DOCSLIB.ORG

The Social and Political Evolution of Chiapa De Corzo

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Social and Political Evolution of Chiapa De Corzo THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL EVOLUTION OF CHIAPA DE CORZO, CHIAPAS, MEXICO: AN ANALYSIS OF CHANGING STRATEGIES OF RULERSHIP IN A MIDDLE FORMATIVE THROUGH EARLY CLASSIC MESOAMERICAN POLITICAL CENTER by Timothy D. Sullivan B.A. University of Kentucky 1991 M.A. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale 2002 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2009 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by Timothy D. Sullivan It was defended on October 30th 2009 and approved by Robert D. Drennan, Professor, Dept. of Anthropology Bryan K Hanks, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Anthropology Michael F. Rosenmeier, Assistant Professor, Dept of Anthropology Dissertation Director: Olivier DeMontmollin, Associate Professor, Dept of Anthropology ii THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL EVOLUTION OF CHIAPA DE CORZO: AN ANALYSIS OF CHANGING STRATEGIES OF RULERSHIP IN A MIDDLE FORMATIVE THROUGH EARLY CLASSIC MESOAMERICAN POLITICAL CENTER Timothy D. Sullivan PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2009 This study investigates the evolution of the early polity of Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico, from its inception as a political center during the early Middle Formative Dili phase (100-750 B.C) through its apparent peak in political power during the early Terminal Formative Horcones phase (100 B.C.-100 A.D). I approach the evolution of this polity through an analysis of how eight different strategies were employed by rulers in governing the hinterland over the trajectory of Chiapa de Corzo as a political center. My evaluation of the evolution of these political strategies is based on my full coverage survey of 107 km² of Chiapa de Corzo and a portion of its southern hinterland, as well as the large body of research conducted by the New World Archaeological Foundation at Chiapa de Corzo proper. I focus on changes in the following strategies: projection of power into the hinterland; control over access to agricultural lands; control over access to obsidian; control over networks of communication; the use of warfare and coercion; the formation of elite identity, community identity and the use of feasting; and control over ritual and religion. Changes in how rulers applied different strategies suggest that political power at Chiapa de Corzo did not evolve steadily towards stronger and more integrated authority over the hinterland. In some phases increases in markers of status differentiation between rulers and subjects were accompanied by the development and strengthening of mechanisms to project power into the hinterland. However, in other phases increases in status differentiation at the center appear to have been accompanied by the atrophy of aspects of the projection of power and control over economic activities in the hinterland. iii While the general trend in the part of the Chiapa de Corzo trajectory covered in this study was towards greater political complexity and integration of the hinterland, a focus on the strategies utilized by rulers reveals that these processes did not proceed uniformly. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEGMENTS .................................................................................................... xi 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 POLITICAL STRATEGIES IN THE CHIAPA DE CORZO POLITY................... 9 1.1.1 The Projection of Political Power into the Hinterland....................................... 9 1.1.3 Control over Access to Agricultural Resources............................................... 12 1.1.4 Long Distance Prestige Goods Networks and Control over Obsidian Access 13 1.1.5 Control over Networks of Communication and Exchange.............................. 15 1.1.6 The Use of Warfare and Coercion. .................................................................. 16 1.1.7 Elite Identity, Community Identity, and Feasting............................................ 20 1.1.8 Control over Ritual, Religion, and Ideology.................................................... 21 1.1.9 Summary.......................................................................................................... 24 2. METHODOLOGY AND FIELD CONDITIONS ...................................................... 25 2.1 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................... 25 2.2 FIELD METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................... 30 2.3.1 Population Estimates........................................................................................ 38 2.3.2 DAI/C to Absolute Population Conversion ..................................................... 43 2.3.3 Settlement Area Estimates ............................................................................... 49 2.3.4 Rank-Size Analysis.......................................................................................... 52 2.3.5 Lower Tier Political Centers............................................................................ 53 2.3.6 Nearest Neighbor Calculations ........................................................................ 55 2.3.7 Survey area and polity size .............................................................................. 56 2.3.8 Control over Access to Agricultural Land....................................................... 59 2.3.9 Control over Access to Obsidian ..................................................................... 61 2.3.10 K-means Cluster Analysis.............................................................................. 63 2.3.11 Least Cost Paths of Transportation and Communication .............................. 64 3. THE FOUNDATION OF CHIAPA DE CORZO: JOBO AND DILI PHASES ........ 65 3.1 AUTONOMOUS VILLAGES: JOBO PHASE (1150-1000 B.C.) ....................... 66 3.1.1 Population Distribution and Nucleation........................................................... 66 3.1.2 Autonomous Villages and the Lack of Political Centralization....................... 68 3.1.3 Agriculture and Access to Prime Lands........................................................... 69 3.1.4 Long Distance trade, Obsidian Access, Prestige Goods, and Effects on the Jobo Economy........................................................................................................... 71 3.1.5 Evidence for Warfare and Raiding .................................................................. 75 3.1.6 The Use of Ceremony ...................................................................................... 76 3.2 THE EMERGENCE OF CENTRALIZED LEADERSHIP: DILI PHASE (1000- 750 B.C.)....................................................................................................................... 83 3.2.1 Population Growth, Resettlement, and Nucleation.......................................... 83 v 3.2.2 The Projection of Power into the Hinterland and the Persistence of Village Autonomy ................................................................................................................. 93 3.2.3 Elite Control over Labor .................................................................................. 97 3.2.4 Control over Access to Agricultural Lands ................................................... 104 3.2.5 Control over Prestige Goods and Access to Obsidian ................................... 107 3.2.6 Control over Trade and Communication Networks....................................... 113 3.2.7 The Use of Warfare and Coercion ................................................................. 118 3.2.8 The Establishment of Elite Political Identity................................................. 121 3.2.9 Control over Public Ritual, and Religion....................................................... 134 3.2.10 Summary...................................................................................................... 136 4. THE CONSOLIDATION OF POWER: THE ESCALERA PHASE (750-500 B.C)142 4.1 SETTLEMENT HIERARCHY AND POPULATION DISTRIBUTION............ 143 4.1.1 The Size and Population of the Escalera Phase Chiapa de Corzo Polity....... 145 4.2 THE PROJECTION OF POWER INTO THE HINTERLAND AND THE REDUCTION OF VILLAGE AUTONOMY............................................................. 150 4.3 ELITE CONTROL OVER LABOR ..................................................................... 153 4.4 CONTROL OVER ACCESS TO AGRICULTURAL LANDS........................... 162 4.5 CONTROL OVER OBSIDIAN ACCESS ........................................................... 166 4.6 CONTROL OVER ROUTES OF TRADE AND COMMUNICATION ............. 171 4.7 THE USE OF WARFARE AND COERCION .................................................... 175 4.8 ELITE POLITICAL IDENTITY .......................................................................... 178 4.8.1 Political Identity and Feasting. ...................................................................... 180 4.9 CONTROL OVER PUBLIC CEREMONY AND IDEOLOGY.......................... 186 4.10 SUMMARY........................................................................................................ 191 5. SHIFTING ALLEGIANCES AND CHANGING MODES OF GOVERNANCE: GUANACASTE (300-100 B.C) AND HORCONES (100 B.C-A.D.100) PHASES. ................................................................................................................................ 195 5.1 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Archaeology of Early Formative Chalcatzingo, Morelos, Mexico, 1995
    FAMSI © 2000: Maria Aviles The Archaeology of Early Formative Chalcatzingo, Morelos, México, 1995 Research Year : 1995 Culture: Olmec Chronology: Early Pre-Classic Location: Morelos, México Site: Chalcatzingo Table of Contents Abstract Resumen Introduction Results of Field Investigations Excavations of the Platform Mound Excavation of the Test Units Excavation of New Monument Results of Laboratory Investigations Conclusion: Significance of Research and Future Plans List of Figures Sources Cited Abstract This research project reports on the earliest monumental constructions at the site of Chalcatzingo, Morelos. The site of Chalcatzingo, located 120 kilometers southeast of México City in the state of Morelos, is situated at the base of two large hills on the only good expanse of agricultural land for many miles. Resumen Este proyecto de investigación informa sobre las construcciones monumentales más tempranas en el sitio de Chalcatzingo, Morelos. El sitio de Chalcatzingo, ubicado a 120 kilómetros al sureste de la Ciudad de México en el estado de Morelos, está situado en la base de dos colinas grandes en la única extensión de tierra agrícola buena por muchas millas. Submitted 12/01/1997 by: Maria Aviles Introduction Monumental architecture, consisting of earthen platform mounds sometimes faced with stone, began appearing in Mesoamerica around 1300 B.C. during the Early Formative Period (1500-900 B.C.). Monumental architecture has been identified at several sites, but rarely in Central México, a region which later saw the first development of urbanism and the largest pyramids in México. This research project reports on the earliest monumental constructions at the site of Chalcatzingo, Morelos. The site of Chalcatzingo, located 120 kilometers southeast of México City in the state of Morelos, is situated at the base of two large hills on the only good expanse of agricultural land for many miles ( Figure 1 ).
    [Show full text]
  • Xhdy-Tdt San Cristobal De Las Casas
    Entidad Municipio Localidad Long Lat Chiapas Acala 2 POTRANCAS 925549 163422 Chiapas Acala 20 DE NOVIEMBRE 925349 163218 Chiapas Acala 6 DE MAYO 925311 163024 Chiapas Acala ACALA 924820 163322 Chiapas Acala ADOLFO LÓPEZ MATEOS 925337 163639 Chiapas Acala AGUA DULCE (BUENOS AIRES) 925100 163001 Chiapas Acala ARTURO MORENO 925345 163349 Chiapas Acala BELÉN 924719 163340 Chiapas Acala BELÉN DOS 925318 162604 Chiapas Acala CAMINO PINTADO 925335 163637 Chiapas Acala CAMPO REAL 925534 163417 Chiapas Acala CARLOS SALINAS DE GORTARI 924957 162538 Chiapas Acala CENTRAL CAMPESINA CARDENISTA 925052 162506 Chiapas Acala CRUZ CHIQUITA 925644 163507 Chiapas Acala CUPIJAMO 924723 163256 Chiapas Acala DOLORES ALFARO 925404 163356 Chiapas Acala DOLORES BUENAVISTA 925512 163408 Chiapas Acala EL AMATAL 924610 162720 Chiapas Acala EL AZUFRE 924555 162629 Chiapas Acala EL BAJÍO 924517 162542 Chiapas Acala EL CALERO 924549 163039 Chiapas Acala EL CANUTILLO 925138 162930 Chiapas Acala EL CENTENARIO 924721 163327 Chiapas Acala EL CERRITO 925100 162910 Chiapas Acala EL CHILAR 924742 163515 Chiapas Acala EL CRUCERO 925152 163002 Chiapas Acala EL FAVORITO 924945 163145 Chiapas Acala EL GIRASOL 925130 162953 Chiapas Acala EL HERRADERO 925446 163354 Chiapas Acala EL PAQUESCH 924933 163324 Chiapas Acala EL PARAÍSO 924740 162810 Chiapas Acala EL PARAÍSO 925610 163441 Chiapas Acala EL PORVENIR 924507 162529 Chiapas Acala EL PORVENIR 925115 162453 Chiapas Acala EL PORVENIR UNO 925307 162530 Chiapas Acala EL RECREO 925119 163429 Chiapas Acala EL RECUERDO 925342 163018
    [Show full text]
  • An Update on Security, Migration, and U.S. Assistance November 2015
    An Update on Security, Migration, and U.S. Assistance By Adam Isacson, Senior Associate for Regional Security; Maureen Meyer, Senior Associate for Mexico and Migrant Rights; and Hannah Smith, Program Assistant November 2015 Key Findings migration crackdown has been changes in how migrants are traveling. With decreased possibilities of boarding the train in Chiapas, migrants and smugglers are now relying on different and dangerous routes and modes of transportation, including by foot, vehicle, and boat. These routes expose migrants to new vulnerabilities while simultaneously isolating them from the network of shelters established along traditional routes. Raids and operations to prevent migrants from riding atop cargo trains, known collectively as La Bestia, have been the most visible and aggressive enforcement efforts under the Southern Border Program. Migration authorities have blocked migrants from boarding trains, pulled migrants off of trains, and raided establishments that migrants are known to frequent, detaining thousands. The train operations have prompted concerns about excessive use-of-force and other abuses by the authorities involved. U.S. assistance to help Mexico secure its southern border region has increased, though there is limited transparency regarding dollar values, recipient units, equipment, and training. Additionally, some of the U.S.-donated equipme has seen little use and was reported to be ill-suited for the terrain in this region. For example, U.S.-donated observation towers serve little purpose at the densely forested Mexico-Guatemala border. U.S.-donated biometric data equipment was also observed to be in disuse or only used sporadically. The Southern Border Program brought an increase in mobile checkpoints, and new customs facilities have opened since its launch.
    [Show full text]
  • Chalcatzingo:Abrief Introduction Special DAVID C
    ThePARIJournal A quarterly publication of the Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute Volume IX, No. 1, Summer 2008 Chalcatzingo:ABrief Introduction Special DAVID C. GROVE Chalcatzingo Issue University of Florida containing: In 1934 archaeologist Eulalia Guzmán trav- bas-relief carvings. The largest of them Chalcatzingo: A eled to the remote hamlet of Chalcatzingo (Monument 1), nicknamed “El Rey” by Brief Introduction near Jonacatepec in the Amatzinac valley the villagers, depicts a personage seated of eastern Morelos state to investigate re- in a cave-like niche above which are rain by ports of “stones with reliefs.” The village clouds and falling raindrops (Guzmán David Grove sits near two conjoined granodiorite hills 1934:Fig. 3) (Figure 2). In addition, in a PAGES 1-7 or cerros—the Cerro Delgado and the larg- small barranca that cuts through the site er Cerro Chalcatzingo (also known as the Guzmán was shown a unique three di- • Cerro de la Cantera)—that jut out starkly mensional sculpture—a “mutilated stat- against the relatively flat landscape of the ue” of a seated personage, minus its head. Chalcatzingo valley (Figure 1). The archaeological site Guzmán also found pot sherds dating to Monument 34: A that Guzmán viewed is situated just at both the “Archaic” (Preclassic or Forma- Formative Period the base of those cerros where they meet tive) and “Teotihuacan” (Classic) periods, “Southern Style” to form a V-shaped cleft. The ancient oc- leaving her uncertain as to the date of the Stela in the Central cupation extended across a series of ter- carvings (Grove 1987c:1). Mexican Highlands races below the twin cerros.
    [Show full text]
  • Chiapas Clave De Entidad Nombre De Entidad Clave De
    CHIAPAS CLAVE DE NOMBRE DE CLAVE DE ÁREA NOMBRE DE MUNICIPIO ENTIDAD ENTIDAD MUNICIPIO GEOGRÁFICA 07 Chiapas 001 Acacoyagua C 07 Chiapas 002 Acala C 07 Chiapas 003 Acapetahua C 07 Chiapas 004 Altamirano C 07 Chiapas 005 Amatán C 07 Chiapas 006 Amatenango de la Frontera C 07 Chiapas 007 Amatenango del Valle C 07 Chiapas 008 Angel Albino Corzo C 07 Chiapas 009 Arriaga C 07 Chiapas 010 Bejucal de Ocampo C 07 Chiapas 011 Bella Vista C 07 Chiapas 012 Berriozábal C 07 Chiapas 013 Bochil C 07 Chiapas 014 El Bosque C 07 Chiapas 015 Cacahoatán C 07 Chiapas 016 Catazajá C 07 Chiapas 017 Cintalapa C 07 Chiapas 018 Coapilla C 07 Chiapas 019 Comitán de Domínguez C 07 Chiapas 020 La Concordia C 07 Chiapas 021 Copainalá C 07 Chiapas 022 Chalchihuitán C 07 Chiapas 023 Chamula C 07 Chiapas 024 Chanal C 07 Chiapas 025 Chapultenango C 07 Chiapas 026 Chenalhó C 07 Chiapas 027 Chiapa de Corzo C 07 Chiapas 028 Chiapilla C 07 Chiapas 029 Chicoasén C 07 Chiapas 030 Chicomuselo C 07 Chiapas 031 Chilón C 07 Chiapas 032 Escuintla C 07 Chiapas 033 Francisco León C 07 Chiapas 034 Frontera Comalapa C 07 Chiapas 035 Frontera Hidalgo C 07 Chiapas 036 La Grandeza C 07 Chiapas 037 Huehuetán C 07 Chiapas 038 Huixtán C 07 Chiapas 039 Huitiupán C 07 Chiapas 040 Huixtla C 07 Chiapas 041 La Independencia C CHIAPAS CLAVE DE NOMBRE DE CLAVE DE ÁREA NOMBRE DE MUNICIPIO ENTIDAD ENTIDAD MUNICIPIO GEOGRÁFICA 07 Chiapas 042 Ixhuatán C 07 Chiapas 043 Ixtacomitán C 07 Chiapas 044 Ixtapa C 07 Chiapas 045 Ixtapangajoya C 07 Chiapas 046 Jiquipilas C 07 Chiapas 047 Jitotol C 07 Chiapas
    [Show full text]
  • Guerrero En Movimiento
    ..._------------_..- TRACE Travaux et Recherches dans les Amériques du Centre TRACE est une revue consacrée aux travaux et recherches dans les Amé­ riques du Centre. Elle est publiée semestriellement par le Centre Français d'Études Mexicaines et Centraméricaines Sierra Leona 330 11000 México DF 'Zr 5405921/5405922 FAX 5405923 [email protected] Conseil de rédaction Claude Baudez, Georges Baudot, Michel Bertrand, Patricia Carot, Georges Couffignal, Olivier Dabène, Danièle Dehouve, Olivier Dollfus, Henri Favre, François-Xavier Guerra, Marc Humbert, Yvon Le Bot, Véronique Gervais, Dominique Michelet, Aurore Monod-Becquelin, Pierre Ragon et Alain Vanneph Comité de lecture Martine Dauzier, Danièle Dehouve, Roberto Diego Quintana, Esther Katz, Jean·Yves Marchal, Guilhem Olivier, Juan M. Pérez Zevallos et Charles-Édouard de Suremain Coordination de la revue Martine Dauzier Maquette de la couverture Stéphen Rostain Coordination du numéro Aline Hémond et Marguerite Bey Composition de la couverture Montage réalisé par Rodolfo Avila à partir des photos de lui-même, d'A. Hémond et Direction éditoriale de S. Villela. Joëlle Gaillac Édition du numéro Impression Concepci6n Asuar Impresi6n y DiselÏo Suiza 23 bis, colonia Portales Composition et mise en page México DF Concepci6n Asuar et Rodolfo Avila Révision des textes Le présent numéro de Trace a été coédité Concepci6n Asuar par l'a RS TOM et par le C E MCA Dessins et photos ISSN 0185-6286. Année 1998. Rodolfo Avila / 80mmaire / Indice PROLOGUE/PRÓLOGO Aline Hémond et Marguerite Bey 3 Guerrero: modelo para armar Armando Bartra 9 Espacios de poder y reproducción social en la Montaña de Guerrero Joaquín Flores y Beatriz Canabal 20 Simbolismo y ritual en la Montaña de Guerrero Samuel L.
    [Show full text]
  • Isthmian Script: Internal Variation in Two Dated Texts
    Glyph Dwellers Report 55 July 2017 Isthmian Script: Internal Variation in Two Dated Texts Martha J. Macri Professor Emerita, Department of Native American Studies University of California, Davis The origins of the ancient Mesoamerican scripts and their interrelationships remain topics of conjecture. Our knowledge of the relative time spans of these scripts and their geographic ranges is based on our knowledge of only a fraction of the texts that once existed. In spite of this limitation, it is possible, in at least one case, to find information within the texts themselves that provides some insight into the date of origin. This note looks at differences between the Isthmian texts of La Mojarra Stela 1 and the Tuxtla Statuette, two objects with clear long count dates, in order to suggest that the origin of the script must be significantly earlier than either of these texts (for images of these texts see George Stuart's drawings in Winfield Capitaine 1988). It is generally accepted that the dates on La Mojarra Stela 1 and the Tuxtla Statuette fell close to the time of their carving. The two texts contain long count dates that are only six years apart. The long count 8.5.16.9.7 (156 CE), is the later of two long count dates on La Mojarra Stela 1, and 8.6.2.4.17 (162 CE) is on the front of the Tuxtla Statuette. Differences between them provide evidence of the existence of two script varieties, showing that the script's origin predates these two examples by decades, if not centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Catálogo PEX Tapilula Chiapas.Xlsx
    Catálogo de las emisoras de radio y televisión que participarán en el Proceso Local Extraordinario en el Municipio de Tapilula en el estado de Chiapas Emisoras que se escuchan y ven en la entidad Cobertura municipal Transmite menos Cuenta autorización Localidad Nombre del concesionario / Frecuencia / Nombre de la Cobertura Cobertura distrital N° Domiciliada Medio Régimen Siglas Tipo de emisora de 18 horas para transmitir en ingles Ubicación permisionario Canal estación distrital federal local (pauta ajustada) o en alguna lengua Amatán, Berriozábal, Bochil, Chamula,Chapultenango,Chiapa de Corzo, Chicoasén, Coapilla, Copainalá, El Bosque, Francisco León, Ixhuatán, Ixtacomitán, Ixtapa, Ixtapangajoya, Jiquipilas, Jitotol, Larráinzar, Ocotepec, Ocozocoautla de Comisión Nacional para el La Voz de los 1,2,3,10,11,12,13,14 1 Chiapas Copainalá Radio Permiso XECOPA-AM 1210 Khz. AM 2,4,5,6,9,10 Espinosa, Ostuacán, Osumacinta, Pantepec, Pichucalco, Sí Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas Vientes ,22 Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán, Rayón, San Fernando, Simojovel, Solosuchiapa, Soyaló, Suchiapa, Sunuapa, Tapalapa, Tapilula, Tecpatán, Tuxtla Gutiérrez Acala, Amatán, Amatenango del Valle, Berriozábal, Bochil, Chalchihuitán,Chamula, Chapultenango,Chenalhó, Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapilla,Chicoasén, Cintalapa, Coapilla, Copainalá, El Bosque, Francisco León, Huitiupán, Huixtán, Ixhuatán, Ixtacomitán, Ixtapa, Ixtapangajoya, Jiquipilas, Jitotol, La Concordia, Larráinzar, Mitontic, Nicolás Ruíz, Ocotepec, Ocozocoautla de Espinosa, Ostuacán, Osumacinta, Oxchuc, XETG, La Grande del Sureste, S.A. XETG-AM 990 Khz. La Grande del 1,2,3,4,5,8,10,11,12, Pantelhó, Pantepec, Pichucalco, Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán, 2 Chiapas Tuxtla Gutiérrez Radio Concesión Migración AM-FM 1,2,3,4,5,6,9,10 de C.V. XHTG-FM 90.3 Mhz.
    [Show full text]
  • An Isthmian Presence on the Pacific Piedmont of Guatemala
    Glyph Dwellers Report 65 October 2020 An Isthmian Presence on the Pacific Piedmont of Guatemala Martha J. Macri Professor Emerita, Department of Native American Studies University of California, Davis A dichotomy between Olmec and Maya art styles on the stone monuments of the Guatemalan site of Tak'alik Ab'aj was proposed a number of years ago (e.g., Graham 1979). Researchers now recognize a more nuanced division between Olmec and developing Isthmian/Maya1 traditions (Graham 1989; Mora- Marín 2005; Popenoe de Hatch, Schieber de Lavarreda, and Orrego Corzo 2011; Schieber de Lavarreda 2020; Schieber de Lavarreda and Orrego Corzo 2010). John Graham proposed the term "Early Isthmian" rather than "Olmec" to describe examples of the Preclassic texts of southern Mesoamerica (Graham 1971:134). In this paper the term "Isthmian" is restricted to the script found on the Tuxtla Statuette (Holmes 1907), La Mojarra Stela 1 (Winfield Capitaine 1988), and related texts. Internal evidence within Isthmian texts themselves, specifically variation in both sign use and sign form, suggests that the origin of the Isthmian script dates significantly earlier than the long count dates on the two earliest known examples: La Mojarra Stela 1 and the Tuxtla Statuette (Macri 2017a). Two items of stratigraphic evidence from Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas show a presence of the script at that site, beyond the Gulf region, pushing the origin of the script even further back in time (Macri 2017b). This report considers several texts from the Guatemalan site of Tak'alik Ab'aj, specifically two monuments, that have long count dates only slightly earlier those on La Mojarra Stela 1 and the Tuxtla Statuette, to suggest an even broader geographic and temporal range for the Isthmian script tradition.
    [Show full text]
  • Rural Tourism As Alternative for Sustainable Development Case Huichapan, Hidalgo, Mexico
    https://repository.uaeh.edu.mx/revistas/index.php/jas/issue/archive Journal of Administrative Science Biannual Publication Vol. 2, No. 4 (2021) 23-30 Rural tourism as alternative for sustainable development case Huichapan, Hidalgo, Mexico. Turismo Rural como alternative para el desarrollo sustentable caso Huichapan, Hidalgo, México. Nancy Testón Franco a, Carolina García Zamudio b Abstract: Rural tourism is a dynamic and innovative way of doing tourism, because it is very different from the traditional sun and beach tourism that is better known, the latter focuses on the tourist area of a place with a beach leaving aside the receiving community; However, the rural one focuses on the less privileged towns but with great tourist potential, to develop the tourist activity in which the tourist enters in contact with nature, the receiving community and its culture, as long as the heritage is preserved and the environment is taken care of, since a characteristic of this one, is that a sustainable development is carried out, in which besides knowing the customs and traditions of a place also the natural environment is preserved. It is worth mentioning that this activity is gaining strength day by day, since it is considered a way to eradicate poverty from a site, due to the great economic spill it generates. Keywords: Rural tourism, tourism potential, sustainability Resumen: El turismo rural es una forma dinámica e innovadora de hacer turismo, porque es muy diferente del turismo tradicional sol y playa que es mejor conocido, este último se centra
    [Show full text]
  • Summer Study in Mexico
    Cuernavaca, Mexico Language and Culture: Summer Study in Mexico Summer 2016 Return to Top Language and Culture in Mexico Cuernavaca, Mexico – Summer 2016 Table of Contents Faculty and Academic Program Staff in Mexico Additional CGE Staff in Cuernavaca I. ACADEMIC INFORMATION A. Books to Purchase B. Information about Courses 1. Registration Information and Deadlines 2. Course Offerings 3. Information about Spanish Classes 4. Class Schedule and Contact Hours 5. Important Reminders for Registration C. Related Components of the Academic Program 1. Intensive Orientation Seminar 2. Excursions 3. Concurrent Travel Seminars 4. Living/Learning Environment 5. Homestay D. Information About Your Schedule 1. Tentative Schedules (with important deadlines) 2. What Does a Typical Day Look Like? 3. Weekends II. GENERAL INFORMATION A. Locale and Facilities 1. Cuernavaca 2. Currency Exchange 3. Weather 4. Time 5. Homestay 6. Housing: Facilities and House Rules B. Travel 1. Travel to/from Program 2. Visa Requirements and Tourist Cards 3. Travel within Mexico 4. Optional Travel after the Program Ends 5. Visits from Family and Friends 6. Hotel Information Return to Top C. Safety Concerns D. Health Issues 1. Common Health Concerns 2. HIV/AIDS 3. Dengue Fever 4. Health Care Providers 5. Alcohol and Drug Abuse 6. Immunizations 7. Diarrhea, Cholera, Typhoid and Dysentery Prevention 8. Insurance E. Communication and Contact Information 1. Snail Mail 2. Phones 3. Computers, Email, and Internet Access F. Extracurricular Activities in Cuernavaca 1. Sports and Exercise Options 2. Nightlife 3. Religious Life G. Money Matters H. What to Bring to Mexico (Suggested Packing List) III. COUNTRY INFORMATION IV.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cult of the Book. What Precolumbian Writing Contributes to Philology
    10.3726/78000_29 The Cult of the Book. What Precolumbian Writing Contributes to Philology Markus Eberl Vanderbilt University, Nashville Abstract Precolumbian people developed writing independently from the Old World. In Mesoamerica, writing existed among the Olmecs, the Zapotecs, the Maya, the Mixtecs, the Aztecs, on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and at Teotihuacan. In South America, the knotted strings or khipus were used. Since their decipherment is still ongoing, Precolumbian writing systems have often been studied only from an epigraphic perspective and in isolation. I argue that they hold considerable interest for philology because they complement the latter’s focus on Western writing. I outline the eight best-known Precolumbian writing systems and de- scribe their diversity in form, style, and content. These writing systems conceptualize writing and written communication in different ways and contribute new perspectives to the study of ancient texts and languages. Keywords Precolumbian writing, decipherment, defining writing, authoritative discourses, canon Introduction Written historical sources form the basis for philology. Traditionally these come from the Western world, especially ancient Greece and Rome. Few classically trained scholars are aware of the ancient writing systems in the Americas and the recent advances in deciphering them. In Mesoamerica – the area of south-central Mexico and western Central America – various societies had writing (Figure 1). This included the Olmecs, the Zapotecs, the people of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, the Maya, Teotihuacan, Mix- tecs, and the Aztecs. In South America, the Inka used knotted strings or khipus (Figure 2). At least eight writing systems are attested. They differ in language, formal structure, and content.
    [Show full text]