pittsbr.rrgh, Prof. C. L. "Dominic" Huang of mechanics and Dr. Kaiman Lee of architec- ture from the University of Kansas, Dr. Mateo L. P. Go of civil engineering from the University of Hawaii, Prof. Y. C. Chen of mathematics frorri the University of Fordham, Df. Boon-Keng Jeo. from Bell Laboratories and Lin Lanying, vice-director of the Semi- T98I JUNE J;J Xiao Youmei, Pioneer in Ghina's Musio Education LIAO FUSHII his father when he was smal]. and patriotic Polish composer who They lived next door to a Por- was an inspiration to young tuguese priest who had an organ Chinese at the time. In 1906, he in his house, and this sparked the joined Sun Yat-sen's Revolution- boy's interest in western music. In ary League in Japan. The Chinese Xiao Youmei in 192? 1898 he entered the Canton imperial court of the time demand- (Guangzhou) Shimin School, one of ed the deportation of Dr. Sun and the first western-style schools in when the Japanese government the country. In 1901 he went to ordered his arrest, Sun Yat-sen Japan to study singing and piano hid in Xiao Youmei's rooms. Here in the Tokyo Music School. Around he contintied to meet his co- him Chinese students were eagerly workers, Xiao Youmei standing studying western philosophy, polit- guard at the rloor because the "{;:i. ical science and sociology. Xiao police seldom suspected musical ".1,' decided to help awaken the spirit students. When thus standing of the Chinese people with rnusic. near the door, Xiao often carried At one time, he called himself Xue in his arms the baby son of Liao Peng, for the similarity of sound Zhongkai, one of Sun Yat-sen's ffi.cea' to the name of Chopin. the gpeat close collaborators. That baby, ) p4q,z 1 {r ; { i &J r, l Part of Xiao Youmei's works, Xiao Youmei (second righi), Liao Zhongkai (sitting on floor), Liao's wife Hr Xiangning (third right), in Tokyo, 1907. rnHE history of contemporary t music in China is inseparable from the work of Xiao Youmei (1884-1940), pioneer of her modern mu"sieal education. A patr{$ and progressive in politics (he l?as an early adherent of Sun _Yat-sen, founder of Chjna's first republic) he was also the first Chinese to ,. make rnusic and instruction in it his entire life's work. Few indeed are the older living Chinese musi- cians *ho did not study under him. Education in Modern lVlusic Born in Guangdong province, Xiao Youmei went to Macao wifh LIAO FUSHU is professor of musical history in the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing. IIe was Xiao Youmei's secretary for many years. 24 CHINA RECOIISTRUCTS servatory was established in Shanghai. Xiao Youmei became its president one month later and remaird in thi:s post until his death in 1940. It was hard to keep the conservatory going. The building was rented. All the space was used for classrooms and Xiao Youmei's office was out on an enclosed balcony. The piano practice room had to be in the basement (equipped with a grand piano, which he had bought, instead of a car for himself, as other school principals did). A system of credits for studies was adopted that allowed students to graduate whenever they had earned enough points, thus giving full weight to ability, not just the time spent in study. A teacher training department was set up to help solve the problem of the 'shortage of music instructors. The students couid choose their own r,n 1912 xiao Youmei (left front) was secretary of the provisional parliament of the republic. Sun Yat-sen is center front. teachers, a system that helped both do better work. The achievements of the school's Liao Chengzhi is now a prominent treatment of Chinese orchestral graduates gradually won public member of the Chinese Communist music of the 17th century. recognition. The level of those who Party, active in the country's continued their studies abroad. surprised their foreign teachers. affairs at the senior level. A First Symphony Orchestra Xiao graduated in philosophy at Still, Xiao was not satisfied. The the Imperial University in Tokyo When Xiao Youmei returned to unbalanced econofny of China at in 1909, at the same time finishing China after: the war, he first the time was widening the cultural gap between his studies at the Tokyo Music worked as an inspector for the city and country, and Ministry School. One year after his return of Education and at the music education was almost same time was dean of the Ex- unknown in rural to China the Revolution of 1g11 far areas. Xiao perimental Elementary School overthrew the last China's Youmei proposed to the Ministry of attached to the Beijing Higher emperors. Sun Yat-sen, now pres- of Education that it ask the prov- Teachers Training School. In 1921, ident of the provisional govern- inces to send students to his Cai Yuanpei, the famous progres- school. It was far from a solution, ment of the Republic of China, president sive of Beijing Univer- but in those days of an almost- appointed Xiao Youmei his secre- sity, invited him to lecture on tary. When the unscrupulous non-existent music education it harmonics and the history of was an innovation. warlord-politician Yuan Shikai music in that institution's Music intrigued his way to power and Research Society. At Xia when this was applied to education forming technique was also an in the phrase "national learning". essential part of music" Students "National learrring", he said, tend- must be trained in all three, he ed to stick to the o1d against the thought, in order to be ahle to new. IIe helped organize the express adequately the people's "Friends of Music" and the '1So- spirit, ideas and feelings and to ciety for Reforming National build their works on a foundation Music". of traditional music. He advocated Xiao Youmei believed that the improvement of traditional besides content and form, per- Chinese musical instruments and 26 CHINA RECONSTAUCTS When China began to face the Shanghai. He offered a piano to menace of domination and occupa- Xiao Youmei who indignantly tion by Japan, Youmei turned his refused. - abilities toward fighting this When the all-out war against the llumor threat. On May 3, 1928 Japanese Japanese invaders broke out in troops massacred 5,000 Chinese in 1937, Shanghai became isolated. Jinan in Shandong province. Xiao Xiao Youmei asked the Kuomin- promptly organized musicians to tang government for permission write protest songs and published and help to withdraw the music them in a special booklet. Three school to the hinterland, but he of his own songs were ineluded: got no results" Later, when a !t's Simple "Song of National Calamity", puppet regime was set up in Nan- "Song of National Humilia- jing MUSEUM Guide: "This corpse by Wang Jingwei, Xiao I I is 2,004 yeors old." tion" and "Song of National Youmei was invited to cooperate. Visitor: "How do you know its Revolution". He firmly refused. oge so exoctly?" When the Japanese suddenly Too busy with music education, Guide: "lt's simple. They told me it wos 2,000 yeors old, when I began their armed seizure of Xiao Youmei did not get married come to work here four y.eors northeast China on September 18, until he was 49. But hard work ogo." 1931, he and his students organized had brought on tuberculosis and he the anti-Japanese National Salva- was hospitalized. The hospital tion Society, printing patriotie was poorly equipped and he was lnstolling on Electric Bell songs? collecting money and seriously ill. Yet his last words organizing concerts A codre moved to o new home. to raise funds were about conditions for the h H" osked on electricion to for anti-Japanese volunteers in the students at the music school he moke on electric doorbell for him. northeast. He composed a o'Song was concerned about a crack in- the The workmon put the bell in the usuol ploce ot the front gcte. of the Volunteers". Each issue of door of the piano room, through The codre.soid; "No, no. I wont the music school's periodical con- which the freezing winter ,wind it ot the bock door." The elec- tained at least one new patriotic could enter, and wanted to know tricion moved it to the bock door, fixing it ot the usuol ploce. song. if it had been repaired. A day "No, no, thot's not right," soid In 1936, Hidemaro Konoe. later, on December 31, 1940, the the codre. brother of the prime minister of heart of this tireless pioneer for "Then where do you think it should be?" the workmon osked. Japan, came to conduct the modern music education in China, Pointing to the bottom corner orchestra of the Munieipal Couneil stopped. But he has not been, and of the doorfrome, the codre order- of the International Settlement in will never be, ed, "Put it there." Astonished, forgotten. tr the electricion osked, "How ore people supposed to press the but- ton ?" China's firsl symphony orchestra, Beijing University, 1923. The codre soid, "My guests ol- woys use their feet, since their honds ore full of presents." Deoth Scene, "Hellol ls this the film studio? lI you pleose, we're going to send o dying mon to yor-t." "Why would you coll o film sttr- dio for thot? Are you out of your mind ?" "We kn6w it's unusuol. He's been turned down by oll the hos- pitols. We thought you'd hove some woy to cure him." "Why would you think so?" "We often see in your films thcrt o dying mon mokes o long speech ond struggles to occomplish tosks difficult even for heolthy people 5o we think you must hove some secret skill." JUNE T9ST 27 ln Our Society A Drowning Girl Soved T;\ IGHT-YEAR-OLD Wu Aili is answered And quickly pedaled to The old man was sent to a I1 in the second grade at the the bank, ripped off his pad'ded hospital by ambulance. When he Qinghua Street Primary School overcoat and plunged into the ice- regained consciousness, he asked, in Beijing. She has short hair and cold water. After pushing the girl "How is the girl?" Hearing that plain clothes. Her recent return closer to shore, he began to sink she was al1 right, he smiled. to her classrooin was the end of himself. "Don't worry about me," he said. a harrowing story. Tian Jiyao, a retired leather "I'm so old that it wouldn't mat- .Beijing winters are often bit- goods factory worker with heart ter much if I went." That night terly cold. One afternoon in trouble, arived and jumped into he too died, even though the February, Wu AiIi finished her the riyer without taking off his dbctors did what they could. homework, left her house and padded jacket. Holding the girl This spirit of giving their lives wandered along a nearby iiver. tightly, he headed for the bank to save others was highly praised The water rippled and she picked with all his effort. But he !y people. Ni Zhifu, chairman of up a stone and threw it into the couldn't breath and had to stop. All-China Federation of Trade river, enjoying the splashes she The girl and the old struggled Unions went to express his sym- mad.e. As she threw another, she desperately. pathy to the families of Gao Yun- slipped and fell into the water. At this critical moment, two tao and Tian Jiyao. On February Wu Aili struggled but the cur- other workers arrived, jumped in 21, the Beijing municipal govern- rent was too fast. In her fright, and pulled Wu AiIi and the ex- ment held a meeting to confer on she suddenly saw someone on the hausted old man to the bank. them the title "revolutionary railway bridge not far off . "HeIp ! Passersby gave them their padded hero" and called on the people of Heip! Save me!" she cried. The clothes to warm them. the city to learn from them. man on the bridge was Wang But one young man was sti1l in Wu AiIi recovered quicklY. In Youxian, a veteran worker on the water. Workers from a near- the hospital, her teachers, class- patrol duty. He heard the girl by factory, policemen and the mates, headmaster and leaders of but could not leave his post be- armymen reached the spot. But education came to see her. Aili's cau.se of an approaching train. He when they pulled the young man parents, who work in the Xiang- shouted to the girl, "Don't be out, his heart had stopped beat- yang Machinery Repair Factory, afraid, w,e'Il save youl" He ran ing. From one of his pockets, an were moved to tears. Aili is their to get a rope to throw to her. At employee's card was found. He child, but she also got great love the same time, he called for help. was Gao Yuntao, 31, a worker in from the people of the big socialist A young man on a bicycle the Capital Machinery Plant. family. tr Stutlents of the Qinghua Street Primary School see Tian Jiyao's widow, Wang Daliu (second right), saying that they shoulil learn from Grandpa Tian io be good successors-io the revolutionary cause. Photos bg Wang Zhenmin Wu Aili expressing her sadness to Gao yuntao's mother, Zha Xiuzhen, and his widow, Yang Aijun (seconal right), Grand- ma Zha tells the savetl girl to stuily hard and to make great contributions to the people when she grows up. 2B CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Gone Are the Doys of Lowlessness t'A - Commenl on the book Great Irial in Chinese Hislory" WEN CHAO rFHE rrial of the Lin Biao and Mao Zedong. The Chinese people sometimes 10,000 words a day. I Jiang Qing cliques ended in will always remember Chairman Television coverage sometimes ran January, but people abroad who Mao whose contributions to the to more than an hour a day. True, are concerned about China's de- country were immense and will foreigners were not permitted to velopment still show keen interest live forever in history. True, in attend, but this w-as necessary be- in it. Some Western media pic- his later years he also made er- cause state secrets might have tured it as a political trial; others rors, especially in launching the been disclosed during the trial. said it was a show trial. Stil] "cultural revolution." But this is The defense lawyers did what others portrayed Jiang Qing as a something entirely different in they could for their clients. As the "courageous woman" and said she nature from the acts of the Lin- "Goebbels" of the gang of four, was being unjustly proseeuted. Jiang cliques whose proven aim Yao Wenyuan, who had been in Our friends abroad want to rvas to seize power in the Com- charge of its propaganda ap- know the plain truth. but they munist Party and the state, by paratus, had been listed in the in- need a great deal of material to criminal means which included at- dictment to be one of the prin- make judgment. an informed For tempts to murder Chairman Mao cipal conspirators of the Shanghai this, the book A Great Trial in himself and stage an armed armed rebellion, but on,the basis Chinese Historg (234 pages, plus rebellion. of the defense plea the court de- 12 pages o{ on-the-spot pictures) As against all allegations that termined through careful inves- published b;r the New \Morld Press thi.s was a "show trial'i without tigation that there was insufficient in Beijing will prove invaluable. adequate basis in legality, the facts proof of this charge, so it was It gives an overall picture the of are that it was conducted in ac- dropped. Wu Faxian, former com- trial from the opening session to cord with the Criminal Law and mander of the Air Force, seemed the verdict. imposing Without the Law of Criminal Proceduie of eager to plead guilty without re- their own viewpoint, the editors the People's Republic of China. serve and take responsibility even of this book provide and facts The book quotes the legal provi- for things that were really not background i.nf ormation that sions pertinent each charge. under his direction. His lawyer enable readers draw own to to their argued convincingiy that he should conclusions. After facts There has been comment in dif- all, are ferent not be liable for the latter. The the best argument. countries that some do not conform to foreign laws and pro- court accepted this. Those who say this was a polit- Some foreign comment was to ical trial have operated on two cedures. But it is axiomatic that the standard of legalitJ,z in China, the effect that it was difficult to misconceptions. One is that the distinguish the role of a judge accused were tried for their views as in any other nation, must be its own laws. from that of a prosecutor. Under rather than for crimes defined by Chinese 1aw, they coordinate with Iaw. In fact, while their acts took each other as well as check each place in a certain political peiiod, THE trial was an open one. other. Take the "Changsha Ac- one salient feature of the trial was I The book records that cusation" for example, referring strict separation of the legally sixty thousand representatives to the gang's false charges against criminal from the political. of the public from all over Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping Another refrain was that the trial the country and from all presented by Wang Hongwen to was directed at the late Chairman sections and strata of Chinese Chairman Mao at Changsha. society attended it. The newspa- After thorough €xamination, the WEN CHAO long-tirne journalist. pers gave is 4 extensive coverage - court decided that this act did not JUNE I98T ,o constitute a crime under law, and so did not cite it in the final judgment. The defendants were given ample opportunity to speak, as the example of Jiang Qing makes clear. While arguing on her own behalf, she ignored her crimes proved by evidence, such as giving orders for illegal detentions and arrests, the ransacking of .homBs, extorting confessions by torture and persecuting peoptre to death. She sirouted at the bench: "I am .,t', without 1aw and without heaven," and indeed 1,as defiant of all morality and lhw. In spite of her For Tornorrorp IIan Liging anil Zhang Yongdian provocations, the court gave her two hours to speak for herself. nNE of the judges. the renowned v Frolessor Fei Xiaotong, wrote tational Exhibition a preface for the book, and this Plus the opinions of a few jurists will hetp clarify some of the questions by Young f,rtists brought up in foreign media. The texts of the indictment and full HE RONG the verdict are included in the book. years ago, It was in June, fifteen mHE "cultural revolution", has weekend. It seems the bus hasn't that that tempest, the "cultural I ieft young Chinese with deep come for a long time and the revolution", began its sweep across wounds. Now, as the country crowd at the bus stop keeps the 1and. Now the storm is over takes off at last toward the goal growrng. and the whole nation has begun, of the four modernizations. they On the surface the painting is sore at heari, to review those ten can see its future, and also their simply a cornment on China's years of turmoil. How could it own. They are no longer naive overlodded public transportation; have happened? It is worth pon- children without clear purposes. but from their theme, "For dering. The Chinese Communi:st Freed from the fanaticism whipped Tomorro$r", the artists' intention Party is making a summing-uP" up by the gang of four, they have is clear: for a better tomorrow. The trial was not intended to begun to face reality, however there must be sacrifices today. China has a lot to do and many solve this problem. Its purpose painful. This is what they have problems to solt e before she can was to examine and judge the dernonstrated in the Second Na- tional Youth Art Exhibition, held modernize. The artists selected a crimes of the Lin-Jiang cliques; last December in Beijing. scene from everyday life to depict and thus to help promote justice "For Tomorrow'1, an acrylic this big theme, which all Chinese restore the rule of law. and painting by Han Liying and Zhang are concerned about. They have The years of lawlessness have Yongdian that took a second prize, avoided using artistic images to ended and China is determined portrays people waiting for a bus preach. never to let such a tragedy haPPen in the snow. The icy wind cuts "Roadblock"; an oil painting by again. The sky has cleared and a them to the bone. Among those Zhou Shilin and Ma Yuan, brings scrcialist law is taking shape in waiting are young mothers taking out this subject even more clearly. China" In this sense, the trial was their children back to nurseries People hurrying to wo(k in a a demarcation line, a rnilestone. D and kindergartens after the heavy rain have been stopped at 3n CHINA BECOIqSTBUCTS. "Soong Ching Ling with a Child", Chinese traditional Ourr,ro*nr,, Jianguo "With High Aspiration", oil painting. Ai Xuart rt "In a Lotr.rs Pond", Chinese traditional Lin Congquan "Father", oil painting. a railroad cr.ossing and are wait- further.. The exhibition's f irst- ing anxiously for the train to pass. prize oil painting, ,,Father,, by This "roadblock" is a symbol of Luo Zhongli. is a portraii of a old things that should have been sun-bronzed peasant that reminds abandoned iong ago" viervers of the tribulations of their. "Not Afraid of Death", a second- own tathers, and oI their respr:n- prize oil painting by Li Bin and sibility to struggle to change the Chen Yiming. shows the late destiny of a nation" Marshal Peng Dehuai, one ofl The young people also see their. China's veteran proletarian revolu- responsibili.ties"',Saered Dutl,", a tionaries, upholding his dignity posier by 16-ye.ar-old Sun He that though under attaek f rorn *some '*,as tirst runner-up in the com- mlsguided Red Guards. But in his petition, pictures the earnestness eyes we see his pain. The twr_i and dedication in a medical work- artists, in creating this work, er's eyes. What the artist wants sought not to expose the naivete to extol here is the kind of spirit of the young people who under. every revolutit-rnaly should possess. the influence of ultra-Left thinking The young people see clearly the attacked the old revolutionaries. bright fui ure oI China. yang but to use ,.Hands'', this extreme. iration:rl Qian's oil painting rr confrontation l*Y49 |3 s*5** .rri between old and third-prize, winner. not r-in1;z **E *Ar *g l:. l. young to t'ecr.rrd one aspect of the eulogizes the creativity of the Sat,rrd Dut5 Strrr //t turbulence of the d isastrous ancient Chinese u,orking people. decade burL also expresses the desire ol "Fare'"r,ell. Village Road I, " an people today to build China into a irs they are, we can see, from the oil painting b.v Wang Chuan, took prosperous and powerful state. ways they .rbsei.ve and present third a prize. A school graduate The work is notable f or, it.s things, that they have achieved a who rvent ttl ths countryside to use of .symbolism and poirrtillisl profnund understanding of our "remold her wor.ld outlriok,, is technique. society. They are more adventur- saying good-bye to the village The exhibition displayed 544 ous intellectually than the artists load that ha.s [66oma so j'ttmi]iar works -, irrcluding oi)s. engruvings, of middle age ot' ntature years, to her, bidding fareweil not onlv sculptures and Chinese traditional They have adopted a serious to the village, but also to the polit"- paintings of u,hich arti.stic - 153 won attitude no lie.s, boasts, ical turmoil that destroyed a pruze.s: two first prizes, 36 second or idle ta1k, but- straightlorward generation. At the same time the prizes and 1 15 third prize.s. An presentation oI r,r.,hat girl i.s reall;y on is reluctant tr: leave, for she awalds cel'emonv was held in their minds. There has been a has left her f oot.steps and ex_ Janueu y. notable impr<,rvenrent in skill since perienced ioy.s and sorrows there. The exhibition was proof that the First National Youth Art Ex- Clhina's Norn, our young people have young artists are nolv hibition in 1962. and a new maturing, opened their eye"s much wider. In with many promising boldnes-s in conception and those eves there is still pain, grief artists corrring to the fore. young technique n and uncertainty. but they see farther and more ciearly. The Farervell. Village Roarl I countless wl'eaths and turbulenL \l ano Cltuort sea of people mourning premier Zhou Eniai in 1976 helped them see clearly the true face of the gang of four', An oii painting. "Awakenir.rg Vigilance - Sharpen_ ed by Tears of Blood,, (part of a series. "Endless path,,) b_v Zhang P_ingjie, Wang Jiong and Wang Xi.angming, vir.idly depicts thi; subiect by employing the technique of symbolism. What do the young artists see v,,ith their opened eyes? They see real people. not gods; per>ple whose labor has nurtured China and with which it wiil develop "IUNE I98r The Danjiangkou in Hubei province, one of China's biggest water eontrol proiects, gen- erated record amounts ot electricity tluring last year's flood. used road been sharPlY re- A LTHOUGH China produced and diesel fuel. If widely - have A rtigntty less energy in 1980 this year, the method will produce duced, Bonus systems to en- than in 1979, industrial output the energy equivalent of an addi- courage drivers to save gasoline actually rose by 8.4 percent, main- tional 20 million tons of erude. have had good results; one motor- 1y due to better energy efficiency. Altering the ratio of light in- transport garage in Tianjin re- Much of Chinese industry is of dustry to heavy industry in the ported a 320.000-[tre reduction in 1950s vintage, and some equip- national economy can also , save gasoline consumption last year. ment, including trains and motor energy. Since light industry uses vehicles, dates from the 1930s or less energy than heavy industry No EnergY Crisis goods earlier. Management techniques for the same value of Pro' China is trying to save energy government last are also outdated, leading to the duced, the Year because a temPorary shorta,ge iight of waste of energy. Experts estimate increased the proportion of supply. not energy crisis. 10 mil- of an that for each one-percent increase industry, thereby saving The country's 4.2 million square in energy efficiency, China would lion tons of coal. This Year, an kilometers of sedimentary rock percent in save the equivalent of 13 million additional one increase and more than I million square tons of coal annually. the proportion of light industry is kilometers of continental shelf Modern technology and manage- expected to save an additional 6 promise vast oil and gas dePosits. ment are being introduced to heIP million tons. Coal reserves are 600 billion tons, solve this problem. Industries A great deal of energy is wasted third-largest in the world. And use coal that has not using heat-treatment Processes, by the of has so far exPloited onIY 5 of all China Iike textiles and printing and been washed - 83 Percent percent of its hYciroPower re- dyeing, last year saved 800 mil- the coal used in China. One sources, which are among the coal (i.e., coal lion kilowatt-hours of electricity kilogram of washed iargest in the world. by introducing far infra-red that has been separated from rocks In the early years after libera- equipment. and other impurities) Yields 1,000 tion, exploration and develoPment Jiangsu more heat than an Nanjing, the capital of kilocalories of energy resources failed to keeP province, has set up two sPecial equal amount of unwashed coal. pace with construction, resulting that have province, a major coaL heat-treatment centers So Shanxi in the- current shortage. For the reduced the amount of electricitY producer, is building more coal- next few years: conservation ef- used to make one ton of heat- washing facilities. forts will be emphasized, but not treated products from 3,000 to 900 In addition, efforts have been the exclusion of the develoP- by to KWH thereby reducing costs made to produce more efficient ment of new resources, inciuding yuan- (U.S.$100). 150 industrial boilers, imProve the coal mines, 'oil fields, and non- industry; China's an- In the oil power systems of trucks and fossil fuels. Constructior.r of coal production 100 tons nual of million tractors, and discard obsolete mines is under way in the Huaihe by of crude can be stretched equipment as new models become valle;r and Yanzhou countY refining River adding hydrogen in the available. To encourage work Shandong province, an imPor- processes gasoline, in for kerosene, units to get rid of inefficient tant industiial area. The Huolinhe equipment, gasoline supplies for Open Pit on the Korqin Grasslands trucks 5uilt before 1930 over in the Inner Mongolian Autono- NENG YAN is an energy research - worker. 100,000 of them are still on the mous Region is also working uP to 34 CHINA NECONSTRUCTS Five tidal-power stations built electric power in the rural areas along the eastern coast have and is important in the treatment operated for more'than a year of sewage in some cities as well. with satisfactory results. Solar cells are being used to light Researchers have found over buoys and power lighthouse signal5. 2,000 hot springs with tempera- Solar cookstoves are being used in tures near 80oC. Six experimental some villages. power stations have been built to China is also exploring the convert this heat for u-se in possibility of developing nuclear medicine, agricultural research. power. Chinese energy specialists and domestic activities. have put the development of all Methane, or marsh gas, is the these f orms of energy on the first "new" energy source to be agenda of the modernization rvidely used in China. It supplies program. ti l'he heat-treatment workshop oI the Nanjing Technological Equipment Plant. its designed annual outpul of 20 nlillion tons of coal. Twenty-one old mines. each with annual capacity of 5 milLion to 10 million tons, are upgraCing equipment and methodology to maintain stabie output. - Plans have been made to build 12 hydropower stations, each generating 2 million kilowatts, to supply energy-deficient areas via high-tension wires, The output of China's 160 oil fields ranked 9th in the world last year. The cun-ent plan calls for Beijing Guanghua Dyeing and lVeaving Plant. 1o save fnerg)-. it utillzes naturirl maintaining production from old underground hot water to rinse fabrics. rvells by more intensive pumping while opening up new fields. Ner+' wells went into operation last year in the Norih China. Daqing. Sheng* Ii, and Karamai f ields. I{igh- yielding wells drilled in 1979 and 1980 in the Zhujiang (Pearl River) estuary in the South China Sea augur well tor continued. develop- ment in the area. China has signed contracts with French and Jap- anese oil companies for joint exploitation along the coast. New Energy Sources Exploitation of renewable energy resources is . also in the initial stages of ,development. Some 200 w-indmills were install- ed last year on the Inner Mongo- lian grasslands, generating power for home use and for electrified The comprehensive mechanization mining leam of Yangzhuang Coalfield in Huai- fences around grazing areas. bei at work. Photos bY Xin Hu.o JUNE 198I 35 Sports Brief,s llorld Gup Uolleyball Preliminaries rFIIE Chinese men's and wrlmrln s I vollevbal] teams both won thc champir.rnships in the Wurld Cup Yolleyball Preliminaries. tsoth teams will represent A.sia at the Tokyo World Cup Vrilleyball Tournament next November. Men's teams frerm eight eoun- tries participated in the Asian Zone World Cup Preiiminaries, held in two series, in Hongkong in March. In the first stage oI the match China and South Korea fonB Fei perlorrns on the horizontal lVeiqi (Go) champion Slrao Zhcnzhong gyrunastics Ptuolo.! hrr Li Qirr'rn1; places respective bar at the Sino-Arnerican took first in their conter-(, '$F six individual events at the Sixth men's rings and Par:allel bars Grand Prix Gyn:nastics Tollrnel- evenLs. ment held March 6-5 in Fanis, He was awarded 3 gold medals. one tteiqi (Go) GhampionshiP silver and one bronzc-" Twenty- final q+^ f N an exciting i-hor-ir eight gymna-sis fron'r 15 coun"ries I- game. Chinesc' rr-'eiqi (g,r) l.'hiz participated in the competition. Shao Zherrzhong ciele ated coin- Tong Fei being the only Chinesei. patr:iot Ma Xiaochun to 1'vin the Tong l-ei, who is [rom a southern Third World Amateur V/eiqi (Go) province, .Iiangxi" was the cham- Championship in TokYo rln Nlarch pinn of iast year.s national ali* t4. The two Chinese finalist's dt':- round individual competition featecl South Korea's Palk Sang was China's Xu Zhen smashes the ball dur- Though he i.njured in a traf- I)on and Japan's Bunsho Mura- ing final match against South Korea. {ic aecident in Fanis shortly be- kami in tl'rer semi-finals on Mnrch Luo Yuhe. fore the competition. he persisted 13. At the prize oeremunlr Shao in training and taking par-t irr thr: Zhenzhong rva.s honored rvith the series. The decisive batile was competition, r:aptur"ing the title itt titie of Seventh I)an b-v lhe: held on the evening of March the men's floor exercises. thr ,lapanese Go A-qsociation. i:l 20th. The South Korean team took a quick lead by r.vinning the The Shanghai International F ricndship Eridge Tournamcnl tinals on ltlarch llth; first two garnes. The Chinese 'Iokyo B leam (front left and opposite) vs. Rotterdam. Zhntttl l,ru Rett players rallied and won the next three games 3:2 and the title. They won a1l six of the matches. On the afternoon of the same day, the Chinese women's team defeat* ed its last opponent. Hongkong, and came in first, winning all three niatches. Among the top volleyball players receiving awards at the end of the tourn'ey were four Chinese players three women and one man. - Chinese Gymnast in Paris N-INETEEN-YEAR-OLD Chinesc I \ gymnast Tong Fei finished .second in the men's all-round in- dividual compttition and captured 36 lack experience in international Invitational Bridg. Tournament matches," he said. "We were nervous playing before so many experts, so we did better in the in Shanghai closed room than in the open room. As we were not used to playing YAN SHIXIONG late at night, our scores went up and down in night matches. And T'IU surprised by the high third in group B. The Shanghai B some of the foreigners told us we -a skills of the players," said team beat the Nerr York A team weren't devious enough. So it's Dorothy Hayden Truscott. an by 13 : ? (v.p.), tied with the reaily a test of our skills." American Grand Master, after Rotterdam ieam 10 :10, and beat participating This was the first international in the Shanghai ihe Houston team 15 : 5 (v.p.) tournament held in China, but it Friendship International Invita- winning fourth p1ace in group A. was well-organized among other Tournament in tional Bridge Wang Junren, 33, of the things, players got- their scores players March. A total of 150 from Shanghai A team became known as within 15 minutes and many of New York, San Francisco, Houston, a promising young player. "We them said they would- play here Rotterdam, Bangkok, Karachi, should have played better, but we agarn. ! Manila, Singapore, Tokyo, Hong- kong, Macao, Shanghai and Beijing took part, among them such world- famous piayers as Grand Master Michael Lawnence, World Master Grond Coup Katherine Wei, and J. Th. M. Kreyns, leading member of the WANG RUYANG Rotterdam team, who had won the World Pair Championship in Wang Junren, the mainstay of the Shanghai A team, used the 1 966. Grand Coup tactic to accomplish a very difficult 5 diamond con- At Shanghai, the Tokyo B team tract, this enabling his team, which was behind by 35 IMP, to turn won the championship, Rotterdam the tide and obtain a tie. took second place, and the New The crucial hand is as follows: York B team came in third. No. 14 Neither Vulnerable This time none of the teams E-Dealer end-play achieved a no-loss record. even the famous skilled New York A team tl A076 losing three games to take third o K32 iAo +K r 095 place in group A. With excellent + K10952 9ss2 tl tO .l 985 skili and sportsmanship, New + r043 s the v KQ987 \7 As4 vae O)e York B team won one game after o4 o J87s + J86 Qt .) AJ86 +13 another in the first seven rounds, .I KJ .iJ but lost the 8th round to the v r 0632 vr0 o AQ1 096 Ool06 Shanghai A team and the gth +47 +7 round to Manila, with a great disparity of scores and only got The Tokyo B team, with Hiroshi Hisatomi (West), led the king three victory points. of hearts followed by the 4 of spades. Wang first responded with The Tokyo played B team with the king of spades, to ruff hearts, then played the queen of clubs a steady hand, strong defense and which was killed by West's ace of clubs. West played a.very fierce tenacious spirit. They had only hand the 7 of Wang points hearts. responded with the king of diamonds! 49 victory until the fifth (This was a crucial hand to prevent E's over-ruff.) Then with full round, ranking group. fifth in the confidence he finessed East's jack of diamonds. After cashing in But because played With they the ace of diamonds, he figured the distribution of trumps to be 1-4, great care, whether the opponents so after careful deliberation he adopted the Grand Coup to make vrere strong or weak, sucees- they the contract. (See the diagram above right.) sively beat the Singapore, Karachi, Wang played the 7 of clubs, dummy played the king of clubs, San Francisco Rotterdam and and returned a club which Wang ruffed.- He then played. the jack teams with high v.p. scores. of spades, to which dummy responded with the ace of spades and The newly formed Shanghai A, played the queen of spades discarding Wang's 10 of hearts. (This B and Beijing teams showed is another crucial hand, a subtle hand make surprisingly high skills, For exam- to "substituting trump"1.) Dummy again played the 10 of clubs, so Wang play p1e, the Shanghai A team tied the could his queen and 10 of diamonds to ki-Il jack Tokyo B team-the title holder; East's and 8 of diamonds. Thus, he succeeded in making the difficult b-diamond contract. tr beat the New York B team by 18 to 2 (victory points) and placed rrrNE l98l 37 World lce Hockey in Beijing Fans'in Capital Stadium respond to play on the rink. qPIRITED competition marked a good opportunity fot. players of Liberation Army's August First \J the i981 Ice Hockey Wor]d different countries to exchange Team, The player.s averaged 23.7 Championship for PooI teams C experience, each team demonstrat- years old, 1.75 meters in height held this month Beijing,s at ing its style and skills. and 72 kgs. in weight. They im- Capital Gymnasium. the end At The Austrian team proved to be pressed their competitors and of the tournament, the both the strongest, winning all seven of spectators with their tenacity, Austrian and Chinese teams quali- its matches. Their victory was speed and fied agilitv. China opened to advance to Pool B and will attributed to their discipline and its winning streak part with a spectac- take in the Pool B champion- adoption of a combi.ned attack- ular win over Denmark ship next year. b:l and defense style. The Hungarian went on to defeat Bulgaria 6:2" This was the first ice hockey team played a polished g.ame, She beat Britain 12:2, tournament with the held in China since the showing exceptionally good team- highest tournament score. world games Though first started in 1g20. work. The Danish players' amaz- beaten by the powerful Austrian The eight Pool C teams taking ing individual skills: Erance,s all- team 0:3 on the 11th. the part in the competition Chinese from out attacking style; the daringness players were not discouraged. On March 7 to March 16 were: and tenacity of the Bulgarians the 13th they overpor,vered and Austria, Denmark, Hungary. and Koreans; and the British outmaneuvered the Hungarians Flance, Bulgaria, Britain, Korea pucksters' fine sportsmanshi.p and 3:1 in a crucial battle, taking them (DPRK) and China. conscientious spirit impressed the one step nearer to second place. The tourney was not only a. spectators favorably. After. 28 Instiiled with new confidence. competition for the right to move matches, Austria and China came China defeated France 10:B the up to the next category but also out a convincing first and second, foilowing day. In the last game followed by Hungary, Denmark, on the 16th, China won over France, Bulgaria, the Democratic Korea, 10:2. Attogether China People's Republic Korea, and Foreign players learn to use chopsticks of scored 46 goals, w,ith only 14 al- at welcoming banquet, Britain, in that order. The British lowed against them. Winning six Ph,otos by Xie .Iun players gai'nered the sportsman- and losing one, the Chinese came ship award. Six top players were in second and are now among the honored at the end of the tourney world's sixteen best teams. Hail- - 3 Austrians. 2 Chinese and 1 ing the tournament as a big suc- French. cess, Curt Berglund, treasurer of Ice hockey in China started only the International Ice Hockey in the 50s, and has therefore a thin Federation, said the Chinese team foundation. The Chinese team has had made surprisingly fast participated in five world cham- progress. However, further im- pionships since 1972. It finished provements would have to be third in 1972, fifth in 19?3, sixth made on the maneuvering of the in 1974 and fourth in 1978. stick, racing technique, and pass- Twenty players and two coaches ing and carrying thq puck, he were selected from the northeast- added, if China is to keep its posi- ern provinces and the People's tion in Pool B n 90 do CHINA BECONSTRUCTS Chin& vs, Hungary. ,} ,*,'n I I kr Austria vs. France. Bulgaria vs. Denmark' Koree vs. Eagland. Awards ceremony. }.iu Cl*en JUNE 1987 :t9 f AM sending you a report aboul -f some of my experiences during the ten months I stayed in Tianjin. Memories of Chino Never had I thought of having the chance to get to know this far- away country. There were many GERDA KUNZ things that I-being a European was not used tn: Chinese Editor's Note: Early in lg7g, Gerd.a Kunz, an atnateur -cuisine, for instance, or the masses phbtographer, came to Tianjin Jor a ten-month. uisit uith her of bicycles in the streets (with nrich, an engineer with the West" n 40 CHI,q.T EtEC$NSTRUCTS Commune members from south suburban Tianjin transplant rice seedlings' Gerda Kunz Sampling Chinese food in a Tianjin restaurant. ]leinrir:h Kun: A veteran artist of the Hangzhou Silk Factory designs patterns for tapestries. Gtrda Kun: 5 4'tli Fishermen on the Beidaihe coast. Gtrdu Kun: The writer buying fruit in Tianjin's Park on the Water. Heinrich Kun:. A ']li ii'r,lv Eng roving on o Hoin CHANG YI f N ancient times highly skilled r craftsmen were admired for their ability to write a thousand words in a tiny spac€ or carve a poem or essay on a piece of ivorry the size of a grain of rice or the head of a nail. Today, Shen Wei- €:{ zhong, a young man at the Artcraft Research Institute in Suzhou, Jiangsu province, is using human hair as material on which he inscribes Chinese characters. As a child Shen showed an aptitude for calligraphy and painting. Duririg middle school he Artist Shen Weizhong. Shen WeizhonR's $'ork of rniniature ivory-engraving, Delail learned io carve seals" Later when ol a miniature ivory engraving, enlarged, he became a moulder in a type- wliter factory, he went rin to human decided to f carving on tiny pieces of ivory. hair. Shen have our-millimeter-Iong black hairs a try with the same material. phrase are Finally he could engrave 300- with the "Our friends a But it was much more difficult r.t'ord poem on a piece the size of all over the world", on one in to work on a soft hair than on a Chinese, and on the other in a grain of rice. His work was tiny piece of hard ivory. An exhibited and acciaimed in English, and set them in a minia- ordinary burin wouldn.'t work on ture globe he carved from ivory Suzhou. hair a soft fibrous tube with an the size r:>f a matchhead. Later, on Last year he rvas transferred to extremely- thin covering" With five-millimeter he the Suzhou Artcraft Research much quenching and grinding, he a white hair, poet Institute where he went on devel- finally succeeded in making an engraved the Tang dynast5r oping his skill. One day he read engraving tool that would work. Zhang Ji's famous verse "A Night a newspaper story about an arti.st Several months of hard practice Mooring near Maple Bridge'r'. It abroad who put a mini:rture tractr:r made him skillful enough to work can be read oniy with a and two trailers on a section of a on hair. He engraved each of two microscope. [-J q .b @*q s &ffi %w# \'% #. The hair engraving "Our friends ele all over the world," Engraved wortls appear under the mieroscope. Photos bg Xu Xin JUNE 19EI 4? YMCA Seminar Tour frorn U.S. ZIIANG SHUICIIENG f, D have welcomed any assign- r ment that took me from Bei- jing to Guangzhou in December, but I thought this picture story on a U.S. YMCA seminar would be especiaiiy interesting; the 40 peo- ple in the group represented many fields of interest and ranged in age from 13 to 80. Old or young, most of thep had considerable experience with their respective YMCA organizations. The oldest, Dorothy (Mrs. Arthur) Dome, now 80, had sailed to China in 1921 with her late husband, who served with the International Com- mittee of the YMCA. They spent a couple of years in Hongkong, Shanghai, Beijing and Beidaihe, helping to popularize physical education among the Chinese. Nicholas Goncharoff (left) When Mrs. Dome recalled Chinese and Fred carl (center) meet with their chinese eol- league Li Shoubao at the Shanghai yMCA headquarters. scenes of sixty years ago, she was saddened. She said she'd been pulled long distances by rickshaw moved to say that he never did bers who made detailed notes had men who were somet,imes so that at his school, but thought he been assigned to prepare a report hungry and exhausted that they might when he returned. In a for future discussion. These as- fell. In some places, a sedan chair music class,' when the students signments were taken by people was the only means of transporta- sang "Edelweiss," which is now in turn. Clearly this was a serious tion, and Mrs. Dome said she very popular in China, the Amer- delegation, faithful to its title: hated to be earried by men much icans were so caught up they "Statesmanship Project X: YMCA older than she was. joined in the chorus-a good Educational Seminar." Still good natured and in good start for their visit. health, Mrs. Dome sprained her During a discussion of educa- Shanghai, China's Largest City ankle just before her recent trip tional policy with the school lead- An exciting aspect of the tour to China, but she insisted on com- ers, Vice-Principal Dai Tsuibing, was that the Americans' visit coin- ing with the group. She wanted 36, answered questions raised by cided with the reopening of the to visit the places she had seen so our inquisitive friends on cur- Shanghai YW-YMCA. News of long ago and to see what changes riculum, school regulations, athlet- the reopening was broadcast on had been made. ic activities and so on, Fred Carl, the Shanghai radio. Li Shoubao, executive director of the armed the Shanghai Y's associate general First Impressions in Guangzhou services department of the Nation- secretary, told the Americans al Board YMCAs, In Guangzhou, the YMCA peo- of said he was the YMCA had arranged succ.essful ple visited a middle school which imprelsed by the good discipline meetings for young people with enrolls 2,000 students. They were of the students and by the capa- popular film stars, on filmmaking, struck by the participation of ble young vice-principal herself. and with economists, on problems hundreds of students in physical From the very beginning of the of China's modernization. Some exercise between classes. Thirteen- visit, .I found that our friends had activities, he said, were sponsored year-old David Stockton, a sports an intense interest in education, solely by the Y but in others they fan and swimming champion, was which is part of the YMCA's work. cooperated with the AII-China During the discussion in the Youth Federation. There have been ZHANG SHUICHENG is a staff photo- school, . many people took notes. tWo language classes, in English grapher for China Reconstrucis. Later, I learned that group mem- and Japanese. A 70-member YMCA 44 CHINA RECONSAAUCTS ri dn rir j# delegation from Japan visited man of Statesmanship Project X Shanghai last June and promised and himself a lawyer, Richard to send their Chinese colleagues a Thornell, a Howarrl University video recorder, to improve the law professor, Ann Baldwin, a language teaching. The Americans law student at the University of asked about religious activities, Pittsburgh, and some of the others and Li explained that there talked with Judge Li about the weren't many. Most church prop- development of the law in China erty has been put to other uses. and problems of juvenile delin- Some con- buildings have been quency in both countries. Some vprted into schools and others into said they felt the exchange of factories, though some of them views on topics of common concern may be restored. But in 1979, Li the said, hundreds of people attended meant much more than sight' Christmas services and celebra- seeing. tions. (Shanghai's 1980 Christmas John Trammell of the. Hudson celebration had people humming Institute is a specialist in economic "Jinglg Bells" well into January.) growth in Asia. When he visited Youth palaces, where children an Am,erican friend who teaches can spend after-school hours learn- at Fudan University in Shanghai, ing to dance, sing, play an instru- students gathered to discuss prob- ment, assemble radio and TV sets, lems of modernization. Some do handicrafts, and so on are very students were disappointed to hear popular in China. The Yangpu him say that it will take China district youth palace is one of a a'Iong time to become strong and dozen in Shanghai. When our rich. When asked why Japan visitors arrived there in the late should have been able to prosper afternoon, activities were in full in such a short time if China could swing. Teenagers in a ballet class not, Trammell, who is'not much Americans applaud the students' sing- were practicing in front of a big older than the students, replied, ing during a visit to Guangzhou No. 32 mirrored wall under the watchful has its own midtlle school. "Each country Prob- Photos )bA Zhang Shuicheng eye of their ballet mistress. In Iems. One should not and can't another room, an orchestra of f ollow someone else's pattern. Chinese instruments played "Do You have to seek your own way but hadn't seen anything quite like Re Mi," like "Edelweiss" from the to prosper. It takes time. I would this. sound track of Sound of Musr,c, rather go slow and straight than In the Shaanxi provincial mu- and a flautist and a harmonica go fast and zigzag." It made sense seum, the Americans were much duo played some old American to me. impressed by the Sui and Tang favorites to which the U.S. visitors dynasty artifacts from the early sang along. Before leaving, David 10th century and through the ex- Xi'an Stockton, on behalf of the group, Ancient Capital - planation by the Xi'an Travel Service interpreter. Jana Gon- gave the youth palace a collection Xi'an, in northwestern China, of story books and his own country's capital for charoff, an interior decorator, said was the the stone carvings were "fascinat- frisbee. years, hosting eleven dyn- 1,000 ing". Eleanor English, who has "We are not merely tourists. asties from the 11th century B.C: you studied architecture, said "The We've come to learn from and The city itself and the towns near- to share with you some of our ex- architecture has much more color by are tieasure-houses of cultural perience," said Dr. Nicholas Gon- here". Lynette Taylor, a manage- relics. Among the spots the Amer- charoff, director of Statesmanship ment consultant with interests in icans the Shi Huang tomb Project executive director, in- hit, Qin art and archeology, added, "I ad- X, was most Despite the ternational education and cultural attractive. mire your effort in preserving affairs for the International Divi- cold, they lingered at the on-site these relics so well." sion of YMCAs, and currently museum for more than half an In this ancient city, Mr. and permanent representative to the hour. "Wonderful", "marvelous", Mrs. Goncharoff went out one "amazing" were some of the a United Nations for the Worl.d - evening for a stroll, stopping at Alliance of YMCAs. TI.e group adjectives they used when they stall to have a bowl of soup. It members lost no opportunity to go saw the array of life-size pott€ry was a unique experience for the deeper into the life of China. Dur- wariors standing in formation in two Americans as well as for the ing a boat trip along the Huangpu the pits. Florence Morelli, an art crowds of Xianese who gathered River, Judge Li .Haiqing of the lover and daughter of an American to watch them. The Goncharoffs Shanghai Supreme Court joined YMCA secretary in Brazil, said talked with the local people in them. N. Conover English, chair- to me that she had been to Egypt, sign language and a few phrases. JUNE 1987 4h d.*i Yr!lj:a! YMCA visitors [t the Huaqingehi Palace in Xi'an. Beth Baldwin shou,s kindergarten children & Polaroid picture she has just snapped. nwight Call makes a choiee of carved jade ani- mals in a shoD. YMCA group attends a Sr.lnelay setvice ai the Moore Memorial Church in Shanghai. Photos bg Zhang Shuicherg CRINA NECONSINUCTS Robert Baldwin (Ieft), Carrell Leiper (center) and Jana Goncharoff talk with a young English-speaking worker at the Shanghai Jade FactorY. Visiting a Shanghai worker's family. J UNE 1981 and said later that they and the hotsstant church because the every Beijing tour program. It's a locals had understood each other factory was either in it or close by. long way from town, and I took and it turned out to be a pleasant At last we saw a church building. advantage of the bus ride to pick evening. A Chinese woman passing by up snatches of conversation and to Travelling from subtropical heard us say 'church', looked at ask people for their impressions of Guangzhou to the dry plateau us and took off on a run down an Ctina. around Xi'an, some of the visitors alley. But an old woman who had John Stockton, an urban-eco- came down with eolds or sore been accompanying her came up nomies consultant in Rochester, throats. Luckily there were two to us.. I asked the older woman New York, said he wAs "struck by doctors in the delegation, Walter if she had known my mother, Li the industriousness of the people Balzer and Dale Wilson. When I, Tai Tai. She answered me by and the ambitious construction too, caught cold, Dr. Wilson asking 'Li-per Tai Tai?' This was projects in evidence almost every- produced from his pocket a smqll astonishing ! She had remembered where we visited, especially since bottle and handed me a pill. I my parents' name for sixty years they're being done without benefit doubted that this one small pill even though the Chinese usually of sophisticated equipment." would do anything for rne, but used only the first syllable. It was Clifford Woerner, an investment after a good night's sleep the cold a moving moment. It made me builder from Austin, Texas, noted was gone" feel truly accepted in China. The something rather different: the old woman was Mrs. Qu; she was contradiction between the colorful Three Days in Beijing ramrod straight and very hale for costumes in the opera and the drab an 80-year-old. Meeting her was garments most Chinese wear for A light snow welcomed the worth my whole trip to China." daily life. "A sea of blue is not Americans to Beijing. Carrell Dwight Call, executive director desirable," he said. "You need Leiper Hall was impatient to fulfil of the General Convention of more variety in clothes, more a life-long desire to renew her Sioux Indian YMCAs in Dupree, cheerful clothes." childhood acquaintance with China South Dakota, is a rather quiet, Nicholas Goncharoff said he'd and hurried on, with her husband, gentle young man. He starts every been impressed by the "good order Horner, to Tianjin, giving up two day with an early-morning. run, in the streets, in school and in scheduled days in Beijing. "While and on his first morning in Bei- other public places," and by the it was still dark and freezing jing, when he went jogging with good behavior of chiidren in the coid", she told me later, "we David Stockton, they lost their nursery. He said he thought China taxied to the Beijing train station. way. "People wanted to help and was advanced in culture and in We were armed with a 1920 map tried to give us directions," Call some other fields, "and most im- English of Tianjin in and a brand said. "Finally a policeman got us portant of all, you're beginning to new one Chine-se. 1918, in In I on a bus and paid our fare. The sum up your experience. That's arrived China age a in at the of people were so nice. It was an un- good." year and a half with my parents. f orgettable experience. " Jana Goncharoff was struck by We lived in the Xigu area of Call had some other impressions China's egalitarianism. as Tianjin where my mother, Eleanor "As far of China as well. Pointing to the people Cory Leiper, who was called Li I can see, in China are padded curtain hung over a door- Tai Tai in Tianiin, founded an in- equal," she said. "Maybe there way, he said, "That's a good idea" are some differences, dustry the Yu Min Women's but they're - I call it a 'green banana'." I asked not obvious." She'd formed some Factory. The women did beautiful why, sewing, embroidery, and appliqu6. and he explained rvith a Ioftier impressions, too: "From the plane My mother created the designs for story: "A Westerner was driving I could see that almost all car your the lovely table doilies, bags, a in the wilds of Africa, and farmland is plotted beauti- gas smocks and dresses, which were found that his tank was leak- fully. It shows good organization sold primarily in the U.S. My fa- ing. Just as he was about to give and hard work." ther Henry Smith Leiper, who was up, an African brought him a The road proved, too slippery caltred "Missionary Li," was direc- green banana and plugged the because of a recent snowfall, and tor of the Tianjin School for Boys, 1eak, which enabled him to drive we failed to get even a glimpse of taught at Nankai College and on to a place where he could get the Great WaIl. The next mor- served on the governing board of his car repaired. Every country ning, we tried and failed again. "If the International Famine Relief has its own 'green banana'- a we fail to reach the Great Wall we Committee from 1919 to 1922. unique way of solving universal are not men, we who have already "After some patient searching, problems with local materials. measured twenty thousand li:' Homer and I found the site of my Now that I've seen these padded Chairman Mao wrote during the old house, but the building had curtains, I'm going to try to make Long March in 1935. So I think been destroyed at the time of the one for my own house. It gets our friends will come to China Japanese invasionlin 1937. Next cold in South Dakota." again. They are people of deter- we looked for my mother's fac- A trip to the Great Wall is a mination, and I'm sure the Gret tory. I asked our driver to fild a much-anticipated part of nearly Wall is theirs for the taking. tr 48 CHINA BECONSTRUCTS Talitha Gerlach's 85th Birthday Children offer their congraiulations 1o their Grandmother Geng and present her with their own painiing of a bowl of peaches. Xu Yugen A FTER all. it is only once in a tional YWCA until it was made "Happy Birthday" in English and A 1i1"1irrr" that a person lives to impossible f or her to continue present her with some teacup mats, be eighty-five ! I hope to Iive to be because of her support for the a tciy panda and some pictures, all one hundred so as to fuliill my Chinese revcllution. In 1952. .she their own work. Miss Gerlach enter- glorious international responsibil- came back to China to work at the tained her young visitors with ity in work for wornen and chil- China Welfare Institute, the cakes and candy, which she strung dren and in particular to cultivate successor of the China Defence together with red and green and educate new generation." the League, upon Soong Ching l-ing's thread in the Chinese manner. The Gerlach, an So said Talitha invitation. children sang a Chinese song, American working at the China In her nearly 30 years at the recited a poem and did a dance. Welfare Institute, on March 6, her institute. Mi-cs Gerlach has devoted In the morning, Shen Cuizhen, 85th birthday. A close friend of most of her time to children's Secretary-General of the China the Chinese people, Miss Geriach education, chiefly at the institute's Welfare Institute, brought Talitha has spent for most of the past 45 Palace Gerlach basket flowers on years in China, and now lives in kindergarten and Children's a of cail hel Ling, Shanghai. in Shanghai" The children behalf of Soong Ching (her Chinese Vice-Chairman Standing 'She first came in 1926 as a Grandmother Geng of the member of the China branch of surname is Geng). Every year on Committee of the National People's the U.S. National Young Women's June lst, Children's Day, she is Congress. Speaking at the din- palace spend the ner given the Institute in Miss Christian Association. Early in the invited to the'the to by War of Resistance Against Jap- day with children there. Gerlach's honor the same evening, anese Aggression (1937-1945) she An advisor to its English study Han Zheyi, Vice-Mayor of joined the China Defense League, group, she brings the children Shanghai, acclaimed her contribu- organized by Soong Ching Ling to books and records sent to her by tions to the friendship between aid China's resistance. In 1947, friends abroad. the peoples of China and America. during the War of Liberation On Talitha Gerlach's 85th birth- At the dinner were close friends of which led to the founding of the day, visitors flocked to her house Miss Gerlach's, including the New Chinese People's Republic in 1949, ali day long. She was e.spe- Zealand writer Rewi Alley and the Miss Gerlach returned to the cially pleased when, in the after- American doctor George Hatem United States where she con- noon. children came from the pal- (Ma Haide). China Reconstructs tinued to work in the U.S. Na- ace and kindergarten to sing cabled its greetings. tr JUNE 1981 49 'j,,ii. ,.rii j Rie Buddha flresccnf at Baoding Shan. I 4 The Dazu Treasure-House o# Carvings ZHANG JIAQI f-\F CHINA'S many storehouses The 50,000 figures there were men to making the first Buddhist \-l e1 ancieht BuAafrist grotto made between the end of the shrine on a cliff within the huge carvings, three are well-known Tang dynasty (9th century) and enclosure. Here and elsewhere in throughout the world Dunhuang the end of the Song dynasty (13th the area these were added to over in Gansu province. Longmen- near century). They are spread over 40 the centuries at the behest of Luoyang in Henan province and different spots, with the majority other weaithy people. Yungang near Datong in Shanxi of them at Beishan (North Hill) The main feature of Beishan is (Treasure province. But a fourth set on a and Baoding Shan Buddha Crescent a 250-meter-long par with them in artistry has been Peak Mountain), both now under indentation in the mountain with relatively . These are protection culturai unknown. national as 290 niches, each containing several the Dazu grottoes situated in the relics. figures. Niches 3, 5, I and 10 are hills 160 kilometers northwest of with the city of Chongqing in the EISHAN, also known as Long- typical of late Tang work, western province of Sichuan. IJ gang Shan (Dragon Mound dignified, well-developed figures Their remote location kept people Hill), is two kilometers from the in simple dress executed in flow- from knowing about them, but Dazu county town. In 892 Wei ing lines.. The middle section of beautiful also made it possible f or the Junjing, the chief military official the crescent contains carvings to remain unmolested and in eastern Sichuan, started build- examples of Song dynasty (960- in a good state of preservation. ing a stronghold there for storing L279) figures with compact yet arms and grain (the place is intricate composition, smooih, Yongchang and, delicate, well- ZHANG JIAQI is an ealitor of the sometirnes known as distinct lines and set chiseled features. China Travel Publishing IIouse. - Forever Prosperous), 50 CIIINA NECONSTRUCTS Ihe bodhisattva Pu Xian. The bodhisattva Guanyin. 'The Sleeping Bu IUNE 198I beam which il.luminates every corner and reveals the outlines of the sculptures with an almost stereoscopic effect. Most amazing is the drainage The Making of a system for removing water that drips through the cave when it rains. You can hear its trickiing Young Science Writer but no pipes are to be seen. But if you look closely you will find that hidden under the clouds, branches and pagodas is a com- WU YAN plete drainage system that leads all the roof water to a big bowl on the head of a devil figure under the biggest drip, and from there out through an underground conduit. I)REAKING AWAY from ex- D clusively religious subjects. some of the Dazu sculptors made Wu Yan is a seni,or at Beijing's Dengshikou Middl.e School. figures from everyday life. One He has published a dozen articles on scientific subjects that h.aue long relief of ten cowherds with prooed popular tuith young readers, atud Last August, at the age their cows depicts scenes of of 17, he usas in'--ited to attend tlte National Forum on Sctence country life: the cows asleep in Writing. the shade of a tree or drinking Editor. from a mountain spring with - uplifted head, a cowherd clapping and dancing, another chasing the fT WAS my cousin Huang wooden board, wrote "remarkable cows uphill. I Chaolong who got me into this. experiment" the words Davy Eleven groups which in relief Aithough Huang Chaolong is two had used. - have been given the title "Paren- years I, we've done As Huang Chaolong wrote down praying older than tal Love" show a couple everything together since we were the details of our experiment, I son, the to the Buddha for a very little. As he was a bookworm, held Nechayev's book in my hands, woman's pregnancy, birth of the so was I, and as his preferred books entranced. The book and our child. nursing the baby, washing were on science. so were mine. "remarkable experiment" made and feeding him. the child playing of these books descrlbed me know what I wanted to do in 1ap. finally Some on the mother's and experiments, which we tried to do life. sending the son into the world. off unsuccessfully, as it turned out, peasant Another relief shows a - lovely afternoon when I pleased with until one Hard-to-Find Books woman, apparently was the third grade. she opens their in her chickens as Huang Chaolong had been There is plenty of knowledge in basket early in the morning. writer Ne- books, but it was hard for nte, a government reading the Soviet In 1979 the allocated chayev's Stories About the third-grader, to dig it out, even yuan restoration at 60,000 for Elements, and he proposed that we when I could dig up the books in Dazu. Roads have been built con- another experiment, the the first place. This was the earlY necting the various locations and try electrolysis of salt. We prepared 19?0s, and most books, including a highway from Chongqing so that salt water. a battery, graphite rods "juvenile" titles, were on politics, possibie on it is to visit Dazu wires, connected them not science. But even during the excursion that and copper a one-day from up, and waited. And waited. After "cultural revolution" the "back city. ! what seemed like a long time, the door" could be opened, and mY water around one electrode started parents had friends who were able Correction to change color, and bubbles of to get me some books from a In the article "What's This appeared around the library that had been closed. I ap- chlorine 'Taiwan Question'?" which successful them, using peared ,in CR's May 1981 issue, other. Eureka ! Our first struggled through the first sentence of the third experiment ! dictionaries and consulting teachers paragraph in the first column on Nechayev r-ecounts how Sir frequently: later, my science p. 5l should read "In the 3l years who first decom- teacher opened his own small since its ,founding, the People's Humphry Davy, Republic of China has establish- posed caustic soda in 'this waY library to me. Every day I haunted ed diplomatic relations with 125 some 1?0 years ago, made a record a neighborhood bookstore to see countries. . ." of the event, so we too, on a small whether science books had .any 56 CHINA RECONSINUCTS come in. Sometimes, when I wearing black-rimmed glasses everything I wrote-but I found wasn't .able to get a book for showed up at our house. "You're out later she was really proud of myself, I'd copy it down, and so I Wu Yan, aren't you?" he said. .I my progress. Mother has been built a collection of "manuscript" nodded. and he said, "I'm Ye Yong- perhaps too generous and partial editions of children's science Iie." to me. stories, science fiction, even poems It's hard to describe my state of The Work to be Done on scientific subjects, like "Song excitement. Imagine-a boy's of the Mammoths along the Yellow own hero comes knocking at the In 1979, Junior Science published River." I also clipped newspaper door to offer encouragement. He two of my articles - "Bys5 for the stories dealing with science, and asked about my studies, and that Blind" and "Special Methods of made frequent visits to the Beijing wasn't too bad, but then he asked Mining" and a short story, 1'Ad- Planetarium. the Museum of to see my writing. Even now I ventures- of an Iceberg"" AIso in Natural History, and the Geological blush with embarrassment at how 19?9, my article "I Love PoPular Museum. bad the stuff was. But Uncle Ye Science" took second prize in a read everything carefully and gave competition sponsored bY Beijing My First Article me some tips on how to write Children magazine on the 30th an- we needed more niversary of liberation. matter what better. He'said At school, no could popularize Last year, 1 published a few subjects my Chinese teacher writers who science, so I should study hard and more pieces. But it's clear to me assigned, I managed to turn my join ranks as soon as I have a long way to go before I composition toward science their - possible. can consider my work adequate. In winter snow, autumn leaves, I did start to write, and got recent years, I've read and collect- f Einstein, Edison, morning og, many encouraging responses from ed hundreds of science book.s. and China's ancient bridge al Zhao- The one that moved me subscribed to half a dozen journals, zhou. the world's first double-arch readers. was Gao Youcheng, a including Science Year and Science bridge. were grist for that mill. In most from worker at the No. 17 Toy Plant in Neu-rs from the United States. I've 1976, terrible Tangshan after the He wrote to say he liked also gotten into the best Western earthquake. I wrote a "crosstalk" Shanghai..work, and regularly sends me science and science-tiction writers, dialogue on the nature of earth- my magazine Juryior Sci'ence, Iike Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. quakes, and presented it in public the published in Shanghai. Clarke. Ray Bradbury, and Jules a schoolmate. with too, has been verY Verne. Nor have I neglected while, was able to My family. After a I father, mother, and general. literature, classic and among the various helpful. My discriminate sister are my tirst readers and modern, Chinese and toreign; To science writers. My favorite was best In the evening, theY be a good science writer, one must Yonglie, whose children's critics. Ye sit and listen to whatever I've first be a good writer Bees with Red Eyes" all story "Small written tl-iat day. Father's criti- The Chinese people need to raise I found especially vivid and. de- cisms are sharp and to the Point. up a generation imbued with the scriptive. I wanted to write him a of fered spirit of science, and I hoPe I can didn't know where My sister, I thought, fan ]etter. but gratuitousiy negatlve views of do my part in achieving that. tf to send it, so I wrote instead t JUNE 1981 57 China'$ First High-Flux Heactor _n' 1 Tr HE f irsl high-Ilux truclcat fl I r'eact,rl entirely designed and ,1oo 1 bullt by China (all its 50.000 parts were made u'ithin the countrv) went into high-power operation on I)ecember 16. 1980. Reactor.s of this type are built to obtain neutrons for research in basir: sciences and engineering technolr.rgy. This test reactor has a thermal power of 125.000 kilr> watts. and a maximum l,hermal neutron flux of 6.2 ,,4. 10 neutrons per squar"e centimetet' .second io the 14th p()wer'. It.s high neutron tlor.v' makes possiblc' ilrirdiation a1 a rale faster than by ordinarv reactor s. lt is c.stim:r1ed thal among the 400 c.rr so test reactors in the world today'. only abr-ru1 twent)i have a neutron Ilou. in ex- cess of 3 x 10 nelltrons per square I'hc Iirst high-llu-,t rctr('tor designcd and built bt Chin.t, l'cchnirians in inllated protective suits nrolsure radioat.tivitl antl ovcrhaul r'rr uipment. PltLttrts ttu I ttt /.ltiltin centimeter second I o the 14th po\,'er. High-flou, reaclors. uP trr now. hirve been found only in the United States. the Soviet Union. Rritain, France. West GertnauY and Japan According to Director Zhrtu Shengl.ang of the Southrvest China Reactot- Englneering Re- sealch and Designing Institute. thi.s reactor has a IairlY strong irradiation capability and is equipped with a wide range tlf rneans and instaliations fnr tests and rr:search CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Construction of the r.eactor The designing and con-slructiein Also provided are a reliable set began in 1971. Now, ten years coincided with the ten years of of safeguard.s and installatinns lor later, it is operating at high power. turmoil of the "cultural revoiu- Lhe disposal of waste gas, water tion'1" but the builders stuck to and materials, to protect the History their 1ask. Chief Engineer Xu operators, perlple living in the As long ago as 1958. China Chuanxiao, already 40 years old in vicinity and the environment. A wanted to build a 50.000-kilowatt the early 60s. rvhose previous ex- health physics division regularly perience high-flux reactor. But this be- was in thermal power measures the internal and ex- came the butt of sarcastic cnm* stations. set out determinedly to ternal irradiation dose to which ments from foreign quarters. One iearn reactor techniques, He and ther reactor's petsonnel are expc-,-sed. such person remarked: "If you his colleagues .spent ten whole want to jump high, vou'll have to years on the work-site. Youth of the Builders do so from our shoulders." China's first atomic bomb tesl Strong Safety l actors The technicians and workers explosion in 1964 encouraged her who deslgned, installed and are scientists and technicians to begin The reactor is supplied with now operating this 100 percent independent designing of a high- electricit.r: f ron.: two separate Chinese reactor are mostly young flux tesi reactor with Chinese power grids. For added safety. people. Nine-tenths of the scien- characteristics. In October 1970, there are two standby generators tists and engineers graduated the preliminary research and wli"h can automatically go into from colleges or technical schools design were completed. More than operation in case both power grids in the early 60s. In 1970, l,he year 200 factories undertook to manu- fail. These precautions guarantee the designing was completed, their facture the required non-standard normal ,operation of the cooling average age was 32. For the parts and equipment. By spring system under any foreseeable con- operating personnel. the present the next year all the designers had ditions and prevent temperature age average is 30. For nine out left Beijing for the reactor's site rising ln the reactor core whi-ch of ten of those engaged,, it was the in southwest China to join in might lead to heat damage to the f irst time they had ever taken building it. fuel element.s. part in building a reactr:r' MART aq IDEAL COATINGS OF EXCELLENI RESISTANCE TO SEA_IYATER. MARINE ATMOSPHERE, ABRASION At{D WATER EROSION AVAILABLE IN SHIP BOTTOM PAINTS, BOOTTOPPING PAINTS, DECK PAINTS, TOPSIDE PAINTS, ANTI_CORROSIVE PRIMER, AND OTHERS COLOUR CARDS AND CATALOGUES3 IVILL BE SENT ON REOUEST I)ISTRIBUT()R IN HONG KONG , OVERSEAS ASS(]CIATES LID R()OM I33, I{HEELOC( HOUSE, 20 PEt)t)ER STREET, HONG KONG PHOI'IE . 5_234II2 TELEX , 83587 FEI)SO HX CABLE , OVERMAi,I Ht)N6 KONG CHITIA TIATIOTIAL CHEMICALS TMPORT E EXPOBT COBP., SHA]IGHAI BBA]ICH 27, Zhontthan Ro:i, E r,5hanthr,, ch,.i Cab€ A!dre$:,,StNOCHEMtS,,ShanShai TELEXT J3044 CCTEC CN JUNE I98T 59 (1840), the U.S. stamps com- memorating its astronauts' finst landing on the moon, Sharja's The Guangzhou $tamp Exhibition stamps on Pinocchio, and stamps on clothes and women's hair styles the world over. A large ZHAO WENYI number of animal stamps attract- ed young stamp lovers. Rare stamps from Sierra Leone, A big stamp exhibition was held Tonga and Nepal could also be ftr- at the Cultural Park in seen in eagle, banana, pineapple, Guangzhou (Canton) from Febru- cocoa bean, paim nut, hexagon ary 5 to 25. Sponsore'd by the and octagon shapes. Visitors were Guangzhou Philatelic Society, the particularly interested in a double- city's Federation of Literary and rfl{fiHfir++ image plastic stamp issued by Art Circles, and the Cultural Park, Manama which shows a high- it presented collections by 126 speed electric train from the front, philatelists from different parts of but the earliest steam locomotive China, and from Hongkong, Macao from the side. There w€re and Thailand. Mexican luminous stamps, Bhu- The exhibition, divided in three tan's gramophone stamps, and sections, displayed 30,000 stamps, the Marshall Islands' biggest Chinese and foreign, on 58 sub- stamps (160 mm. X 110 mm.). jects, and included first-day covers, "entires", post cards, rnHE third section showed manY maximum cards, postmarks, and E xf I first-day covers. maximum philatelic books and periodicals. )N cards and many philatelic period- tsF An inscription by Soong Ching E icals. People were most interested Ling, Vice-Chairman of the Stand- E !1ilfr in a U.S. set of first-day covers of ing Committee of the National ?1' coins of all nations, on the left a People's Congress, written last coin inset and on the upper right year when the best stamps in the a coin-like stamp with a postmark years thirty of the People's Re- Four special postmarks for the of the country. These are new public was were chosen, hung in First Stamp Exhibition in items for international philatelists. the middle read: Guangzhou. of the hall. It About 150 countries are' issuing "Spread philately, enrich cultural Iife, develop friendship." them. The first section of the exhibi- Luo Huasheng from Chongqing province collected tion held the thirty be,st sets cif above the rank of county in Sichuan stamps* chosen by the public last magistrate could we them. The many precious stamps personally year for subject, design, engraving "log form" was sent by a school signed by famous people, among and printing. Here, too, were the inspector by the name of Long them Zhu De, Dong Biwu, Soong first "dragon';' stamps (1878) of the (today equivalent to the head of a Ching Ling, Guo Moruo and Wang Qing dynasty (1644-1911); "red" provincial education department) Guangmei. stamps (1929) of the Jinggangshan from Jiangyin county, Jiangsu During twenty days, 150,000 revolutionary base area; and the province to the governor-general people came to the exhibition first commemoratives, specials and of Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces from many cities, including Hong- airmails (1949) of new China. at Jinling (Nanjing). The letter kong and Macao. passed through four posts with The Judging Committee award- TJOW did officials of the Qing some details written on the back. ed cups and medals to the best rr dynasty deliver their docu- The huopiao was sent by Yuan exhibits. Five collectors shared ments before China had stamps? Tu Shikai, Minister of War in the last the first prize, ten the second, and Songjian, 12, a philatelist in Qing court, to Zhang Zhidong, twenty the third. Prize winners Shanghai answered the question governor-general of Hunan and included three philatelists from with two large envelopes called Guangdong. Ttrough both were Hongkong and one from Thai- "log form" and huopiao. In those dated fairly long after 18?8, they land. Participants who did not -examples f eudal times, the bigger the were surviving of the get awards received mementos. envelope th,e higher the official old forms. . From now on the Guangzhou rank of the sender. Only those stamp exhibition will be held 1.HE second section exhibited every year. Both Chinese and I See Chino Reconstructs January I foreign stamps, such as the foreign stamp collectors may issue, 1981, first British "Penny Black" stamp participate. tr 60 CHINA NECONSTRUCTS . Legends ond Historical Tales. Pan Gu Makes the World FENG TANG Chinese legend tells how Pan 265). Some opinions hold that it Gu created the world. The firsl in o new series feqtur- originated in south China or In the beginning heaven and ing oncient legends ond intersling southeast Asia. earth were still one and all was stories from history, There are several versions of the chaos, The universe was like a Pan Gu story. Among the Miao, big black egg, carrying Pan Gu Yao, Li and other nationalities of inside itsell. After 18 thousand black clouds gathered in the sky. south China, a legend concerns years Pan Gu woke from a long One version of the legend has it Pan Gu the ancestor of all man- sleep. He felt suffoeated, so he that the fleas and lice on his body kind, with a man's body and a took up a broad ax and wielded became the ancestors of mankind. dog's head. It runs like this: it with a1l his might to crack open Although the Pan Gu story has Up in Heaven the god in charge the egg. The light, clear part of become firmly fixed in Chinese of the earth, King Gao Xin, owned it floated up and formed the tradition, and there is even an a beautiful spotted dog. He rear- heavens, the cold, turbid matter idiom relating to it: "Since Pan ed him on a plate (pan in Chinese) stayed below to form the earth. Gu created earth and the inside a gourd (hu, which is near Pan Gu stood in the middle, his heavens," meaning "for a very to the sound gu), so the dog was head touching the sky, his feet long time," it is a rather latecomer known as Pan Gu. Among the planted on the earth. to the catalog of Chinese legends. gods there was great enmity be- The heavens and the earth be- tr'irst mention of it in written tween King Gao Xin and his rival gan to grow at a rate of ten feet literature is in a book on Chin,ese King Fang. "Whoever can bring per day, and Pan Gu grew along myths written by Xu Zheng in the me the head of King Fang may with them. After another 18 Three Kingdoms period (A.D. 220- marry my daughter," he proclaim- thousand years, the sky was higher, the earth thicker and Pan Gu stood between them like a Pil- Ruins of a Temple of Pan Gu on the outskirts of Griilin, Guangxi Zhuang auto- lar 9 million li+ tall so that they nomous region. Feng Xiaoming would never join again. When Pan Gu died his breath became the wind and clouds, his voice the rolling thunder. One eye became the sun and one the moon. His body and limbs turn- ed to five big mountains and his blood formed the roaring waters. His veins became far-stretch'ing roads and his muscles fertile land. The innumerable stars in the skY came from his hair and beard, and flowers and trees from his skin and the fine hairs on his bodY. His marrow turned to jade and pearls. His sweat flowed like the good rain and sweet dew that nurtured aII things on earth. According to some versions of the Pan Gu legend, his tears flowed to make rivers and the radiance of his eyes turned into thunder and Iightning. When he was happy the sun shone, but when he was angry . A li is 0.6 km. or % mile. JUNE 1981 61 ed. but nobody was willing to try because they were afraid of King Fang's strong soldiers and sturdy horses. The dog Pan Gu overheard In Guanszhou's what the king said, and when he was sleeping, slipped out of the Orchid Gorden palace and ran to King Eang. The Iatter was glad to see him stand- ing there wagging his tail. "You LU JUN see, King Gao Xin is near his end. Even his dog has left him," Fang said, and held a banquet for the f N the shade of green groves at secluded valleys amidst weeds and occasion with the dog at his side. I the Ioot of Yuexiu Hill on the wild artemisia, exposed to frost At midnight when ali was quiet northern outskirts of Guangzhou and bitlng wind. they stand firm and the king '"vas overcome with (Canton) lies an exquisite little and erect and indomitable. When drink, Pan Gu jumped onto his garden with some 10,000 pots of winter is spent. their buCs burst bed, bit off his head and ran back orchids gracing its paths, pavilions into b1oom, spreading f ragrance to his master with it. King Gao and greenhouses. This is the fa- far and 'nvide and heralding the Xin was overjoyed see the head vorite haunt of orchid lovels coming In ancient China to - of spring. tuf his rivai. and gave orders to the Guangzhou Orchid Garden the cymbidium was often called a bring Pan Gu some fresh meat. If the peony has won fame in irrnzi (gentleman. man of virtue) or But Pan Gu lett the meat un- China as the "monarch of flowers'' goshi (man of refinement and cul- touched and curled himself up in for its gorgeous colors and magnif- ture.) In fact. it became a symbol a corner to sleep. For three days icent beauty. the orchid is reputed of loyalty, purity and nobility. he ate nothing and did not stir. to have a "kingly fragrance". Good €ssays or other literary The king was puzzled and ask- The orchid most commonly found works were kno"u\rn as lan zhangl ed, "Why don't yr:u eat? Is it be- in China is the species called'C37m- (orchid r,vritings) I true and pure cause I failed to keep my promise bidieae. Although less spectacular frien,dships were called lan yi (or- of marrying the princess to you? than foreign species. cymbidia are chid friendship): genealogical rec- unequalled their charming jas- How can a woman marry a dog?" for ords exchanged between sworn per-like their gracefui To his surprise Pan Gu began to leaves, brcrthers were termed Lan pu (or- pistils and above al1 their charac- speak. "Don't worry! my king. chid register). Daughters were l! teristlc delicate but lasting Just cover me with your golden named Rulon or Ruolan (1ike or- fragrance chids). a name popular today. bell and in seven days and seven still Many Chinese government lead- Yuan. the great patriot-poet of nights I'11 become a man.'' The Qu ers have been orchld lovers. The the States period (475-221 king did as he said, but on the Warling iate Dong Biwu. Vice-Chairman of B.C.). had a particular penchant sixth day. fearj.ng he wouid .starvo the Standing Committee of the for this flower. He often compared to death, out of solicitude the National People's Congress, once himself to the orchid in his im- princess peeped under the P'an ''Orchids bell. wrote: are unrivaled for mortal poems. He once wrote, Gu's body had already changed their refreshing scent, quiet colors, "My disposition. Iike the orchid. man, head into that of a but his elegant bearing, and refined will never change; my heart. like was still that of a dog. However, charm." Zhu De, the late Chair- the orchid, remains steadfast." once the bell was raised, the man of the Standing Committee oI magic change stopped. and he had the Nationai People's Congress, ORCHIDS ale perennial herbs or to remain a man with a dog's never missed a chance to coliect \-/ vines occurring in great diver- years head. wild species during his long sity, Earlier counts came up with He married the princess, but as army commander-in-ehief dur- genera species. ing the revoJutionary wars. In about 500 and 10,000 she didn't want to be seen with But even these flgures may be a fact, many of the orchids displayed such a man so they moved to the bit conservative. The latest esti- at Orchid Garden were cultivated earth and settled in the remote mates tend to place their numbers personally by Zhu De. mountains of south China. There at 800 genera and about 30,000 One of the many reasons cym- they lived happily and. had four species, and new varieties are con- children, three boys and a girl, bidia are so loved by the Chinese people is that these seemingly stantly appearing, what with the who became the ancestors of man- discovery of hitherto unknown kind. gentle, delicate plants possess staunch and hardy qualities. Grow- species in remote mountains and In south China Pan Gu is known ing on remote mountains and in valleys and the increase in hybrids. as King Pan. and temples and Some scholars have observed that pavilions were once built in his LU JUN is an editor of the Yangcheng orchid classification is in itself a honor. Wanbao (Guangzhou Evening Post). highly complex branch of learning. 62 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS (Song Song Mei Family Plum Blossom), an A corner of Orchid Garden. orchid that looks like a plum blossom. Where visitors are received, Cui Gai He (Jade-Topped Lotus), an orchid with petals shaped like those of the lotus. Doulan (Pocket Orchid), with one of its petals forming a sack. t" r. iry& Hu Tou Lan (Tiger Head Orchid). Photos by Zhrtttg SltLritltt'ttg Litrttg Bo!trcttt crttrl t'iong Guot tng ,rLl and that one could devote all one's life to it without exhausting the subject. Although there are many species of orchids in China, only a couple of hundred are commonly cultivat- & ed for decorative purposes. The & M Guangzhou Orchid Garden has a hundred or so varieties. Some of I the most valuable are the Yingwu Molan (Parrot Black), Huizhou Molan (Huizhou Black), Da Feng Wei (Big Phoenix Tall), Jinbi.an Renhua (Golden-Edged Orchid from Renhua), and Yinbian Da- huang (Silver-Edged Yellow). In- Orchid and Chick, painting in traditional style- by Li Jianyu, cidentally, "silver-edged" and often refer to mark- "gold-edged" (Cymbi- ings on the leaves, which in addi- Mexico knew how to make this ensiJolium) and Surin, Lan flavoring species of d.iwm soshin) serve make scent- tion to the blossoms themselves are from native to wlld Most of the vanilla ed teas, which are said to have a objects of appreciation among Chi- Vanill.a, sold market today, how- better aroma than the celebrated nese orchid-lovers. on the ever, synthetic. orchid's jasmine eastern Fujian Orchids divided into two is The tea" In are unique fragrance has also inspired province these flowers are pickled main groups epiphytes and ter- various scents and perfumes. in honey and then soaked in hot - have aerial restrials. Epiphytes Many orchids are well-known water, which is then drunk as a roots and, although not Parasitic, f or their medicinal properties. refreshing beverage. In Kyoto, anchor themselves to other Plants Among these are tian ma (Gastro- Japan, on the other hand, the the or on rocks, as for examPle dia), bei rnu (Coelogyrrc), shi,,ri,an flowers are salted. People living Cattleya of the South Seas and too (Pholidola), bai shi hu (White in the Indian foothills of the Hi- South America and the Dendro- dendrobium nobile) and dozens of malayas make a curry with the bium nobil,e. Terrestrials are those others. tender pseucio-bulbs oi the IJimi- which grow in the ground. The Some orchids make beverages ptlia. Considered a special deli- cymbidia belong to this second and delicacles. Flowers of the cacy, it is reserved for honored group. These are distributed over fragrant Jian Lan (Cymbidium guests. T the high mountai.n ranges in east, south and southwest China, chieflY in the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhe- Orebids flowering in autumn. '!,iang Nong jiang, Anhui, Fujian, Sichuan, Yunnan, Jiangxi, Taiwan and Guangdong, and on Hainan Island. N(any of these orchids are quite valuable. Such species as Jinsi Ma lVei (Golden-Thread Horse TaiI) seII for up to a hundred Yuan Per chang (three leaf blades count as one chang) on the international flower market. Not uncommonlY, one pot of a rare varietY maY be sold for over 1,000 yuan. Even the most common ones like the Mo Lan (lnk Orchid) are priced at five or six yuan per chang. f-\ ONTRARY to popular belief, or- \-.rchids are not sought merely for their decorative value. The flavor- ing in ice cream and desserts is made from the fermented fruit of the vine-likeVanilla orchid. It is said that long before Columbus discovered America the Indians of JUNE 1987 Tombs of the H uns in Their Homeland WU EN f, N eagle with outspread wings four kilograms found in the tomb fa- and claws was the symbol of of a fourth-century B.C. Xiongnu might among the ancient Xiongnu, leader at Arin Qaidam in Inner known in Europe as the Huns, as Mongoiia. The head of turquoise, far back as the 4th century 8.C,. fixed to the body with wires of as shown by a crown from the gold. moves left and right. A de- grave of one of their leaders. The sign of a wolf devouring a Iamb is Xiongnu leader's crown. Xiongnu were nomadic herders looled on the crown. who rose to prominence in the Other objects included three third century B.C. after they had crownlike gold circlets, with a ti- developed a strong tribal confeder- ger, a horse and a ram at the ends. ation and controlled a large ter- a rectangular plate with a design ritory north of China. of fnur tigers devouring an c-rx. a By the first century B.C., inter- plate with a tiger and bird design na1 dissension had caused the inlaid in precious stones, and Xiongnu to break up into two necklaces, ear pendants and but- branches. One moved north into tons. There were also five objects Mongolia and gradually began a of silver and a string of 45 stone westward expansion which was to beads. lead to their invasion of eastern Similar objects were excavated Europe in the 4th and 5th centu- from tombs of other Xiongnu Gold 0irr.let $,ith animal designs. ries A.D. The southern branch Leaders of the period in Xigoupan migrated to the plain inside the and Yulongtai also in Inner Mon- bend of the Huanghe (Yellow) Riv- golia. The man in what has been er. Their cuiture gradually became designated as Tomb No. 2 in assimilated with that of the Han Xigoupan wore a goid necklace people, so that by the end of the and ealrings, and. a bronze mirrot' Eastern Han dynasty (A.D. 25-220) and a round gold plaque with a they no longer existed independ- deer design 1ay to the left of the ent1y. They played an important head. Beneath the right hand was role in the formation and develoP- an iron sword in a wooden sheath ment of China's multi-national . covered with gold leaf . Other state. In their imaginative animal objects included many silver designs they left their mark on the f).owers, once attached to the robe, art of the period: a round bronze plaque and a long A number of Xiongnu tombs ex- pointed gold "thimble", apparent- cavated since 1949 provide indica- Iy worn as a finger ornament. .tions of the level of their tribal Most striking are two gold plates organization before the height of picturing a fight between a tiger their power and that their lead- and a wild boar. Designs of ers had cultivated- a love of animals fighting are typical of luxury. Many strikingly beautiful Xiongnu art: those of a tiger ornaments showing a high level of fighting a boar, an ox or a donkey goldsmithing were found in graves are frequent. The designs, nat- of trib-al or lesser chieftains. Later uralistic yet with economy of silks from China became an item line, also include mythical animals much wanted by them. such as an eagle with a horse's The eagle crown is one of 218 head, or other animals with gold articles weighing a total of an eagle's head. More real- istic animal images cast in bronze WU EN, of Mongolian nationality, is a were used as decoration atoP the researcher for the Instltute of Archeol- poles of carts or, at the ogy of the Chinese Academy of Social upright Sciences. ends of the shafts. Dozens of CHINA RECONSTRUCTS i\o - o I ^c"r^cl o Y<' Helin Ger Xigoupan Arin Oaidam Yu longta i Taohong Bala China's oldest pieture Huangltc River of wrestling, sketch from bronze plate from Shaanxi tomb, second century B.C. o xi'an Bronze dagger from late period. these have been found: horses, the north. Live horses, cows and Mongolian border. Only two have oxen, sheep, antelope, cranes, sheep were buried with him. One been excavated, dating from the ducks and hedgehogs. More grave had 49 animal skeletons. early days of the second century elaborate are those from the A bronze dagger either flat or B.C. One of these is located near Yulongtai with a ridge down the middle, was tomb. Among them are the Han dynasty capital Changan great found in almost every tomb. The a sheep with horns executed (today's Xi'an) and the other in in sirr,ple, robust lines, and a deer handles give some indication as Liaoning provincs. In A.D. 50, with large antlers. to whether the grave is an earlier or later one. The hafts of the after the split the Southern Xiong- Earlier Cemeteries , former were frequently cast in the nu sent an emissary to Changan shape'of a pair of birds or animal to pay homage to the Han dynasty Earlier Xiongnu cemeteries dat- heads facing each other, or with rule, and it is possible that the ing from the 6th 4th centuries to the ends of the cross-guard curved occupant of this tomb,' given a B.C. were fr:und in Inner Mongo- toward The ]ater Xiongnu considerable lia's Taohong Bala and Helin Ger. the blade. burial with weapons more In these, funerary objects were are wider and ceremony, was some sort of en- mainly of bronze rather than go1d. businesslike, lacking such orna- voy. A number of finely-tooled mentation r,idges Among the animal designs is a but with on the bronze plates with symmetrical piece of b|qnr" openwork with handle which permit a firm grip. designs of oxen, camels, horses three horses and a crouching Very few purely Xiongnu tombs and wild boars were found in both tiger, executed with the primitive from the period after the split tombs. They also show mounted simplicity of those early days. have been found in China, prob- men going out to battle, scenes of The Taohong Bala tombs re- ably because the southern Xiong- capturing horsemen, and many veal local funeral customs: the nu adopted Han customs and the geometric designs, In the Changan political northern body was laid in the rectangular- center of the tomb was a pair of bronze open- shaped pit with head toward group moved north of the Inner the to work plates with a wonderful real-lif e scene of two men wrestling, their horqes tethered to plate GoId with horse fighting tiger. tlagle with tlorse's head. trees. More typical of the later South- ern Xiongnu tombs is one dated between the 1st and 3rd cen- tury A.D. found in Qinghai prov- ince in 1977. The funerary objects are almost the same as those from Han tombs. One significant thing was a square bronze seal such as was used by local officials. It is possible that this Xiongnu was an official in the Han government thefe. tr JUNE I98I 67 LIU IIONGFA T N JULY 19?9, the Chinese dollars (U,S.) in foreign exchange. r government empowered Guang- In 1979 it earned 350 million and dong and Fujian provinces to set this rose to 516 million in 1980. up special economic zones where In 1980 the province continued foreign trade and investment ale to expand its imports and exports. granted broader facilities than Half of them were handled directly elservhere in the country. The two by the province. Meanwhile it also areas were chosen because of their imported technology and absorbed advantages which are outlined f oreign investments in various below. To give readers an idea forms, such as joint ventures, com- of what has been done in these pensatory trade, manufacturing or past two years, our reporter in- assembling with raw materials or terviewed Lu vice- Zifen, a components supplied by forei.gn Lu Zifen answers a question. Lt !'ert chairman of the preparatory office firms,,production with cooperation and administrative committee of on personnel, capital and equip- the Xiamen (Amoy) Special ment, and through foreign bank from the Bank of Chicago. Among Economic Zone in Fujian province. credits. purchases with foreign funds were So Iar at least, this decision has Contracts for eight of the major six freighters and one passenger benefited the province's economy. import items under discussion were ship, a soda plant with a yearly In 1978 Fujian took in 270 miltion signed. Example: The Fuzhou output of 160,000 tons and a Fiberboard Plant bought equip- plate glass plant with an annual LIU HONGFA is a staff reporter for ment from the United States for output of 30 million cubic meters. China Reconstructs. making several medium-density At present Fujian province is types. speeding up its construction in the The Xiamen Garment Factory makes Twelve joint-venture Xiamen Special Economic Zone. clothes with imported materials" Here, items were workers iron clothes before delivery. signed. Of these, the Quanzhou What has changed here? What, Li Fen Silk Flower Factory, Xiamen fish- broader measures have been ing grounds. and four other ven- adopted? Are special economic tures have been started. zones only a temporary Pragmatic . Manufacturing and assembling measure? Lu Zifen answers: with imported materials covered Q: What is the purpose of the by 413 contracts have worked out Xiamen Special Economic Zone? well, with knitwear as the main A: The decision to open the item. Quanzhou and Zhangzhou two provinces as special economic have done a good job on this. zones is an important one in Fifty-one compensatory trade Chinese economic readjustment contracts were signed. Foreign and reform. Although China's funds, including those of Chinese policy has always been self- Iiving abroad, are being attracted reliance, this does not mean closed- for the province's economic devel- doorism. With self-reliance as its opment. For example, Fujian guiding principle, the special zone obtained a 38-million-dollar credit carries out a less restricted policy 68 CHTN,4. EEEONSTRUCTS aime'd at promoting economic co- Yingtan-Xiamen railroad which A: On the principle of obtain- operation, technical exchange and connects with the rail system of ing quick results with little invest- stimulating modernization. It dif- the rest of the country. There are ment the State Council has in- fers from other export-process- through trains to Shanghai and structed us to set aside a 2.5-sq.-km" ing zones, border industrial zones Fuzhou. It is well served by district northwest of Xiamen as the and economic promotion areas in highways. statting point for construction ia many countries. Third, Xiamen's hinterland has the speciai economic zr.rne. We Our decision was partly prompt- abundant resources. It can pro- plan to concentrate first on 1.1 ed by successes achieved by devel- vide part of the necessary raw square km., leveling the ground oping countries in setting up materials, agricultural, special and and putting in water, electricity, processing zones! with resulting native products. and has the residential quarters and recrea- aeceleration of their economic technical capacity to process some tional centers. At the end of development. The zones are a factory parts and components. 1981 a wharf will be completed. special organizational, form under Fourth, the city has a sound il- China's socialist system limited to dustrial foundation and a large (Continued on p. 72) a given area. In this area atten- work force. It has five universi- tion must be paid to doing weII in ties and 19 scientific research Chinese workers and .Arnerican iechni- basic construction, offering pref- institutes. cians take a break at the shop of the Fifth, a temperate climate, Xiamen Tobacco Plant set up in co- erential treatment and encourag- operation with a U.S. tobacco corpora- ing foreign investment to set up beautiful scenery, sites of histori- 7,i Feil factories cal interest, beaches turning out products for and hot |tr the international market in order springs make Xiamen a pleasant to expand exports and promote place for foreign business people economic growth. They con- and an ideal spot for developing centrate on manufacturing and tourism. assembling with imported ma- Sixth, the city is the home town terials and also develop residen- of at least 200,000 Chinese now construction living abroad mostly in South- tial and tourism. In - short, activities in the special area east Asia. Many of these people cover a wider range than those in contribute to construction here. processipg districts elsewhere in Xiamen can benefit f rom their the world. The economic forms are commercial and industrial ex- more varied. The land remains perience as well as their invest- Chinese. It can be rented but not ments. sold. Foreign citizens and their Q: What are Xiamen's present enterprises must observe Chinese situation and prospects? laws and regulations. Its methods of operation and less restrictive The large Nanwan Fishing Grounds in Fuqing county, set up under a compensatory policies differ from outside the trade contract. Xu yimino special zones. Q: Why was Xiamen chosen as a specigl economic zone? A: We chose it because: First, it is near Hongkong. Macao, Taiwan and Southeast Asia, and thus easier for developing seaborne trade. Second, Xiamen is a natural deep-water port. At present a passenger ship makes the round- trip to Hongkong once a week. Freight is shipped direct to Hong- kong, Singapore, Canada and Japan. A new port, Dongdu, is under construction with two deep- water berths, one for 50,000-ton. the other for 15,000-ton ships. It will be in ube by the end of 1981. Xiamen's two airports, which once served lines to Hongkong, Taiwan and the Philippines, are being ex- panded. Xiamen is the terminal of JUNE 1981 69 HUANG WENYAN Lesson 6 The Stone L,ions of E ugouqiao F ikrtrt k*E .E+ft, & E. " F ittMi-Y hlJ E 1lf *k-1^'h ," Ltgduqi6o shi yl zuir shlqiAo, chAng= CrMi "Lrig6uqiAoshing de shishlzi shibuqlng"" Lugou Bridge is a stone bridge, long two hundred "'Lugou Bridge on stone lion uncountable," ,', t 7i ,{ f, )f-, t, ib fr iJL',I tr, ttnl 4 & fr1 ft- *f .E\lf +fr1 litshl lin diln wfi mI, ziti B6iilng iinjiloqii' Tebi6 ydu qt de shi gu5nyi shlshlzi de sixty six point five meter, at Beijing('s) near suburbs, Especially have interest is conceming stone lion's L 6,\6?+a*rfi*-, k*A ++ ifi." fr fr.J ii., ,61)fr+ f 4 + yl ydu bdbii dud ni6n de lishi, shl zhtming chu4nshud. Ydude shu6: shlshizi zh6ng y6u yl ge already have 800 more year history, is famous story. Some say: stone lion among have one ,g t, fuA $ , hT+, i{. ,+ zdng ftr de gdjl zhl yl " zdi huingddnphe, kirnbuzh6n, mdi ancient site one (of). always swaying, see not distinctly, no way (to) ifiMi i?€61, *k-; d h4J ix.r fr IL t {ifr t k F -L #,41 shir; yiiude shu6: Y6u jl ge shlzi shi Lne6uqiAo shAng zui yin r6n^ zhiyi, de, Lugou Bridge on most attract people('s) attention count; some say: have several lion ate ft- Mi*=tt Eia -L HEAlfiflfsE fi€*A*J, h^'fr, **-TA" 4"K shi qiAol6ngiin shfuhi shing diiiokC de ni xiE cAngqilai de, kdrnbuqing, shibuzhAo, Rtgud is bridge railing stone columns on carved those hidden, see not clear, count cannot. If ilfa" .E*i d + a4r **-itI 4)f t hlr *i.H, * +4. -L tir zhBn quAn shlzi. MCi ge shlzht shdrng y6u yl eC dA de shriqingle shlzi de shtmt, count (up) lions all lions. Every stone column on has a bie really number, llfit, *. ilfitfrlr T L F d Mf hl 41fi+ sL + frax. T" gf.& shlzi, dn shlzi de shing-L xii zud ydu ydu qiAo de shtzi jit hui p[ogudng le. SutrAn (away). Although lion, big lion's above below left right have bridge's lions will run *t ,J. l)rt+o fr*,J. rtIJ X d ii. L 4+iL, E tri-L frlr ilf a {1 , 4' yC Mo fuo ge xilo shizi. Zul xiio de zhl y6u zhd shi chuAnshud, dirn qidoshirng de shlzi also many small lions. (The) smallest only have this is legend, but bridge on lions 4)f * 9, it+ Efi* ,tA . *i.,fr it. L E)i-" €tl 6A1r t, n + quCshl shiqtnggud. jI llml. TEmen y6ude zdri dir sblzi zhEn du6, gudqir m6iy6u r6n (io past people (who) count (up). several centimeters. (Of) them some at big lion('s) really a lot, the) really not have fi- r,l 4l1 t ik;. ?fi, 6fr1 t, ndff ErT -turr-+,xl.Lji[ yt w6nhu]r bilm6n c{i t6ushing. bOishlng; ydude zii da shlzi iiloxiA Z;hl ddro yl Iit ni[n, year, finally head, back; some at big lion('s) foot under Until 196l cultural departments *.,16-g"dal X E + r; )k; le. E'fn *i.it 1, -**- w6 hud hu{ill. Y6ude zhi ldu bAn ge tdu; b,[ tiimen shiqlng Ie, ylgdng shl sib6i is four hundred or bosom in. Some only show half head; them count (up), altogether Afr| X* K'ffoLA iBiA, /\t -L 4." y6ude zhi ldu yi zhing zui. ShEngddng hu6po, bdshl w[ ge. some only show a mouth. Vivid, lively, eighty five. Y El tu,11 , -FS * T *qFl . Translation zud wd qI f6, zltiri gC bt xi6ngt6ag. (Marco Polo Bridge) a 266.5 meter-long sit lie stand crouch, posturc each not same. Lugouqiao, , stone bridgein Beijing's outskirts has a history ofmore than 800 lb ,fr f" Fl )f" ++ A A i*t years. Itis oneofthecity's famous historic sites. B€ijtng mlnliin liirchu6nzhe yt jt hutr: What interests people most about Lugouqiao are the stone Beijing people among circulate a saying: lions carved on the columns of the bridge railing. Each column 70 CEINA BECONSTBUCTS is topped with a big lion surrounded by many smaller ones. The 2. Numbers. smallest is only a few centimeters high. Some of them stand on The decimal system used counting the heads or backs of the bigger ones; some lie under their feet is for or nestle in their embrace. Others reveal only half a head. or in Chinese. only a mouth. Vivid and lively they are depicted in different (l) The flgures between one and one hundred postures - sitting, Iying. standing or crouching: are read Iike this: A saying in Beijing goes: "The stone lions on Lugouqiao :-=ELr,4,r\)Lf Bridge are too many to be counted." The stories told about them are most interesting. One says that one of the lions is always yi ir sfln si wi hn qi be jii shi swaying so that it can't be seen clearly and counted. Another one two three four five six seven eight nine ten says that it is impossible to count the lions exactly because some t.- 'l= tz ips -f.L -fr; are hidden and can't be seen. And if an exact count were really shiyi shiir shisdn shisi shiwf shilii made all the lions would run away. It was not until 196l that the cultural offices ascertained their eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen exact number as altogether four hundred and eighty-five. f+, fr\ -ltr. -t shiqi shib[ shijin 6rshi seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty Everyday Expressions - tr-- -+- =-r l. € liru show, reveal drshiyi irshiir sflnshi e * * & Iiruch[ t6u lai show (one's) head twenty-one twenty-two thirty 2. )f,utt lirichu6n (circulate, spread) yibii-6 )f"++ -if 1+ iL lirichuAn yi zhdng chu6nshud a legend circulates one hundred (2) )ft|+ A - fi tt lirichudnzhe yi ii hun The way to read figures Iarger than one a sayrng goes hundred. -{. rfr"4+ rt lk 9 rk? lirichudnzhe h6n dud girshi The counting units are: shif (ten), bni many stories circuiate (hundred), qidn f (thousand), win 7 (ten 3. j{ sh[ count (vt.) thousand), shiwin f tr (hundred thousand), 4t-*f rc shI shir count (vi.) bdiwirn 6 Zl(million), qilnwinf 7 (ten million), *t. . .{t H shi . . . shdmi count (the numbers yt 'fa (hundred million). 123 is read yibii irshi sln :l of) ... -q - *i.,+{. shiqingchu count to get the number (one hundred and twenty-three). right, rnake an exact count 4321 is read siqidn sdnbii irshi yi w+a 4. fi, cdng hide 6=-f - (four thousand three hundred and fi€ft' c{ngqilai go into hiding twenty-one). fi*s."-+ cdngqi ... lai hide (something) 36405 is read s[nwin liirqifin sibli ling w[ 5. *kT T shilbuliio can't count (it) -= T7< f q6"+n (thirty-six thousand four oL^l chibuli[o can't eat (it) hundred and five). *_4T zdubuliio can't go 4789536 is read sibdi qishi biwin jinqidn wlbii sEnshi liir q 6 il )u+n6 ,; ^T =-f Notes (four million seven hundred and eighty-nine thousand live hundred and thirty-six). ,some' l. Saying with A otl (y6ude). . 3. \t ? hlodud (many) is used in colloquial Examples: Ydude shizi zhi ldu bin ge t6u fi'ff speech.. iltF+Xe++* (Some lions only show half a head). Exercises When ydude t ft is used this way it must L Answer the following questions in Chinese: come first in the sentence. One can say: (1) Give a brief description of the Lugou Bridge. Ydude shizi w6 xihuan frlifiFar\ilit (l like (2) WhV are the stone lions on the Lugou some lions). Bridge so remarkable? The noun after ydude 6 61J may be omitted 2. Read aloud the following numerals in Chinese if it has been mentioned. For example, until you can do it fluently: Lrigduqi4o shing de shishizi hdn du6, y6ude l8 79 358 2s64 47653 576316 432t5678 di, ydude xiio. f fi#F-L6lr6lllt+1k9, 6tl 3. Translate the following sentences into English: *., 6 fr11,1, (There are many stone lions on ( 1 ) ,tr ErE #rr+il, 6 h1^++1" Lugou Bridge. Some are big, some are small.) (2) F fidFlalrl)fr+, dh1rx, t-61,.t." JUNE T98T 7l (t) 1v.4+t rti+ Exfla" B: rf " tb,f r,t',-l,l".f+ #-Eit, iL& 4F;h ( a ) ruf, fr tt 9 + fi.*tttrk#.2 +fr Lfrt E rYF *.,.,.,J. 6t " + . *. 4. Read the following dialog: ltF+ 9lLT " -4Y7.^',i" As,J.K,,f,i+jtF,4#F,q? A: flF gAlllTF+ 4A1J *Lz^it'q? B' ilf EMiF-?.*.2 fr1 +fr-<- *,t" " B: 5 i*(ddngr6n of course)fi€. E hillF+ ,, A. tr{+ ArL'T? &,t.61Xd LEif-, 4 61r X€++* , A B : ib fr fr1J fr-rts E "ft " il Xs.-fiI."fr, fr.ts 4(r6ngyi easy) Lt,i' A: d 9'Y +a1r lfi 9-1 ? {(qingchu accurately) B: 6-z\6 , +hlfi {! " " A: tn,&*-if.-4 L, flF tL#il&"K,q? Bk-it X_"q? B, fi *,K, X 6 =Aiti,.8*_a*&. B: ' - +i'ft.4 I1 ft *t?B.t 1 . flF A: ^.x A' 9- &-11,\?"€ hl &-^ &-,8 ta LWhl 61 4fr -*k, 'y ? +? B: -+€q6,\tE,,|.. SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE factured in the zone will be exempt zones are only a pragmatic measure your (Conti.nued p.69) from export taxes. of expediency. What is from ' o Chinese machinery, ma- By 1982 some factories will go into raw opinion? used in production. By 1983 the entire terials and other supplies A: Both export-processing and enterprises in the zone may be sold area will be buiit up. With the special economic zones exist in exception of a few Iocations for to foreign investors at below their many developing countries. As normal export prices. They can joint-venture enterprises, the area for their existence in socialist transported the will serve factories run by foreign be directly to countries, Lenin dealt with the special economic zone with no businessmen, who can rent factory question in the early days of the documentation other than bills of Soviet Union: "How can we sPeed buildings and land, or build lading. factories land up the development of our economy themselves on rented o The profit and staff salaries of from us. while we are an economicallY foreign investors may be remitted weaker country? We can do it with Q: How do the special measures abroad taxes through after banks the aid of bourgeois caPital.'1 and preferential rights adopted by in the special economic zone. Thirty years of experience has the Xiamen Economic Special Zone Enterprises will have the right made realize that it is difficult differ from those in other places in to use the land assigned to them us socialist country Fujian province? for 20 years, with extensions where for a developing A: The Chinese government of- necessary. Land rent in fact in to base itself solely on the state- other fers the following preferences in Xiamen is lower than that in the owned economy. Various also be the Xiamen special area. Shenzhen and other special eco- forms of economy must o The tax rate on profit for en- nomic zones in Guangdong prov- used - among them, imPorts of terprises is 15 percent, half that in ince. This is to offset the fact foreign capital and joint-venture nonspecial areas (33 percent), and that, being farther frorn Hongkong, enterprises. In other words, allow- lower than in Hongkong and Macao and other international ing a little profit for foreign great Macao and other countries. Foreign trading markets, the Xiamen businessmen can give us a enterprises with an investment of special zone has a slower capital deal of benefit. We do not con- over 5 million dollars (U.S.) and turnover. sider these measures temPorarY or highly technical enterprises with a o Within the provlsions of their makeshift. slow turrrover will be given tax Iabor contracts, busintssmen in the Q: Are there any Problems in reductions. If foreign businesses special zone wiII have certain rights building the zone? + reinvest their profits in the special to hire and dismiss Chinese staff A: China has had to undertake E economic zone for five yegrs or memhrs and workers in their an economic readjustment. Thus, H* of L more, the tax on those sums will enterprises. The salaries and other funds for the basic construction H be reduced or remitted. the special economic zones are benefits to Chinese staff members W . machinery, limited. This makes construction Imported equip- and workers established by labor ft. ment, transportation equipment, than slower than previously estimated. contracts cannot be lower I raw materials, parts, components those working in the same field in Building, however, will accelerate and other materials used in pre Chinese state-owned plants. In as readjustment sPurs economic I L special economic 200 development. While there is great duction in the faet they average higher, about )r, zone are exempt from import yuan RMB month.ly, with the in- enthusiasm for developing foreign taxes. Import tax reductions or clusion of labor insurance, medical trade, it is also true that there i$ exemptions for light industrial expenses and various subsidies. some confusion and lack of order. a products will be decided by spe- Q: Some foreign friends are Better and more unified adminis- 4 cific conditions. Products manu- worried that our special economic tration is required. tr s 72 CEINA RECONSTRUCTS {+ *r LAJ *B H W*t f"r/o*- YANSHAN PETROCHETUIICAT COfiIPANY PHENOL, an important raw material for making dyestuffs, synthetic fibers and phenolic resin, is also widely used in medicines and pesticides. ACETONE, essential in the manufacture of plex- iglass, epoxy resin, acetic oxide and synthetic rubber, is also a fine solvent in making ballistite, acetic acid fiber and paints. The Yanshan Petrochemical Company produces guaranteed high-quality phenol and acetone. Address: Yonshon Dlstrict, Beiiing Telephone: 933-248I Or conlocl the Petrochemicql lmport & Cobles: 2O19 P.O. Box 1OO42 Export Corporolion, Beiling (By mEil). i"; ,.i a _t:*