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03 ARQ-35.Pmd David C. Grove* Los monumentos de la Terraza 6 de Chalcatzingo, Morelos** En Chalcatzingo, Morelos, se conocen más de 30 grabados del periodo Preclásico medio; aun- que los más famosos —uno de ellos conocido con el nombre de “El Rey”– se localizan en el cerro Chalcatzingo; las excavaciones del Proyecto Arqueológico Chalcatzingo (1972-1976) descubrieron una gran cantidad de monumentos dentro del área habitacional del Preclásico medio, al pie del cerro, incluso estelas asociadas con plataformas rectangulares. La más gran- des de estas plataformas y la mayor cantidad de estelas aparecieron en la Terraza 6, en la parte oriental del sitio. En este artículo se presenta un resumen sobre las estelas y las plataformas descubiertas durante las investigaciones en Chalcatzingo, para luego mencionar tres estelas que se encontraron durante las investigaciones realizadas en la Terraza 6 en 1995 y 1998, y se discute su importante distribución espacial. El sitio de Chalcatzingo, Morelos, ha sido famoso durante más de 70 años por sus monumentos de estilo olmeca. Actualmente se conocen más de 30 relie- ves del periodo Preclásico medio, la mayor cantidad para esa época fuera de la región olmeca. Solamente existen más relieves en los sitios de San Lorenzo y La Venta, de la costa del Golfo de México. Diez de los monumentos son este- las, y constituyen la mayor cantidad que se conoce hasta la fecha en algún sitio del Preclásico medio en Mesoamérica, incluso San Lorenzo y La Venta. Es importante señalar que la mayoría de las estelas de Chalcatzingo fueron erigidas frente a plataformas rectangulares de tierra con muros de contención hechos con piedra careada. La terraza con la mayor plataforma y el mayor nú- mero de estelas es la Terraza 6, que se ubica en la parte oriental del sitio (fig. 1). En este artículo se discuten los monumentos de esta terraza, y se comentan tres estelas descubiertas durante las investigaciones de 1995 y 1998. Resumen de las investigaciones en Chalcatzingo (1934-1976) En el año de 1934, la arqueóloga Eulalia Guzmán llevó a cabo las primeras ex- ploraciones en Chalcatzingo, y realizó un reporte sobre cuatro bajorrelieves encontrados en el cerro Chalcatzingo (actualmente conocidos como monumen- tos 1, 2, 6 y 8)1 y una estatua decapitada (hoy conocida como Monumento 16, localizada en el Museo Nacional de Antropología) que ella encontró en una ** Department of Anthropology, University of Florida: [email protected]. ** Traducción de Eduardo Williams Martínez, El Colegio de Michoacán. 1 Los números de monumentos usados aquí siguen al catálogo publicado por Grove y Angulo (1987). 24 ARQUEOLOGÍA 35 enero-abril 2005 construyó sobre la ladera natural, en la base de los dos cerros que do- minan al sitio, el cerro Chalcatzin- go y el cerro Delgado. Alrededor RELIEVES RELIEVES de 1100 a.C. (fase Barranca, 1100- 700 a.C.) la gente de Chalcatzingo modificó la ladera del cerro cuan- 34 28 T-6 27 do formaron una serie de terrazas 33 2 25-26 largas, la misma formación gene- T- 1 32 5 ral de tierra visible en la actuali- T-25 T- 1 22 dad. La aldea del periodo Preclá- 21 23 sico que se construyó sobre esas terrazas alcanzó su mayor exten- sión e importancia entre 700 y 500 a.C., la fase Cantera. Las eviden- cias arqueológicas y estilísticas t Fig. 1 Vista esquemática de Chalcatzingo, se muestran las terrazas 6, 15 y 25, y los monumentos que se mencionan en el artículo indican que los monumentos de (ilustración de David C. Grove). piedra de Chalcatzingo fueron creados durante esta última fase, “cañada pequeña” en los campos que se encuen- igualmente indican que los contactos con los tran junto al cerro (Guzmán, 1934). Aunque Guz- olmecas de la costa del Golfo fueron más inten- mán se dio cuenta de que el sitio de Chalcat- sos durante este tiempo (Cyphers, 1982, 1992: zingo tenía una gran antigüedad, no fue sino 153-182; Grove, 1989: 132-142). hasta poco después que los relieves se recono- Se conocían doce monumentos en Chalcat- cieron similares a los monumentos del sitio ol- zingo al iniciar el proyecto arqueológico (monu- meca de La Venta (por ejemplo, Covarrubias, mentos 1-11 y 16; Grove y Angulo, 1987; Angulo, 1946). Durante las excavaciones realizadas por 1987). Diez de estos relieves preclásicos están Román Piña Chan en Chalcatzingo en 1953, se en el cerro Chalcatzingo, arriba y alejados de la encontraron cerámicas similares a las de Zaca- antigua área de asentamiento (excepto los mo- tenco y Tlatilco en el valle de México, lo que numentos 9 y 16). Durante las investigaciones reafirmó la fecha del Preclásico medio para el se descubrieron 16 monumentos de piedra (mo- sitio. En Chalcatzingo también existen eviden- numentos 12-15, 17-28) y dos monumentos (29 cias de pequeñas ocupaciones pertenecientes y 30) que no pertenecen al Preclásico (Grove y a los periodos Clásico y Posclásico (Piña Chan, Angulo, 1987; Angulo, 1987). A principios de la 1955; Arana, 1987). década de 1990, los guardianes del sitio descu- En 1972, el Proyecto Arqueológico Chalcat- brieron un nuevo monumento del Preclásico zingo, bajo la dirección de Jorge Angulo, Raúl (Monumento 31). Es importante señalar que Arana y quien esto escribe, inició una excava- la mayoría de los nuevos relieves están sobre las ción de largo plazo en Chalcatzingo, con el ob- milpas, en las terrazas bajo los cerros, es decir jetivo de obtener datos sobre la aldea del Pre- dentro de la zona de la aldea del periodo Pre- clásico; es decir, el asentamiento de la gente clásico. que había creado los monumentos del sitio. Es- La aldea de Chalcatzingo durante la fase Can- ta investigación se llevó a cabo entre 1972 y tera fue un asentamiento disperso, en el cual 1974, continuó de manera breve en 1976 (Grove cada terraza tenía una sola casa y su milpa (Prin- [ed.] 1987). Las investigaciones revelaron que diville y Grove, 1987: 79-80). Sin embargo, las Chalcatzingo estuvo habitado desde tiempos investigaciones del Proyecto Arqueológico Chal- tan tempranos como 1500 a.C. El asentamiento catzingo, revelaron que tres terrazas (6, 15 y 25) más temprano (fase Amate, 1500-1100 a.C.) se cerca del centro del asentamiento eran diferen- 25 LOS MONUMENTOS DE LA TERRAZA 6 DE CHALCATZINGO, MORELOS tes de las demás (fig. 1). En lugar de tener es- tructuras de casas, cada una de estas tres terra- zas tenía una estructura en forma de plataforma rectangular. Desafortunadamente, las super- ficies superiores de las tres plataformas están dentro de la moderna zona de arado, por lo que fueron destruidas desde hace mucho tiempo y desconocemos la función exacta de cada plata- forma (Prindiville y Grove, 1987: 64-65; Cyphers, 1992: 159). No obstante, un hecho muy impor- tante es que había monumentos labrados en piedra asociados con cada una de las tres plata- formas. En 1974 se descubrió una estela (Monumen- to 21) enterrada con la cara hacia abajo en la parte norte de la Terraza 15. Al excavarse este lugar, se vio que la estela yacía frente a una pla- taforma rectangular mal preservada de la fase Cantera, cuyas medidas aproximadas eran de 19.5 m de largo y 70 cm de altura. Un conjunto de piedras de cimiento indicaba el lugar donde la estela estuvo originalmente colocada (Gro- t Fig. 2 El Monumento 21 de la Terraza 15 es una ve y Cyphers, 1987: 43-44, fig. 4.27). El graba- estela que muestra a una mujer tocando un objeto do en bajorrelieve de la estela representa a una parecido a un pilar. mujer de pie en perfil derecho (fig. 2). El gé- nero de la figura es seguro porque se muestra La base de la estela no está labrada, y la sec- su pecho. Esta mujer está frente a —y toca— ción superior no se encontró. Tanto la estela un objeto grande en forma de pilar con motivos como la plataforma pertenecen a la fase Cante- ovales ondulantes. Hay que mencionar que la ra, pero por su posición estratigráfica son pos- mujer toca el “pilar” de la misma manera en teriores al cercano “altar-trono” y al patio hundi- que los personajes del códice posclásico Fejér- do de la misma fase. vary-Mayer tocan los árboles del mundo. Ella está sobre una “cara de la Tierra” con grandes Exploraciones en la Terraza 6 colmillos curvados hacia dentro (Angulo, 1987: (1973-1976) 150-151; Cyphers, 1984; Grove, 1987a: 429-430; Grove y Angulo, 1987: 126-127, fig. 9.21). La Terraza 6 está en la parte oriental del sitio, A una distancia aproximada de 40 m al no- a los pies del cerro Delgado (véase la fig. 1). reste de la plataforma rectangular de la Terraza Las primeras investigaciones de esta área del 15 se encuentra la Terraza 25, donde se locali- sitio fueron realizadas en 1973, cuando una gran za el Monumento 22, un gran “altar-trono” de piedra plana que estaba visible en la zona del piedra de estilo olmeca ubicado dentro de un arado en la sección norcentral de la terraza fue patio hundido (Fash, 1987; Grove, 1984: 65-68). inspeccionada por los arqueólogos del proyec- La importancia de este descubrimiento, reali- to, quienes descubrieron que tenía líneas la- zado en 1973, completamente eclipsó otro he- bradas en bajorrelieve. Una pequeña excavación cho en 1974 en la misma terraza, una plataforma de rescate que efectúo Miguel Morayta, miem- rectangular de 21 m de largo (la Estructura 2 bro del proyecto, nos descubrió que la piedra de la Terraza 15) con una base de estela (Monu- era un “altar” circular (Monumento 25), con mento 23) todavía in situ (fig.
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