3 Infectious Diseases of Coldwater Fish in Marine and Brackish Water

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

3 Infectious Diseases of Coldwater Fish in Marine and Brackish Water Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 3 Infectious Diseases of Coldwater Fish in Marine and Brackish Water Michael L. Kent1,* and Trygve T. Poppe2 1Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Biological Sciences Branch, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5K6, Canada; 2Department of Morphology, Genetics and Aquatic Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, PO Box 8196 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway Introduction transferred with them to sea cages. Brown and Bruno (Chapter 4) deal with these Salmonids are the primary fishes reared in freshwater diseases, and our emphasis is cold seawater netpens. This component of infectious diseases that are contracted after the industry produces approximately transfer to sea cages. − 500,000 t year 1 on a worldwide basis. The principle species reared in netpens are Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), coho Viral Diseases salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Several viruses are important pathogens of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). salmonid fishes, particularly during their Additional species include minor produc- early development in fresh water (Wolf, tion of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), 1988). Viral diseases of fishes have histori- Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), haddock cally been of great concern to fish health (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), Atlantic managers because they can cause high mor- halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) and tality. In addition, the presence of certain Atlantic wolffish (Anarhichas lupus). The viruses in a fish population causes eco- purpose of this chapter is to review the most nomic hardships to fish farmers due to important infectious diseases affecting fish restrictions on transfer or sale of these fish. reared in cold seawater netpens. At least six viral diseases are of concern for The problems in controlling water pen-reared salmon: these include infectious flow make it difficult, if not impossible, to haematopoietic necrosis (IHN), infectious exclude pathogens in the water column from pancreatic necrosis (IPN), salmon pancreas netpens. Therefore, marine pathogens are disease (SPD), infectious salmon anaemia among the most important causes of diseases (ISA), salmonid herpesvirus 2 infections in seawater netpens. As salmonids are and erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome reared in fresh water before they are held (EIBS). The erythrocytic necrosis virus has in seawater, freshwater pathogens may be the potential to infect salmon in seawater, * Current address: Center for Fish Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. ©CAB International 2002. Diseases and Disorders of Finfish in Cage Culture (eds P.T.K. Woo, D.W. Bruno and L.H.S. Lim) 61 71 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4337 - Woo\A4419 - Woo Vouchers.vp Tuesday, November 12, 2002 3:08:47 PM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 62 M.L. Kent and T.T. Poppe but has yet to be recognized as a serious are much larger than their counterparts in problem. At least one form of plasmacytoid fresh water, IHN in Atlantic salmon reared in leukaemia is associated with a retrovirus, seawater is usually chronic. Infected salmon but this disease is described under the also often exhibit frank haemorrhages in the section on Nucleospora salmonis. Cardiac visceral cavity. As with the freshwater form myopathy syndrome (CMS) has recently of the disease, IHN is best managed by avoid- been associated with a nodavirus, and is ance. There is circumstantial evidence to thus covered in this section. IHN, IPN and suggest a marine reservoir is the primary EIBS are also important diseases in fresh source of the infection for outbreaks in sea- water, and are dealt with in more depth water netpens. If this were the case, then in Chapter 4. However, the manifestations avoidance of the infection in netpens would of IHN and IPN as they occur in seawater be very difficult. Marine-phase chinook are described. Furthermore, viruses have salmon may harbour the virus for several caused disease in farmed Atlantic halibut months with no signs of the disease, and the and turbot larvae, resulting in considerable virus has been found in healthy chinook losses (Bloch et al., 1991; Grotmol et al., reared at netpen farms that have experienced 1995; Wood et al., 1996). However, to date, IHN outbreaks in Atlantic salmon (St-Hilaire specific viral diseases of non-salmonids et al., 2001). Therefore, chinook salmon may reared in coldwater sea cages have not been act as a subclinical reservoir for the virus identified as serious problems. Vacuolating when they are reared with Atlantic salmon. encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) is a disease primarily of larval or juvenile marine fishes, but may be carried into Infectious pancreatic necrosis cage-cultured flatfish. This nodavirus is dealt with in Chapter 9. This is a freshwater viral disease (see Chapter 4) that causes mortality in sea cage culture. The infection is prevalent in Infectious haematopoietic necrosis in netpens pen-reared Atlantic salmon in Norway (Krogsrud et al., 1989). For many years, The first confirmed report of IHN in pen- the virus was extremely widespread in reared Atlantic salmon occurred in 1992 in Norwegian sea sites (Melby et al., 1991) British Columbia (Armstrong et al., 1993; without causing clinical disease. However, Traxler et al., 1993). Since this initial find- in recent years clinical IPN has impacted ing, IHN has been reported at many netpen on sea-farmed Atlantic salmon culture and farm sites and has become a major disease is considered as an emerging problem in concern on Atlantic salmon farms in the Chapter 9. Most outbreaks occur from a Quadra Island region of British Columbia. few weeks up to a couple of months after The existence or establishment of marine transfer to seawater (Jarp et al., 1994), but hosts or reservoirs of IHN virus (IHNV) that outbreaks up to 1 year after transfer to sea- may serve as sources of the virus at sea water may also occur (Smail et al., 1992, cage sites, and the reports of virus in 1995). IPNV may be the most important non-salmonids around netpens during an infectious disease of farmed fish in Norway, outbreak is of concern (Traxler and Richard, accounting for losses of approximately − 1996). In addition, IHNV has been found in Nkr 400 million year 1 (Christie, 1996). Pacific herring (Clupea herningus pallasi) In Scotland, significant mortality has been collected well away from infected farms associated with the infection, particularly (Kent et al., 1998). in combination with SPD. Clinical signs of IHN in Atlantic salmon Clinical signs of IPN in post-smolt in netpens are often similar to those seen Atlantic salmon may be minimal, but in infected salmonids in fresh water (see some fish stop feeding and show nervous Chapter 4). However, because affected fish distress. The most significant losses may 72 Z:\Customer\CABI\A4337 - Woo\A4419 - Woo Vouchers.vp Tuesday, November 05, 2002 11:34:04 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Infectious Diseases of Coldwater Fish in Salt Water 63 sometimes be attributed to the long-term Elston, 1987), and rarely in British effects of reduced or completely ceased feed- Columbia. ing. Fish show hyperaemia and petechial A toga-like virus has been isolated from haemorrhage in the visceral fat and in the fish with SPD (Nelson et al., 1995), and pyloric caeca. McLoughlin et al. (1996) experimentally An epizootiological study of IPN in reproduced the disease with the virus. post-smolts has shown that the risk of Therefore, the evidence is essentially con- clinical disease was related to the mixing clusive that the cause of pancreas disease is of smolts from several suppliers at the same this virus, referred to as salmon pancreas sea site (Jarp et al., 1994). A way to avoid disease virus (SPDV). SPD is contracted after this would therefore be to buy smolts from smolts are transferred to seawater. Although as few producers as possible. Smolts with not specifically associated with fresh water no history of IPN in fresh water, but with (McVicar, 1987), a similar toga-like virus has specific humoral immunity against IPNV been isolated from rainbow trout (Boucher prior to smoltification, were protected et al., 1994). against clinical IPN for up to 4 months after Fish usually exhibit clinical signs of transfer to seawater (Jarp et al., 1996). SPD about 6–12 weeks after introduction to Because IPNV can be vertically trans- netpens, but fish that have been in pens for mitted and infected fish can excrete virus as long as 2 years may be affected (McVicar, for the rest of their life, the only effective 1987). Mortality associated with the disease control method is avoidance. The use of is low. Nevertheless, surviving fish often IPNV-free broodstock, rearing progeny in show poor growth and are more susceptible virus-free water and restricting the move- to other diseases (McVicar and Munro, ment of fish are measures that can reduce 1987). the spread of IPNV. A multivalent vaccine, which includes Escherichia coli-expressed Clinical and gross pathological changes. IPNV proteins, protects pre-smolt Atlantic Affected fish are anorexic, dark in colour, salmon against natural exposure to IPN lethargic, and usually at the sides of cages (Christie, 1996). This vaccine is now and near the surface. Fish with SPD are licensed in Norway, and results from the usually emaciated (Fig. 3.1). Internal signs 1996 season were promising, as mortalities include haemorrhage in the pancreatic due to IPN were reduced considerably. tissue and fat between the pyloric caeca, or the tissue between the pyloric caeca may be severely atrophied. Salmon pancreas disease Diagnosis. Haemorrhage in tissues associ- SPD of pen-reared Atlantic salmon is an ated with the pyloric caeca in emaciated important disease in Scotland, Ireland and Atlantic salmon smolts, along with the Norway (Munro et al., 1984; Ferguson et al., absence of other infectious agents (e.g. IHN 1986; McVicar, 1987; Menzies et al., 1996).
Recommended publications
  • A Guide to Culturing Parasites, Establishing Infections and Assessing Immune Responses in the Three-Spined Stickleback
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Hook, Line and Infection: A Guide to Culturing Parasites, Establishing Infections and Assessing Immune Responses in the Three-Spined Stickleback Alexander Stewart*, Joseph Jacksonx, Iain Barber{, Christophe Eizaguirrejj, Rachel Paterson*, Pieter van West#, Chris Williams** and Joanne Cable*,1 *Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom x University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom { University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom jj Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom #Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen, United Kingdom **National Fisheries Service, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom 1Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Stickleback Husbandry 7 2.1 Ethics 7 2.2 Collection 7 2.3 Maintenance 9 2.4 Breeding sticklebacks in vivo and in vitro 10 2.5 Hatchery 15 3. Common Stickleback Parasite Cultures 16 3.1 Argulus foliaceus 17 3.1.1 Introduction 17 3.1.2 Source, culture and infection 18 3.1.3 Immunology 22 3.2 Camallanus lacustris 22 3.2.1 Introduction 22 3.2.2 Source, culture and infection 23 3.2.3 Immunology 25 3.3 Diplostomum Species 26 3.3.1 Introduction 26 3.3.2 Source, culture and infection 27 3.3.3 Immunology 28 Advances in Parasitology, Volume 98 ISSN 0065-308X © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.apar.2017.07.001 All rights reserved. 1 j ARTICLE IN PRESS 2 Alexander Stewart et al. 3.4 Glugea anomala 30 3.4.1 Introduction 30 3.4.2 Source, culture and infection 30 3.4.3 Immunology 31 3.5 Gyrodactylus Species 31 3.5.1 Introduction 31 3.5.2 Source, culture and infection 32 3.5.3 Immunology 34 3.6 Saprolegnia parasitica 35 3.6.1 Introduction 35 3.6.2 Source, culture and infection 36 3.6.3 Immunology 37 3.7 Schistocephalus solidus 38 3.7.1 Introduction 38 3.7.2 Source, culture and infection 39 3.7.3 Immunology 43 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Twenty Thousand Parasites Under The
    ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia Tesis Doctoral Twenty thousand parasites under the sea: a multidisciplinary approach to parasite communities of deep-dwelling fishes from the slopes of the Balearic Sea (NW Mediterranean) Tesis doctoral presentada por Sara Maria Dallarés Villar para optar al título de Doctora en Acuicultura bajo la dirección de la Dra. Maite Carrassón López de Letona, del Dr. Francesc Padrós Bover y de la Dra. Montserrat Solé Rovira. La presente tesis se ha inscrito en el programa de doctorado en Acuicultura, con mención de calidad, de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Los directores Maite Carrassón Francesc Padrós Montserrat Solé López de Letona Bover Rovira Universitat Autònoma de Universitat Autònoma de Institut de Ciències Barcelona Barcelona del Mar (CSIC) La tutora La doctoranda Maite Carrassón Sara Maria López de Letona Dallarés Villar Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, diciembre de 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Cuando miro atrás, al comienzo de esta tesis, me doy cuenta de cuán enriquecedora e importante ha sido para mí esta etapa, a todos los niveles.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Health Assessment of Glass Eels from Canadian Maritime Rivers
    Fish Health Assessment of Glass Eels from Canadian Maritime Rivers D. Groman, R. Threader, D. Wadowska, T. Maynard and L. Blimke Aquatic Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College Ontario Power Generation Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Atlantic Veterinary College Kleinschimidt Associates Project Background Objective - Capture glass eels in NS/NB for stocking in Great Lakes Watershed Protocol - Transfer glass eels to quarantine Health Assessment ( G. L. F. H. C.) OTC Marking of glass eels Transfer and stocking ( Ontario & Quebec ) 1 Glass Eel / Elver Glass Eel Transport Bag 2 Glass Eel Acclimation and Transfer Boat Glass Eel Transfer 3 Glass Eel Stocking Glass Eel Stocking Data Number Purchase kg Price Stocking Stocking Number of Eels Mean Length Mean Mass Year Purchased (per kg) Date Location Stocked (mm) (g) Mallorytown 2006 102.07 $ 637 Oct. 12, 2006 166,7741 0.69 (n = 25) Landing Mallorytown 2007 151 $ 1,310 – $ 1,415 June 21, 2007 436,907 59.2 (n=49; ±0.5) Landing Mallorytown 0.17 May 15, 2008 797,475 60.9 (n=40; ±0.6) Landing (n=40; ±0.0006) 2008 370 $ 630 - $ 805 Mallorytown 0.14 May 29, 2008 518,358 60.4 (n=40; ±0.5) Landing (n=40; ±0.0004) June 11, 2008 Deseronto 685,728 56.5 (n=40; ±0.5) 0.14 (n=40; ±0.006) 651,521 June 2, 2009 Deseronto 59.14 (n=246; ±4.0) 0.18 (n=246; ±4.0) (±47,269) 2009 299 $ 630 Mallorytown 651,521 June 2, 2009 59.14 (n=246; ±4.0) 0.18 (n=246; ±0.04) Landing (±47,269) Estimated Total Number of Eels Stocked from 2006 - 2009 3,908,284 4 Health Assessment Objective - To screen subsamples of glass eel
    [Show full text]
  • Viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Virus (VHSV): on the Search for Determinants Important for Virulence in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Nov 08, 2017 Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV): on the search for determinants important for virulence in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss Olesen, Niels Jørgen; Skall, H. F.; Kurita, J.; Mori, K.; Ito, T. Published in: 17th International Conference on Diseases of Fish And Shellfish Publication date: 2015 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Olesen, N. J., Skall, H. F., Kurita, J., Mori, K., & Ito, T. (2015). Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV): on the search for determinants important for virulence in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss. In 17th International Conference on Diseases of Fish And Shellfish: Abstract book (pp. 147-147). [O-139] Las Palmas: European Association of Fish Pathologists. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. DISCLAIMER: The organizer takes no responsibility for any of the content stated in the abstracts.
    [Show full text]
  • Working Group on Pathology and Diseases of Marine Organisms (WGPDMO)
    ICES WGPDMO REPORT 2018 AQUACULTURE STEERING GROUP ICES CM 2018/ASG:01 REF. ACOM, SCICOM Report of the Working Group on Pathology and Diseases of Marine Organisms (WGPDMO) 13-17 February 2018 Riga, Latvia International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Conseil International pour l’Exploration de la Mer H.C. Andersens Boulevard 44–46 DK-1553 Copenhagen V Denmark Telephone (+45) 33 38 67 00 Telefax (+45) 33 93 42 15 www.ices.dk [email protected] Recommended format for purposes of citation: ICES. 2018. Report of the Working Group on Pathology and Diseases of Marine Or- ganisms (WGPDMO), 13-17 February 2018, Riga, Latvia. ICES CM 2018/ASG:01. 42 pp. https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.8134 The material in this report may be reused using the recommended citation. ICES may only grant usage rights of information, data, images, graphs, etc. of which it has own- ership. For other third-party material cited in this report, you must contact the origi- nal copyright holder for permission. For citation of datasets or use of data to be included in other databases, please refer to the latest ICES data policy on the ICES website. All extracts must be acknowledged. For other reproduction requests please contact the General Secretary. The document is a report of an Expert Group under the auspices of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea and does not necessarily represent the views of the Council. © 2018 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ICES WGPDMO REPORT 2018 | i Contents Executive summary ...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Detection of Paramoeba Perurans in Scotish Marine Wild Fish Populations
    Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol., 35(6) 2015, 217 NOTE ȱȱParamoeba perurans in Ĵȱȱ ȱęȱ H. E. B. Stagg*, M. Hall, I. S. Wallace, C. C. Pert, S. Garcia Perez and C. Collins Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB Abstract ȱȱParamoeba perurans, ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱęȱȱĴȱȱ ȱǻȱƽȱŘǰřŚŞǼǯȱOverall, the apparent prevalence was low. A ȱęǰȱȱȱȱTrachurus trachurus, ȱǯȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱP. perurans in horse mackerel. Paramoeba perurans is an amoeba parasite and the Salmo salar and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ Ǽȱ mykiss (Munday et al., 1990); coho salmon O. (Young et al., 2007, Crosbie et al., 2012). The kisutchȱǻ ȱȱǯǰȱŗşŞŞǼDzȱ Scophthalmus ȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŖŜȱ maximus ǻ¢ȱȱǯǰȱŗşşŞǼDzȱȱȱDicen- with additional outbreaks occurring since 2011 trarchus labrax (Dykova et al., 2000); chinook ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱęȱ salmon O. tshawytscha ǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŞǼDzȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱ¢ȱ ayu Plecoglossus altivelis (Crosbie et al., 2010); (Marine Scotland Science unpublished data). ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta (Karlsbakk et al., ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱ 2013); blue warehou Seriolella brama (Adams (Shinn et al., 2014) especially in the Australian ȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŞǼDzȱȱȱȱDiplodus puntazzo ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ (Dykova and Novoa, 2001). ȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ŗşŞŚȱǻ¢ǰȱŗşŞŜǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ reported in the USA (Kent et al., ŗşŞŞǼǰȱ ȱ P. peruransȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ (Rodger and McArdle, 1996), the Mediterranean ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǻ¢ȱȱǯǰȱŗşşŞǼǰȱ ȱȱǻȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǯǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǰȱ ¢ȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǰȱ ȱ ȱȱęǯȱȱǰȱP. perurans has only (Crosbie et al., 2010), Chile (Bustos et al., 2011) ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ- ȱȱȱȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯȱ- ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ceptible species to AGD include: Atlantic salmon ȱȱ ȱParamoeba ǯȱȱ ȱęȱ * Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] ŘŗŞǰȱǯȱǯȱǯȱȱǯǰȱřśǻŜǼȱŘŖŗś ǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŞǼȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱǻ ȱ ȱȱ in Tasmania and tested ȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǯȱ¢ȱęȱ ȱȱ ȱ using histological and immunohistochemical each haul based on the approximate proportion techniques however, the amoeba species was ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱP.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Proteomic Profiling of Newly Acquired, Virulent And
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Comparative proteomic profling of newly acquired, virulent and attenuated Neoparamoeba perurans proteins associated with amoebic gill disease Kerrie Ní Dhufaigh1*, Eugene Dillon2, Natasha Botwright3, Anita Talbot1, Ian O’Connor1, Eugene MacCarthy1 & Orla Slattery4 The causative agent of amoebic gill disease, Neoparamoeba perurans is reported to lose virulence during prolonged in vitro maintenance. In this study, the impact of prolonged culture on N. perurans virulence and its proteome was investigated. Two isolates, attenuated and virulent, had their virulence assessed in an experimental trial using Atlantic salmon smolts and their bacterial community composition was evaluated by 16S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Soluble proteins were isolated from three isolates: a newly acquired, virulent and attenuated N. perurans culture. Proteins were analysed using two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The challenge trial using naïve smolts confrmed a loss in virulence in the attenuated N. perurans culture. A greater diversity of bacterial communities was found in the microbiome of the virulent isolate in contrast to a reduction in microbial community richness in the attenuated microbiome. A collated proteome database of N. perurans, Amoebozoa and four bacterial genera resulted in 24 proteins diferentially expressed between the three cultures. The present LC–MS/ MS results indicate protein synthesis, oxidative stress and immunomodulation are upregulated in a newly acquired N. perurans culture and future studies may exploit these protein identifcations for therapeutic purposes in infected farmed fsh. Neoparamoeba perurans is an ectoparasitic protozoan responsible for the hyperplastic gill infection of marine cultured fnfsh referred to as amoebic gill disease (AGD)1.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Health Quick Guide
    Fish Health Quick Guide Table of contents 1 Fish health ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Category 2 (Notifiable) ...................................................................................................................... 1 2.1 Cestodes (Tape worms) ................................................................................................................ 1 2.2 Nematodes (Round worms) .......................................................................................................... 1 2.3 Ergasilus briani .............................................................................................................................. 1 2.4 Ergasilus sieboldi (Gill maggot) .................................................................................................... 2 2.5 Thorny headed worm (Acanthocephalans) ................................................................................... 2 2.6 Gyrodactylus .................................................................................................................................. 2 3 Common FW external Parasites. ...................................................................................................... 3 3.1 Costia (Icthyobodo necatrix). ........................................................................................................ 3 3.2 Trichodina. ....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Aquaculture R&D Review 2019
    AQUACULTURE ASSOCIATION OF CANADA SPECIAL PUBLICATION 26 2019 CANADIAN AQUACULTURE R&D REVIEW INSIDE Development of optimal diet for Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Acoustic monitoring of wild fish interactions with aquaculture sites Potential species as cleaner fish for sea lice on farmed salmon Piscine reovirus (PRV): characterization, susceptibility, prevalence, and transmission in Atlantic and Pacific Salmon Novel sensors for fish health and welfare Effect of climate change on the culture Blue Mussel (Mytilus edulis) Oyster aquaculture in an acidifying ocean Presence, extent, and impacts of microplastics on shellfish aquaculture Validation of a hydrodynamic model to support aquaculture in the West coast of Vancouver Island CANADIAN AQUACULTURE R&D REVIEW 2019 AAC Special Publication #26 ISBN: 978-0-9881415-9-9 © 2019 Aquaculture Association of Canada Cover Photo (Front): Cultivated sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) on a culture line at an aquaculture site. (Photo: Isabelle Gendron-Lemieux, Merinov) First Photo Inside Cover (Front): Mussels. (DFO, Gulf Region) Second Photo inside Cover (Front): American Lobsters (Homarus americanus) in a holding tank. (Jean-François Laplante, Merinov) Cover Photo (Back): Atlantic Salmon sea cages in southern Newfoundland. (KÖBB Media/DFO) The Canadian Aquaculture R&D Review 2019 has been published with support provided by Fisheries and Oceans Canada's Aquaculture Collaborative Research and Development Program (ACRDP), and by the Aquaculture Association of Canada (AAC). Submitted materials may have been edited for length and writing style. Projects not included in this edition should be submitted before the deadline to be set for the next edition. Editors: Tricia Gheorghe, Véronique Boucher Lalonde, Emily Ryall and G. Jay Parsons Cited as: T Gheorghe, V Boucher Lalonde, E Ryall, and GJ Parsons (eds).
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Report: an Overview of Emerging Diseases in the Salmonid
    TECHNICAL REPORT An overview of emerging diseases in the salmonid farming industry Disclaimer: This report is provided for information purposes only. Readers/users should consult with qualified veterinary professionals/ fish health specialists to review, assess and adopt practices that are appropriate in their own operations, practices and location. Cover Photo: Ole Bendik Dale. 32 Foreword Dear reader, as well as internationally by rapidly spreading through trans- Although we are still early in any domestication process, boundary trade and other activities. salmon is a relatively easy species to hold and grow in tanks and cages. Intense research to develop breeding programs, In this report we highlight and discuss six important diseases feed formulae and techniques, and technology to handle large or health challenges affecting farmed salmon. We have animal populations efficiently and cost-effectively, are all parts identified them as emerging as there is new knowledge on of making Atlantic salmon farming likely the most industrialized agent dynamics, they re-occur or they are well described in one of all aquaculture productions today. Consequently, salmon region and may well become a threat to other regions with the farming is an important primary sector of the economy in same type of production. producing countries; according to Kontali Analyse¹, global production of Atlantic salmon exceeded 2.3 million tons in 2017 Knowledge sharing on salmonid production, fish health and and today salmon is a highly asked-for seafood commodity emerging diseases has become a key prime awareness with worldwide. dedicated resource and focus from the farming industry through groups such as the Global Salmon Initiative (GSI).
    [Show full text]
  • Inventory of Parasitic Copepods and Their Hosts in the Western Wadden Sea in 1968 and 2010
    INVENTORY OF PARASITIC COPEPODS AND THEIR HOSTS IN THE WESTERN WADDEN SEA IN 1968 AND 2010 Wouter Koch NNIOZIOZ KKoninklijkoninklijk NNederlandsederlands IInstituutnstituut vvooroor ZZeeonderzoekeeonderzoek INVENTORY OF PARASITIC COPEPODS AND THEIR HOSTS IN THE WESTERN WADDEN SEA IN 1968 AND 2010 Wouter Koch Texel, April 2012 NIOZ Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut voor Zeeonderzoek Cover illustration The parasitic copepod Lernaeenicus sprattae (Sowerby, 1806) on its fish host, the sprat (Sprattus sprattus) Copyright by Hans Hillewaert, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license; CC-BY-SA-3.0; Wikipedia Contents 1. Summary 6 2. Introduction 7 3. Methods 7 4. Results 8 5. Discussion 9 6. Acknowledgements 10 7. References 10 8. Appendices 12 1. Summary Ectoparasites, attaching mainly to the fins or gills, are a particularly conspicuous part of the parasite fauna of marine fishes. In particular the dominant copepods, have received much interest due to their effects on host populations. However, still little is known on the copepod fauna on fishes for many localities and their temporal stability as long-term observations are largely absent. The aim of this project was two-fold: 1) to deliver a current inventory of ectoparasitic copepods in fishes in the southern Wadden Sea around Texel and 2) to compare the current parasitic copepod fauna with the one from 1968 in the same area, using data published in an internal NIOZ report and additional unpublished original notes. In total, 47 parasite species have been recorded on 52 fish species in the southern Wadden Sea to date. The two copepod species, where quantitative comparisons between 1968 and 2010 were possible for their host, the European flounder (Platichthys flesus), showed different trends: Whereas Acanthochondria cornuta seems not to have altered its infection rate or per host abundance between years, Lepeophtheirus pectoralis has shifted towards infection of smaller hosts, as well as to a stronger increase of per-host abundance with increasing host length.
    [Show full text]
  • Population Ecology and Epidemiology of Sea Lice in Canadian Waters Sonja M
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Maine Sea Grant Publications Maine Sea Grant 2-2015 Population Ecology and Epidemiology of Sea Lice in Canadian Waters Sonja M. Saksida British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences Ian Bricknell University of Maine, [email protected] Shawn M. C. Robinson Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews Biological Station Simon Jones Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific ioB logical Station Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/seagrant_pub Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons, and the Population Biology Commons Repository Citation Saksida, Sonja M.; Bricknell, Ian; Robinson, Shawn M. C.; and Jones, Simon, "Population Ecology and Epidemiology of Sea Lice in Canadian Waters" (2015). Maine Sea Grant Publications. 75. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/seagrant_pub/75 This Report is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Maine Sea Grant Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat (CSAS) Research Document 2015/004 National Capital Region Population ecology and epidemiology of sea lice in Canadian waters S. Saksida1, I. Bricknell2, S. Robinson3 and S. Jones4 1 British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences 871A Island Highway, Campbell River, BC V9W 2C2 2 School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine Orono, ME 04469 3 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews Biological Station 531 Brandy Cove Road, St. Andrews, NB E5B 2L9 4 Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Rd., Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7 February 2015 Foreword This series documents the scientific basis for the evaluation of aquatic resources and ecosystems in Canada.
    [Show full text]