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Specialized Shell Object Production at Teopantecuanitlan Site, Guerrero, México

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Specialized Shell Object Production at Teopantecuanitlan Site, Guerrero, México Specialized Shell Object Production at Teopantecuanitlan Site, Guerrero, México Reyna Beatríz SOLÍS CIRIACO & Guadalupe MARTÍNEZ DONJUAN MUNIBE (Suplemento/Gehigarria)Suplemento - Gehigarria nº nºXX 00 XX-XX 000-000 DONOSTIA-SAN DONOSTIA-SAN SEBASTIÁN SEBASTIÁN 2010 2003 D.L. ISSN SS-XXX-201 XXXX-XXX0X Specialized Shell Object Production at Teopantecuanitlan Site, Guerrero, México Specialized Shell Object Production at Teopantecuanitlan Site, Guerrero, México KEY WORDS: Mexico, Teopantecuanitlan, shell, production, manufacture. PALABRAS CLAVES: Mexico, Teopantecuanitlan, shell, production, manufacture. GAKO-HITZAK: Mexico, Teopantecuanitlan, shell, production, manufacture. Reyna Beatríz SOLÍS CIRIACO(1) & Guadalupe MARTÍNEZ DONJUAN(2) ABSTRACT In the area of Teopantecuanitlan, located in the east-central region of Guerrero, the most ancient and abundant shell collection corresponding to the Mesoamerican formative period (1200-600 BC) has been recovered. Most of this material derives from the Pacific Ocean shores, and in less quantity from the Mexican Gulf and from rivers on the slope of the Pacific Ocean. Un-modified molluscs, pieces in process of work and finished objects have been identified. Through the use of experimental archaeology and the observation of the various modifications with optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it was possible to deduce the techniques and tools used for its production, which should have been concentrated in one or in a few workshops controlled by the rulers of the site. RESUMEN En el sitio de Teopantecuanitlan, ubicado en la región centro-este del estado de Guerrero, se ha recuperado la colección de concha más abun- dante y antigua de Mesoamérica correspondiente al Periodo Formativo (1200-600 a.C.). Dicho material procede en su mayoría de las costas del Océano Pacífico, en menor cantidad del Golfo de México y de ríos de la vertiente del Pacífico. Se identificaron moluscos no modificados, piezas en proceso de trabajo y objetos terminados. Mediante el empleo de la arqueología experimental y la observación de las diversas modificaciones con microscopía estereoscópica (MO) y electrónica de barrido (MEB), fue posible inferir las técnicas y herramientas utilizadas para su producción, la cual debió ser concentrada en uno o pocos talleres controlados por el órgano de poder. LABURPENA En el sitio de Teopantecuanitlan, ubicado en la región centro-este del estado de Guerrero, se ha recuperado la colección de concha más abun- dante y antigua de Mesoamérica correspondiente al Periodo Formativo (1200-600 a.C.). Dicho material procede en su mayoría de las costas del Océano Pacífico, en menor cantidad del Golfo de México y de ríos de la vertiente del Pacífico. Se identificaron moluscos no modificados, piezas en proceso de trabajo y objetos terminados. Mediante el empleo de la arqueología experimental y la observación de las diversas modificaciones con microscopía estereoscópica (MO) y electrónica de barrido (MEB), fue posible inferir las técnicas y herramientas utilizadas para su producción, la cual debió ser concentrada en uno o pocos talleres controlados por el órgano de poder. 1. INTRODUCTION although they could be products of external trade which worked as status symbols for the elite Since the Mesoamerican formative period (Drucker 1981:31). (1200-600 BC), there was contests between indivi- An example of social stratification can be duals and groups for acquiring and expanding found in one of the most ancient Mesoamerican their prestige and power, the development of a settlements, Teopantecuanitlan, a site with Olmec more centralized government and a less egalita- characteristics, located in the center-fold region of rian social structure were already in place. Such the modern state of Guerrero (fig. 1), inside the aspects were related with the inherited kinship Valley of the Copalillo District and close to where system and social stratification (Clark 1994:192). the Mezcala and Amacuzac rivers converge and A potential power source to display prestige give birth to the Balsas river (Martínez Donjuan and social hierarchy were the prestige goods. 1994:145). According to 14C dating, its occupation Most of those goods are characterized for having extends between 1200 and 600 BC (Martínez been exotic or restricted circulation materials, Donjuan 1995:60). (1) Address: Av. Morelos # 27. Arcos del Alba. Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México C.P. 54750, México. e-mail: [email protected], and/or rey- [email protected] (2) Adress: Centro INAH-Morelos, Matamoros #14. C.P.62440, Col. Acapatzingo, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. e-mail: [email protected] 36 REYNA BEATRÍZ SOLÍS CIRIACO & GUADALUPE MARTÍNEZ DONJUAN Figure 1. Localization of Teopantecuanitlan (a) and Balsas River (b). It is from this Mesoamerican site where one of the most ancient malacologic collections has been recovered with 785 pieces (140 whole objects and 645 fragments). These specimens were found modified to serve as exotic and restricted access prestige goods. 2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIAL The malacological material was recovered at different excavation stages. The material is com- posed of unworked shells (fig. 2), specimens corresponding to diverse phases of the production process (fig. 3), and finished objects (Solís 2007) (fig. 4). The molluscs used in this site derive mostly from the Panamic Province, 83% of the total collec- tion; while 1.5% came from the Caribbean Province, 14% came from fresh water rivers, and Figure 3. Evidence of production. finally there are 1.5% non-identified molluscs. The distribution of the shell materials in the site is interesting, because 97.46% of the objects were Figure 2. Unworked Pinctada mazatlanica. Figure 4. Finished object of Pinctada mazatlanica MUNIBE Suplemento - Gehigarria xx, 2010 S.C. Aranzadi. Z.E. Donostia/San Sebastián Specialized Shell Object Production at Teopantecuanitlan Site, Guerrero, México 37 recovered at the main structure of the site, namely the access of the site to the coasts, especially the the Ceremonial Precinct located in the Unit A (fig. Guerrero state beaches. Large amounts of molluscs 5). In the same unit, the rooms located at the south in sites along the Balsas River indicate it served as a of the Ceremonial Precinct, the South Terrace and conduit for trade and communication. the tombs share the most representative molluscs like Pinctada mazatlanica, Strombus galeatus, Spondylus princeps and Chama echinata, as well 3. OBSERVATION TECHNIQUES AND MANUFAC- as Cittarium pica, Pleuroploca gigantea and the TURING PROCESSES Anadara and Mercenaria genders, which were The methodology of the technological analysis found in different stages of production. is based on the results of “Proyecto de arqueolo- In contrast with the concentration of recovered gía experimental en materiales conquiológicos” objects in the Ceremonial Chamber; Unit B and and “Proyecto de técnicas de manufactura del Unit C have fewer shell objects, with the 1.61% México prehispánico”, both under direction of and the 0.95% respectively. Pinctada mazatlanica, Adrián Velázquez (2007). Strombus galeatus, Spondylus princeps, Chama In the first project there is an experimental echinata, Knefastia howelli, Lyropecten subnodo- workshop where more than 600 modifications of sus, Hexaplex erythrostomus, Thais triangularis the archaeological shell objects are reproduced and Patella mexicana came from the Panamic (fig. 6) (abrading, cuts, holes, incisions, polishing Province, whereas four Crucibulum scutellatum and brightening), using tools and techniques refe- specimens, recovered at Structure 6 of Unit B, rred in codexes and historical documents, or data came from the Caribbean. recovered from archaeological contexts. In the The strategic location of Teopantecuanitlan near second project, the traces of manufacture are the Balsas River could enable this community to analyzed comparing them with archaeological control or influence the acquisition of molluscs spe- specimens in three levels: macroscopic, using an cies from the Pacific Ocean at the coasts of West optical microscope at 10x, 30x and 63x and with Mexico to the sites of Central Mexico. The exercise Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Jeol JSM- of that control is a logical assumption based upon 6460lV, in High Vacuum mode (HV), Secondary Electron Imaging (SEI), 20 kV of energy, and 100X, 300X, 600X and 1000X of magnification. Also, we follow one experimental archaeology postulate that goes: “the different work processes, tools and materials produce prints and characteris- tics that can be distinguished from each other” (Velázquez & Melgar 2006:4; Velázquez 2007:2), that is why the employment of a particular tool, made of a specific material, used in a specific man- ner and under certain circumstances will leave uni- que and differentiable features (Velázquez 2007:15). Figure 5. The site of Teopantecuanitlan. Figure 6. Experimental abrading with andesite. MUNIBE Suplemento - Gehigarria xx, 2010 S.C. Aranzadi. Z.E. Donostia/San Sebastián 38 REYNA BEATRÍZ SOLÍS CIRIACO & GUADALUPE MARTÍNEZ DONJUAN 4. RESULTS with a soft material similar to the leather employed For the analysis of manufactured objects, both, in the experiments. the Pinctada mazatlanica (29 whole objects and As we can see, a series of choices made in a 418 fragments) and Strombus galeatus (6 comple- systematic manner through the different stages of te and 27 incomplete) pieces were selected. The the operation chains by the craftsmen in charge of choice was based on
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