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Twenty Thousand Parasites Under The ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Departament de Biologia Animal, Biologia Vegetal i Ecologia Tesis Doctoral Twenty thousand parasites under the sea: a multidisciplinary approach to parasite communities of deep-dwelling fishes from the slopes of the Balearic Sea (NW Mediterranean) Tesis doctoral presentada por Sara Maria Dallarés Villar para optar al título de Doctora en Acuicultura bajo la dirección de la Dra. Maite Carrassón López de Letona, del Dr. Francesc Padrós Bover y de la Dra. Montserrat Solé Rovira. La presente tesis se ha inscrito en el programa de doctorado en Acuicultura, con mención de calidad, de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Los directores Maite Carrassón Francesc Padrós Montserrat Solé López de Letona Bover Rovira Universitat Autònoma de Universitat Autònoma de Institut de Ciències Barcelona Barcelona del Mar (CSIC) La tutora La doctoranda Maite Carrassón Sara Maria López de Letona Dallarés Villar Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, diciembre de 2016 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Cuando miro atrás, al comienzo de esta tesis, me doy cuenta de cuán enriquecedora e importante ha sido para mí esta etapa, a todos los niveles. Es además un sueño realizado, algo con lo que fantaseaba ya en el patio del colegio. En primer lugar, querría expresar mi más sincero agradecimiento a mi directora Maite Carrassón. Muchísimas gracias Maite por confiar en mí y ofrecerme esta maravillosa oportunidad. Has sido una auténtica guía, un ejemplo y una fuente de inspiración constante. Eres y serás para mí un referente ahora y siempre. En segon lloc voldria agrair al meu director Francesc (alies “Sito”) Padrós la teva inestimable ajuda amb el complex món de l’histopatologia de peixos, el teu humor i la teva confiança en les meves capacitats. En tercer lloc m’agradaria expressar la meva gratitud a la meva directora del ICM Montserrat Solé, per iniciar-me en l’invisible y misteriós món de les activitats enzimàtiques, aquestes cosetes que apareixen com a petites corbes a la pantalla connectada a l’espectrofotòmetre… tot un repte per a una biòloga animal acostumada a tractar amb bitxos, però igualment estimulant. Els teus missatges d’ànim y suport han estat a més d’inestimable ajuda. Aquesta tesi no seria el que és sense les valuosíssimes aportacions d’en Joan Cartes. Gràcies als teus profunds coneixements i comprensió dels ecosistemes marins els treballs aquí inclosos guanyen moltíssima profunditat i complexitat. Gràcies a això he après molt sobre el funcionament de l’ecosistema de mar profund, que he pogut apreciar des d’una perspectiva molt més integradora. Gracias infinitas a la “familia” de vete, a todos lo que han estado o aún están, y que han sido un apoyo, a menudo crucial, en muchísimos momentos desde que llegué y hasta que he terminado esta tesis. Estoy en deuda con todos los estudiantes que han pasado por nuestro laboratorio de parasitología durante estos años, y gracias a los cuales he aprendido tanto y pasado tan buenos ratos. Recuerdo especialmente a Ana Pérez-del-Olmo, mi iniciadora en el mundo de los parásitos cuando yo era una renacuaja de cuarto de biología. Gracias a ti y a tu truchas alemanas (terribles, por cierto) descubrí este campo apasionante, en el que hice mis primeros pasos de la mano de la mejor maestra posible. A lo largo de la tesis, he tenido la gran suerte de poder seguir colaborando y aprendiendo contigo. Agradezco enormemente también la ayuda de la Dra. Aneta Kostadinova, con quién aprendí los fundamentos del estudio morfométrico y molecular de parásitos. Gracias a ella además, ha sido posible realizar las estancias en České Budějovice que tanto nos han aportado a mí y a la tesis. I am indebted to all members (either permanent or temporal, just as myself) of the Institute of Parasitology in České Budějovice with whom I have coincided for all the help, the knowledge, the experience, the good times and the beers. Thank you Simona for teaching me with loads of patience so many things that I did not know at all. You have always been for me a true model of dedication and well-done work. Roman, thanks to you I made my first steps into the world of cestodes, the coolest parasites of all, without doubt! Your expertise and deep knowledge on this field have been of invaluable help in my training as parasitologist. Thank you for trusting me so many times and for valuing my work so much. Undoubtedly, both myself as a parasitologist and this thesis made a qualitative leap thanks to Bjoern Schaeffner. I am so glad that you pushed me with so much enthusiasm and confidence to carry out an amazing work that I had never, never thought I would be able to do! I still miss those loads of hours drawing trypanorhynch tentacles… I am also grateful to you Olena, thank you for being a good friend, for your conversations, your support and your understanding. And for your help with photoshop and good advices on drawings and plates, of course! As you asked me, I will never forget those good times in the Czech Republic! Having you there really made the difference. Querría hacer una mención especial a mi grupo de baile, que durante gran parte de esta etapa ha sido una auténtica terapia y válvula de escape. Las personas que he conocido allí, algunas buenas amigas, me han aportado más de lo que creen en los momentos difíciles. Tot i haver compartit amb tu un curt tram d’aquest camí, però no per això menys important, et vull agrair, Lluc, els teus ànims i consells, el teu amor i suport. En moltíssims moments, gràcies a tu m’he pogut retrobar i he tirat endavant. Tenir-te al meu costat ha estat i és un preciós regal. Finalmente, tener una familia con la que siempre he podido contar es un don inapreciable de esta vida, y (aunque tendría que daros eternamente las gracias por TODO) ciñéndome a la tesis os quiero agradecer vuestro indiscutible apoyo, buenos consejos, comprensión y amor en todo momento. Pese a dedicarme a un tema tan extraño para vosotros, siempre habéis sido conscientes de lo importante que era para mí, y habéis apreciado mis esfuerzos, celebrado mis éxitos y lamentado mis tropiezos. Eso tiene un valor que no soy capaz de expresar. Cover: Drawings by the author of the fish species addressed in the present thesis. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT/RESÚMEN ............................................................................................ iii CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1 1.1. The Mediterranean deep-sea ............................................................................ 3 1.1.1. The study area: The Balearic Sea .......................................................... 4 1.2. Importance of two large-sized gadiforms and four abundant chondrichthyans of the Mediterranean deep-sea .......................................................................... 5 1.2.1. The common mora, Mora moro (Risso, 1810) ..................................... 6 1.2.2. The greater forkbeard, Phycis blennoides (Brünnich, 1768) ................ 7 1.2.3. The blackmouth catshark, Galeus melastomus Rafinesque, 1810 ........ 8 1.2.4. The lesser spotted dogfish, Scyliorhynus canicula (Linnaeus, 1758) ... 9 1.2.5. The velvet belly, Etmopterus spinax (Linnaeus, 1758) ...................... 10 1.2.6. The portuguese dogfish, Centroscymnus coelolepis Barbosa du Bocage and de Brito Capello, 1864 ................................................................. 11 1.3. Parasites in the deep-sea environment ........................................................... 12 1.4. Parasites as indicators of fish biology ........................................................... 13 1.5. The nature of host-parasite interactions ......................................................... 16 CHAPTER 2 - OBJECTIVES .................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 3 - PARASITES OF THE DEEP-SEA FISH MORA MORO (RISSO, 1810) FROM THE NW MEDITERRANEAN SEA AND RELATIONSHIP WITH FISH DIET AND ENZYMATIC BIOMARKERS .................................................... 23 CHAPTER 4 - THE PARASITE COMMUNITY OF PHYCIS BLENNOIDES (BRÜNNICH, 1768) FROM THE BALEARIC SEA IN RELATION TO DIET, BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS, HISTOPATHOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES .............................................................................................................. 37 CHAPTER 5 - PARASITE COMMUNITIES OF SCYLIORHINUS CANICULA (L., 1758) AND GALEUS MELASTOMUS RAFINESQUE, 1810 (ELASMOBRANCHII) FROM THE NW MEDITERRANEAN SEA, ASSESSING THE INFLUENCE OF SEASONALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES .................................... 57 i CHAPTER 6 - THE PARASITE COMMUNITY OF GALEUS MELASTOMUS RAFINESQUE, 1810 AND TWO ADDITIONAL SHARKS FROM THE NW MEDITERRANEAN DEEP-SEA IN RELATION TO FEEDING ECOLOGY AND HEALTH CONDITION OF THE HOST AND ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS AND VARIABLES .................................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER
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