·. ---~ . Census of India, 1931
VOL. I-INDIA
Part 1--Report •
by
J. H. HUTTON, C.J.E., D.Sc., F.A.S.B.,
Carreapoacllaa Me1nber of the Anthropologieche Gesell-chait of Vlama
To which ia annexed
an ACTUARIAL REPORT
by L S. Vaidyanathan, F. I. A.
DELHI: MANAGRR OF' PUBLICATION8 1933 Governmen~ of In~~ ~blications are _obtainable from the Manager of Publica tions, Ctvil Lmes, Old Delhi, a.nd from the following Agents :- EUROPE. U-45.2.St') OJ' OniCE THE HIGH COMMISSIONER F0R INDIA, G1 lNDIA HousE, ALDwYCH, LONDON, W. C. 2. v l• I And at all Booksellers. INDIA AND CEYLON : Provincial Book Depots. 16$l6 2.. ..IAJ,f:Ml :..:._Superintet•dent, Government Press, Mount Road, Madras liOltlHY :--:-.Superir.tendent, Go;-crnment Print ,ng and Stationery, Queen's Road, Bombay. StNL> :- -Ltbrary attad1ed to the Oflice of the Commissioner in Sind, Karachi. H!!:I>'i.\L :-Bengal :-iecretariat Book Deput. Writers' Buildings, Room No. 1, Ground Floor, Calcutta. UNJTEJJ PrrovJ:;CEs OF MRA AND OuDH :-.Superintendent of Government Press, United Provinces of ARra and Oudh, Allahabad. PUNJAB :-Superintendent, Govemment Printing, Punjab, Lahore. BURMA :-Superintendent, Government Printing, Burma, Rangoon. CENTRAL PROVINCES ANL> BERAR :-Superintendent, Government Printing, Central Provinces Nagpur. '.\.ssAM :-Superintendent, Assam Secretariat Press, Shillong. ' BJHAn AND ORISSA :-Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar altd Orissa, P. 0. Gu!,.u·bagh Patna. NoRTH-\\TE.ST FRONTIER PROVJNC£ :-Manager, Goverument Printing and Stationery, Pe:;haw~. Thacker Spink & Co., Ltd., Calcutta and Simla. The :::\tudents Own Rook Depot, Dharwar. W. Newman & Co., Ltd., Calcutta. Shri Shankar Karnataka Pustal-"a Bhandara, Mala- 8. K. Lahiri & Co., Caleutta. 1t1udrli, Dharwar. . The Inui:m Sdwol ::;upply Dep&t, 309, Bow Bazar The English Book Depot, Ft:rozepore. Street, Calcutta. Frontier Book & Stationery Co., Rawalpindi. Butterworth & Co. (India), Ltd., Calcutta. •Hossenbhoy Lrimji anJ Sons, Karaclu. M. C. Sarcar & Sons. 15, College Square, Cal!lutta. The English Bookstall, Karachi. Stnndard Literature_ Company, Limited, Calcutta. Rose & Co., Karachi. A'~"ciation Press, Calcutta. Kealt & Co., Karachi. CLukerv~rtty, Chatterjee & Co., Ltd., 13, College Ram Chander & Sons, Ambala, Kasanli. Square, Calcutta. The Standard Bookstall, Quetta and Lahon;. The Book Company, Calcutta. U. P. Malhotra & Co., Quetta. Jan,es Murray & Co., 12, Government Place, Calcutta. J. Ray & Sons, 43 K. & L., Edwardes Road, Rawai- (For Meteorological Publications only.) pindi, Murree and Lahore. Ray, Choudhury & Co., 68-5, Asutosh Mukherji Road, '!'he Standard Book Depot, Lahore, Nainital, Calcutta. liJussoorie, Dalhousie, Ambala Cantonment and Scientific Publishing Co., 9, Taltola Lane, Calcutta. Delhi. Chatterjee & Co., 3-1, Bacharau1 Chatterjee Lane, The North India Chtistian Tract and Book Society, Calcutta. 18, Clive RoaJ, Allahabad. Standard Law Book Society, '1, Hastings Street, Ham Narain Lal, Katn., Allahabad. Calcutta. '' The Leader ", Allahabad. 'fbe Hindu Library, 3, Nandalal Mullick Lane, The Indian Army Book Depot, Dayalbagh, Agra. Calcutta. The English Book Depot, Taj Road, Agra. Kaltlala Book Depot, Ltd., J 1;, College Square, Gaya Prasad & Sons, Agra. Calcutta. Narayan & Co., Meston Road, Cawnpore. The Pioneer Book Supply Co., 20, Shih Narain Das 'rh~: Indian Army Book Depot, Jullundur City- Lane, Calcutta. Daryaganj, Delhi. P. C. Sarkar & Co., 2, Shama Charan De Street, Manager, Newal Kishore _Press, Lucknow. Calcutta. 'l'he Upper India Publishi~~g House, Ltd., Literature •Bengal Flying Club, Dum Dum Cantt. Palace, Ammuddaula Park, Lucknow. l:ali Charan & Co., Municipal Market, Calcutta. Rai Sahib M. Gulab Singh & Sons, Muftd-i-Am Press, N. M. Roy Chowdhury & Co., ll, College Sqr., Lahore ai!d. Allahabad. Calcutta. Hama Krishna & Sons, Booksellers, Anarknli, Lahore. Grautha Mandir, Cuttack. Student:> Popular Depot, Anarkali, Lahore. B. C. Bas11k, Esq., Proprietor, Albert Library, Dac(ja. The Proprietor, Punjab Sanskrit Book Depot, Higgiubothams, Madras. Saidmithn Street, Lahore. Rochouse & Sons, Madras. The Insuranoe Publicity Co., Ltd., Lahore. G. A~ Natesan & Co., Publishers, George Town, The Punjab Religious Book Society, Lahore. Madras. The Commercial Book Co., Lahore. P. Varadachary & Co., Madras. The Univl!uity Book Agency, Kachari Road, Lahore. City Book Co., Madras. Manager of the Imperial Book Depot, 63, Chandney Lnw Publishiug Co., Mylapore, Madras. Chawk Street, Delhi. · '!'.Ire Booklover's Resort, Taikad, Trivandrum, South ,J. M. Jaina & Bros., Delhi. Intlia. • Fono Book Agency, New Delhi and Simla. E. M. Gopalakrishua Kone, Pudumandapam, Madul'U Oxfor1l Book and Stationery Companv. Delhi, Lahore, Cent,al R11ok Depot, Madura. SirrJa, Meerut and Calcutta. Vijapur & Co., Vi:~agupatam. Mohanlal Dossabhai Sh~ Rajkot. 'fhackt'r c..: Co., Ltd., llombay. Supdt., American Bapli:;t Mission Press, Rangoon. D. B. Taraporevala, Sons & Co., Bombay. Burma Book Clnh, Ltrl., Rangoon. Ram Chuwira Govind & Sons, Kalbadevi Road, S. C. Talukdar, Proprietor, Students & Co., Coocb B.. ··bay. . Behar. N. 'M. Tripathi & Co., Booksellers, Princess Street, The Manager, The Indian Book Shop, Benares City. Kalhadcvi Road, Bombay. Xnndkishore & Bros., Chowk, Benares City. ~l'w :tuu ~t'condhantl .Bookshop, Kalbadevi HoH CENSUS COMMISSIONER FOR INDIA.. SWnlD, tAe 4th JuM 1933. To The Hon'ble Sir HARRY HAIG, K.C.S.I., C.I.E., I.C.S., Member of the Governor-General's Executive Cwncil, Simla. Sir, I have the Jumour to ~Ulnn·it herewith a report on the census of India taken in Felw'IJMy 1931. The reports and "tab1£s prepMed for indivUlu,al Provinces and States have already been puhlisluJd, since the necessary materwl is availiJble in detail 'JWovincW,Uy beffYre it can be oompiled jO'f the whole of India. These provincial and state oolurnes will be found to deal in particuJm' with points which ' I have bee,. abl£ amy to treat in. general, and tke method I have followed for the most part has been to examiM for myse~f the figures for I ndw as a whole and then to tum to the provincial re]XJ'fts to point a mmal or adorn the tale, but the ooncl~ formed and the opinions e3pfe8sed are my awn. This InJAa oolume OCJn8'ists of five parts, (i) my report (together ·with that of the actua.ry, Mr. L. S. Vawyanatlw.n), (ii) the stati.,tical tables for India, (iii) a collection of papers of etltn()[Jfaphical interest, (iv) the social and linguistic roops for India and the Provinces bout1~l separately and (v) an admini:strative report, the tWQ IDtter oolum&t bemg interuled primari'£y for departJmenta~ use. In s·uhm,itting it, it is my forttmlll6 duty to 'bring f0f'f114Uy to your fiOtice the able series of the 1931 Ctm~tU Reports alA-eady mentioned, which are numbered indeed after this t'Olume but have appeared before it. I have therefore Ute hortowr to reoommer&d with OO'nftdeooe to your pe'I'UIGl flOC tAil report but the other twemy-&e'001&, CJRd to be sw, J. H. HUTTON, C6IWIV8 c~ fM India. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER. IBTBODUC'l'IOJI L-DIBTBIBUTIOII AIID JIOVBMEIIT OP POPULA!'IOII- (i) Srope of the &port. -Geographical Area : Natural and political divisions ; External· population ; Area and population ; Movement ; Migration ; .' Mortality ; Economic 1 (ii) Prwincial distribution and tJt.Jriatum.-Ajmer-Merwara; Andaman and Nicobar Islands; Assam.; Baluchistan .sengal; Bihar and Orissa; Bom bay ; Burma ; the Central Provinces and Berar : Coorg ; Delhi ; Madras ; Notth-W est Frontier Province ; the Punjab : the United Provinces ; Baroda ; the Central India Agency ; Gwalior ; Hyderabad ; Jammu and Kashmir ; the Madras States Agency, Mysore ; Rajpntana ; the Western India States ; Other States (iii) The Populnlion Problem.-Nature of the problem: Rem.ediea .. 11' Subsidiary Tabl~s.-Area of India, provinces and states; Population at six censuses ; Distribution and density of population; Variation in natural popu lation ; Comparison of areas and population ; Pers&.s per house and houses " . ../per square mile; Comparison between census figures and vital statistics; ;, Reported birth-rates ; Reported death-rates ; Reported deaths from .. certain disea&·s 33 Appendix.-Population problem~ Bengal (A. E. Porter) .. 40 D.-:UBBAN AIID RURAL- • Statistic<; of urban and rural population ; Definition of urban areas ; Urhaf population : Vrban sex proportions ; Race and religion in towns ; Cities ; Selected great cities ; Rural population ; Houses and families ; Pressure of populatioh upon housing...... 44 Subsidiary l'nbles.---,:O~ribution .of the population between towns and villages ; Number per mille of each main religion who live in towns; Towns"classifi.ed by population 60 In.-BIRTB-PLACE AND MIGBATIOif- Reference to tables; Figur,es of figration; Nature of migration; Casual, periodic and temporary "injgrahon ; Semi-permanent and permanent migra tion ; Assam ; Bihar and Orissa. ; United . Provinces ; l\Iadras : Daily mig- • ration; British India and States; French and Portuguese India; Exter!llil migration ; Malaya and Ceylon ; Indians on the high seas ; Indians OV!'I'l'>eal' 62 -~ Subsidia.rrJ Tab1,•s.---Distribution 'by birth-place and place of enumeration ; Migration lft·tween Province£ and States; Variation in immigra.bt.;; from for.-ign countries ; Indians. enumerated in. Great Britain and C-olollies ; Emigrants to colonies registered at Indian ports; Actual and Natural populations 73 IV.-AGE-- The return ot age ; Mis-statements o{ age ; Preferential digits ; Formation of age groups ; PeriOilic variation ; Age distribution ; Mean age ; Expectation v ot life ; Vital statistics, Infantile and puerperal mortality & Subsidiary Tabl~.s.--Age distribution of each sex ; Age distribution of each ~~ex in ead1 main r~>i:gion: Age distriLution of each sex in certain castes; Pto portion of ehildrr:l. p~'rROns, and of tnarrit>d females, Pwportion CJf childrtn, person..;;;, and of mar:·ied femalea in certain religions; Va.riation in population at cert11in age pen·•b; Reported birth-rate l•y sex and pr.vince.. 98 4ppe1uli:c.-A Ct>ntral Provinces Centenaria.u (W. H. 8hoobert) 106 .dnne.rurle.-:-Actwirial Report .on the Age returns (L. S. Vaidyanathan) 101 Life T~bles for India anrl for pro\·ir\ces (L. S. Vaidyanathan) .. 173 V.-SEX- (i) lnterprctatk:m of tl•c Retvrtt>.----Se"t. ratio; ~Iw;culinitv and U.,.'lliae; Se.x ratio aud C'lmmunity; Reproduetive period; f", x r.:t;o by casi.e.. . 196 Jlli(.'C iii d IV CIIAPTER. 1' AGE. V.-8EX-contd. (ii) Fertility.-Fertitity stat;%h.:.~ ; Sex of tirst born : FertiEt:; awl ag·~ at marriage ~ Size of family b:· occupation ; Size of family and dw:at.ion of marriage by community; General conclugions 204 &bsidinry Tables.-General proportions of the sexes by proYinc~::; and states. Xumber of female5 per 1,000 males at different ag~-periods by main reli gions at last three cen.suses ; X umber of females per 1,000 males at different age-periods by religion; X umber of females pe:: 1,000 male; fo;: certam selected castes and tribes; X umber of deaths in each se:c at different ages in British districts in India ...... 211 VL~COHDnrrOB- Instructions to enumerators ; The statistics ; Correction of error ; Group bias ; Marriage ratios of commmunities; Marriage ratios by age ; Civil Condi tion by caste ; Interpretation of married ; klfant marriage ; Widowhood ; The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1930; Widow remarriage and divorce; Inter-caste marrin.ge : De,·adasis 215 Subsidiary Tables.-DistTibutwn by civil condition of each sex, religion and maiu ag,_; perioJ : Distribution by civil condition of each ~x at certain ages ; Distribution by main age-periods and civil condi~ion of each sex and religion ; Proportion of sexes by civil condition in the main provinces ; Distribution by civil condition of each sex at certain age~ for selected castes; Proportion of married and widowed at certain ages 239 Appendix.-Notes on marriage in the United Province.:l (A. C. Turner) 250 VU.-INFIRMITIES- Instructions to enumera.tors ; Defects of the returm ; Reference to statistics ; lll88nity ; Deaf-mutenesi! ; Blindness ; Leprosy ; Elephantiasis ; Other diseases 253 Suhs·idiary Tables.-Distribution of the infirm of each sex by age ; Number of persom affiicted at each of the last five censuses; Number affi.icted of person;; of each age-period and the ratio of fem9.les atRicted -~ 1,000 males 269 VID.-OOCUPATIOB- (i) Olassiji-Ca'ion and distribution.--Instructions to enumerators ; Workers and dependants ; Earners and workers ; Incidence of dependency ; Occupa tional classification ; Distribution of occupations, Subsidiary occupations ; Dependent occupations ; Occupation by sex ; Organized industry 273 (ii) Statist·ics of Orders and Graups.-Exploitation of vegetation; Exploita tion of minerals ; Industry ; Transport ; Trade ; Public force and ad ministration; Professions and liberal arts; Private Income and Domestic service ; Insufficiently described and Unproductive occupations 286 (\it) Occupation by Caste and Race.-Occupation and caste ; Occupation and race 295 Subsidiary Tables.-General distribution of workers at each occupation; Earners (principal occupation) and working dependants ; Earners (subsidiary occupation) ; Occupation offemales ; Selected occupations ; Occupll.tions in selected cities; Number of persons employed in the Railway Department on the 26th February 1931 ; Number of persons employed in the Inigation Department on the 26th February 1931 ; Number of persons employed in the Post Office and Telegraph Department on the 26th February 1931 ; Statistics of Factories in British India subject to the Indian FactQiies Act 305 Appendiz.-Notes on the Ages of Male Earners and Dependants (B. L. Cole) . . 321 IX.-LITERACY- Reference to statistics ; Increase since 1921 ; Distribution of literacy ; Literacy in eitics ; Female literacy ; Literacy by community ; Literacy by caste ; Literacy by age : Literacy in English ; Literacy for franchise ; Comparison with returns of the Education DeJiartm~nt ; Educated Unemployed . . . 324 Svbsidiary Tables.-Literacy by age, sex and l't'ligion ; Literacy by age, sex and locality ; Literacy by religion, sex and locality ; Literacy in English by age, sex and loeality ; Literacy by caste ; Progress of literacy since 1901 ; Number of institutions and pupils according to returns of the Education Departmen* sillre 1 901 339 v CHAPTER. P.t.GL X.-LA!IGUAGB- (i) TM Pvlurns.-Extension of language return; Subsidiary language and Oris8a boundaries ; Bilingualism ; Changes in classification ; Survi"v·al of tribal languages; Difficulties in classifying Indo-Aryan languagea ; Script 348 - (ii) LiftguUtic Pre-hi&tory.-The Brahmi alphabet; Austroasiatic; Dravidian_; Indo-European 367 SubtMiary Tables.-Distribution of the population of each aex by laDguage; Distribution by langilage of the population of each province, state or agency ; Number of persons speaking tribal languages 370 Appetuiix.-Correspondence between tile Census Commissioner for India and the CeDBU8 Superintendent of Burma regarding & new written character in llurma and Aasa.m 378 ~-RELICHOK- . (i) Religion and tlte CeMUS.-Religion; Ambiguous sects; Interpretation of Hindu; Jainism; Reforming movements; Pilgrimages; Propaganda 379, (ii) The figures.-HiAdus ; Sikhs; Jaii_!B; Buddhists ; . Zoroastrians ; Jews; Muslims; Christians; Tribal Religions;· Others; Comparative numbers., 387 (iii) General.-Hinduism in ita relation to primitive religion in India 39'J v Suhqf,diary Tables ..,.-Proportionalstrength of the main religions in each province ; Religions of urban and rural population ; Distribution of Christia~eir number and variation 418 3-CASTE. TRIBE AIID RACE--. Enumeration Of Caste and Race ; European British Subjects ; Other foreigners ; Anglo-Indians; Tribe; The retnm of caste; The tabulation of caste; '!he origin of caste ; Race - · 425 Stthsidiary Tables.-Variation in population of certain castes; Statatics of Euro- peans and Anglo-Indians; Persons born in Great Britain and Northern Ireland . . 462 APPDDICB8- I. Extef'Wr CfJBtu 471 - II. Primitive Tribes 500 IIAP8- ... (i) Colowed.-Layered map·of Iudia wfacepage 1 Linguistic map oflndia wfacepage 350 Map of India to show distribution of communities . . wjace page 38i (ii) CTncolouf'ed- Ma.p to illustrate comparative rainfalll921--30 to face page 1 Map to illustrate comparative rates of increase in popu lation . wfacepage Map to show comparative density of population to faa page '6 Map to illustrate inter-provincia] migration to face page 64: Map to illustrate deaf-muteness ~face page 258 Maps to illustrate distribution of communities to face page• 37~7 Map of Indonesia restored at the 100 fms. line t. «1 Map of migration rout«:a into India to jtMif page 460 Mapa of ancient site& ~ illustrate Chaptca VTI, X, XI, Xll 461 (iit) hsel in Text, Mapa of India to illustrate- India showing respective area.s of British territory and 8tatee I India showing •lensity by Provinces and States • Areas visited. by calamitous ftoods or locU8ta 8 Areas which suftered from famine or acarcity 8 Distnlmtion of Infant Marriage ~7 .. , Blindness ~ " " Leprosy 263 .. , Literacy 326 V1 PAGK. JIAPI.----oontd. Distribution of Austroasi.atic Languages 365 ,, ,, Dravidian Languages 365 , , Indo-Aryan Languages 367 , , Tibeto-Chinese Languages 367 , , Indo-Aryan Languages showing Outer and Inner Bands 368 PJ81JBE8 II' TBD Roughly shouldered celts 360 Shouldered copper implements and highly polished celts 361 Shouldered Iron Hoes .. 361 Shouldered celts from Assam 362 Curved celts from Malay Peninsula and Santa! Parganas 362 Shouldered hoes from .Al-Ubaid 363 Stone implement fro~ PnHfynastic Egypt 364 Script invented by Pao Chin Hao 3Tl Horns, soul-fignree of the dead 4:00 Enemy skuDa, menhir&. etc. 405 Stone memorials in water-COODie in Cha.m! 407 Skull from Adichanallur 441 Cranium from Sialkot .. 441 81..-ull from Nal 442 Pearl-Shell Crescent from llalabar Coast 446 DIAGRAMS Am GBAPBB-- Progress of cooperative movement in India 9 Belative rates of increase of population .. 32 Male and female population-urban, rural and literate 30 Growth of urban population 47 Sex proportions in towns 48 Hist~ of annual age returns in Madras 84 , , distribution in Punjab by religion 85 Age distribution in India and inN. Ireland 88 , , by quinquennial groups-two eeruruses roface page 88 , , by decennial groups-three ceruruses wface page 88 , , of provinces on lndia=100 wface page 89 Infantile Mortality per mille in British India and in Provinces .. 94,95 , , per mille of births 97 Curve of population-growth 147 Sex proportions for 50 years 196 Change in sex ratioe by communities . . " 198 Sex:proportions by communities 199 Sexes at different age-periods .. 201 Marital Condition by community and aex 223 Age pyramid by marital condition 223 Proportional distnlmtion by community and marital condition 224 ~.omparative cu..rves of infirmity 255 A@e distribution by sex of Insane .• , 257 , Deaf-mute 258. " Blind 260 " , Lepers 264 " Vll PAGL DWJRA .. A1ID GBAI'IIB--ontJ. Distribution of workers by occupation 275 Proportionate distribution of occupations 1'19 Comparative distribution of occupations in luger provincea ~ , , occupatiooa-dependent, principal and subsidiary i83 Agricultuml occupations by sex ~ Other occupations by aex 185 Growth of literacy since 1881 .. to face f111!18 Comparative litemcy of provinces , oommUDitiee " .. Change in proportion of communities tofao~ page .Age groups of Europeans born in the U. K. , , and Anglo-Indians INTRODUCTION. At the very outset of this Report I find it incumbent on me to depart from prec•.;dent and to begin with acknowledgments,_ ~ of_ all, as is fit, t.o the people of India themselves whose good sense, good mttzenshtp and general co-operation made the taking of the census possible, but mo~ of all perhaps to that great body of some two million unpaid enumerators by whom the census was actually taken and Without whom it could not have been taken, many of whom were out of pocket by the taking and many of whom carried out their work under ci~.a~ces of opposition, interference and general unpopularity. The greatest ored1t 1s due to them, and that, and a sarw,d of printed paper, is the only reward that most ~f them have had. The taking of the pecennial census in India involves the co-operation of more than one-sixth of the world's population over an area of nearly two million square miles in a combined response to organised enquiry, and the expense would be prohibitive if all the services rendered were paid. Moreover enumerators' duties were often as onerous physically as they frequently were morally. \Vhile city enumerators had generally to take larger b~ocks than usual since enumerators were harder to come by, those in rural areas often had to cover long dista.nces; in Baluchistan the average enumerator had a block of 836 square miles (in the tribal areas 1,460) in which to find his fifty houses, as a 'village' was often a moving encampment of two or three tents with an average area of 36 square miles to itself. Acknowledgments are_ due likewise to the other links in the chain of organisation. Supervisors, Charge Superintendents, District Census Officers, District Magistrates are all part of the necessary machinery and no whit less essential than the enumerator, and in their case the census came as an extra--a piece of gratuitous and troublesome overtime work added to their usual duties in many places already onerous and trying above the ordinary by reason of political v', agitation. For this census like that of 1921 had the misfortune to coincide with a wave of non-co-operation, and the march of Mr. Gandhi and his oontrabandiatas to invest the salt-pans of Dharasana synchronized with the opening of census operations. The blessing which he gave to the census at the last minute in 1921 was this time wanting, and, though he himself is not known to have issued any advice to boycott the census, it seemed good to some other Congress leaders to do so. as, although they do not seem to have regarded a census as objectionable in itself, the opportunity for harassing government seemed too good to be missed, and January lith, 1931, was notified by the Congress Committee to be observed· as Census Boycott Sunday. This boycott was not, however, taken up with any real enthusiasm and, except in the Gujarat cities of Ahmadabad, Broach and Surat and some smaller municipalities like Ghatkopar and Villaparle, had very little ultimate efiect on the taking of the census ; but the petty annoyances, resignations and interferences with the preparations for final enumeration very greatly increased the work, the responsibilities and the anxieties of local officers in charge of census work, including as they did not only revenue officers of all grades and . village schoolmasters but police, magistrates, paid and honorary, railway offimals, forest officers, port officers, ministerial officers in government offict:~J, munieipal officers and many others. On the other hand no less trouble was ca~sE:'d in some places by au excess of the zeal on the part of all parties to regtst-t•r as many adherents as possible in view of the possibility of a communal _f{imchise based on the ('ellSU::l returns. This was particularlv the case in tlJc l'm1jab. where the exterior castes, badgered first by one party then by a~wther to return themselves as Sikh~, Hindus or Muilims as the case might be, la Ldled themsdn~s Ad_ Dhanni, or adherent.-:; of the original rel4,rion, and so added ·to i be nnmbt~r of rdigwn~ ~etw:ned in the. census sc~edules. So high did feeling rnn un•r the r~turu ?f rehgwn m the PunJab that di'5fUtes as to whether a man w;,, _\,} Dhanm or ~ikh led to a number of aftravs and ~t least ro one homicide. J'ditics wen· als~ troublesom•' in the border:., of Orissa where a pan-Oriya i rr.:·agaudd, carnt:d on _tv a11 ~.xtent calculated to frustrate its own purposes, ~.ng··Ld.• rt-d a eorn·s1 (•lllhng ~-o~mter-propagandA, all detrimental to census taking. :-sr,.,~·lal lt:t. Bengal, Bil_lar an~ Orissa and the Central ~'ro~·inees. Other pr~vinces experit>neetl ~..- the usual difficulties that attend census takmg m India. In one the Bhilc; for in,;:tance would not have their houses numbPred on superstitions grounds, while in Burma householders objected on artistic grounds. In the Shan States the thirtP(•nth and . ~ast survivor of a pre-annex.atio_n raid_ happened t{) occupy the thirtf-·'nth lwuse m a b~ock. As ~he enum~rator lllconstdera~ely rehl:c;ed t{) re-arrange th"C· muul·~rs, he dectded that his was up mdeed, went forth mto the JUngle and comntitt~'>d h~1rahri. In less law-? biding places the disp~tion was r~ther towards disembowelling the enumerator than the enumerated, while t.he·effacmg of ceru;us numbers was a minor •./difficulty that was particularly troublesome in 1931. Here and there wild beasts interfered instead of wild men, and the· Administrator of Bastar State. when inspecting census wor~ on the ni~ht. itself, was attacked by ~ tiger, which ·sprang oiPto the bonnet of his car, but tindtng the pace and the radiator too hot for him -!_ailed to make an end either of the inspector or his inspection. Difficulties notwithstanding, the census was taken at the appoint€-d time and a complete return was received from all places ttxcept Ahmadabad in Gujarat. The returns for some other towns in Gujarat, e.g., Broach and Surat, were probablv defective, but, as received from the municipalities concerned, were ostensibly correct. In the case of Ahmadabad the censu~ was not completed and the number actually enumerated was estimated t.o be some seventy-five t.o seventy-six thc>usand short of th~ real total; according to the census since taken by the Ahmd.dabad Municipality itself the deficiency was nearly the double of my estimate. In Burma a rebellion broke out between the preliminary and the final enumeration. It interfered with t~ latter in at least ont: district but with the former hardly at all. In the Census Abstract published for Parliament I b~esJ. my estimates of tlie error caused in the census enumeration by Congress activities un the very cal"efully estimated error worked out by the Census Superintendent of Bombay for that province which came to ·04 per cent.; this I doubled for the whole of India arriving at a maximum deficiency of · 085 per cent. in the Indian figures. If the Ahmadabad Municipality return be accepted and the deficiency be re-calculated accordingly the error still works oo.t at only ·l per cent. for the total population of India. This of course refers to any: deficiency caused by the clash of politics with the census. Other ina~curacies, whatever the amount, are likely td be fair~ constant from census to censu.s ; the error in the numerical count has been put at a maximum of one per mille and is probably less. The Census Commissioner in 1921 estimated the percentage of error in recording sex and religion at about one per cent.; I doubt myself if it is nearly as high as thi:;, but otherwise his estimates probably hold good of this census also. Owing. to the Sarda Act however there has been a definite decrease of accuracy in the record of civil condition, and I estimate the error in this r68pect to be not less than ·5per cent. an~ proD"ably higher. Fortunately it seems possible to allocate with safety at least the greater part of this error to deliberately i.naccurate returns of 'unmarried' instead of 'married' for girls married during 1931 in contravention of the age-limits imposed by the Marriage Restraint Act. Error in classification aft-er the return has been made is quite a diffe_rent thing from error in record and it is extremely difficult to form any' estimate of its extent. The ·entries in the schedules are copied on to slips, omitting the block, circle and charge numbers and of course the personal names, and are then sorted into sets of labelled pigeon-holes and counted for the figures which constitute the tables_. Difi~rent coloJ.rs are used for dii'terent religions_ and e.ach slip is s~mped or pnnted '_Vlt~ a svmbol to denote sex. These svmbols m 1931 were amphfied by hand to s1gnily civil condition. It was found quicker to add to the symbol than to have previoll:"ly marked svmbols from which the correet one had to be selected, a course wh1ch inYolved ·a choice of six according t{) sex and civil condition for each indh·idual slip. Probably also the practic-e of altering by hand involves less error tl11m that of selection when the tendency. will_be for the copyist, who must turn out a minimum number of slips and is paid in Part at any rate by outturn, to fill up the wrong slip r.1.ther than to waste time by changing it when "'!0~1gly s~lecte~. In any case there is room for error in slip copying and for error agnm m· sortmg, t:nough careful supervision at both stages may .keep it dO'_Vll to a verr small :ma!gm.' A c-ertain difficulty and ;momaly was also mtroduced mto ta1ulatwu h• tlle.r~ct ::~t the Burma figure~ were tabulated ou a difierent system from tlut followettl!l _In.:ii~ · ;1roper. The metLod of tabulating by religion has neve~ been fouu~ Ytr_v _smrahle Ul Burma and on this occasion was abandoned for tabulat10n by race m th·~ mterests O."TBODUCTIOl'f. of that prm-inc.e, but at the cost of some inooruristencies in the presentation of the India figures. This digres.<'~ion on error ha.s led me aside before maJ?ng ~y acknow:I~uments t.o the census officers of pro,;nc:es and stat€8. of whom a l_Ist will be found m l hap~.er I. It geemed to me that their work as a whole was adnurable. Several had speeial diffi.f'Ultie9 Captain Ma11am in the North-West Frontie(.ProYince.. .Mr. Turner in the l~nited Provinces, Mr. Porter in Bengal and Mr. Shoobert m the Central Provinces all experienced difficulties in organising their enumeration on account of political agitation : and Khan Sahib A.bmad Hasan Khan in the Punjab had his trouble when the actual enumeration took place ; even in Delhi his enumerators found their house numbers obliterated and their movements obstructed. ~1r. Dracup in Bombay had to contend with the most difficult and troublesome situations of all on aee.ount of the anti-census campaign in Gujarat. Bombay has a bad reputation for bre.akiug the health of her Census Supe~ntendents. The first Superinte11dent in 1911 broke down after the enumeration was over and the early death of tht• 1921 Superintendent mUBt be imputed at an; rate in part _fo ~he strain of that census. Mr. Dracup managed to carry on t1ll the compilation was almost fini~hed and his reports begun (for the Bombay post involved writing two additional reports, one for the Western India States Agency, the other for the Bombav Cities), hut his health could not stand it; he ~uffered the chagrin of being bl' whi('h has admitted )f dosin2 dow!1 the department soru,· seven months earlier than u.-'l,: l. and for cutting down their t>Stimates to the finest possible ma.rgin compatible wit:J reasonablP Pffic:::ncy. The work of a provincial census officer in India, e;i\ q••I'C against time. agaill.8t exrenditure, and without holidays, is far from the 1 1···: ,~mt occupation which it.-:; interest would make it were the need for speed and 1 r·~·r,~ ;: :p;;;~;~::~~re has been no falling off in the qdilty of the n-ports which well maintain the high standard set by past series. The Andtmans and ~icobars Rc·p•Jrt reflects Mr. Bonington's lifelong acquaintance with the forests of those islands and their shy, little-known inhabitants ; Colonel Cole brought to the Hajputana volume a knowledge of the Rajput.s and their clans acquired not only re~imentally but in the f'Ourse of several years as Recruiting Offic.er for Rajput battalions: he also showPd a commendable despakh and but for his press would ha \·e finished even earlier than he did. The other authors af British India Reports arl' all executive officers in the Imperial or Provincial services and the outlook of thP settlement officer is conspicuous among them throughm'tt the series, from .Mr. :Mullan's lively volume on Assam (also one of the first to be published) to :Mr. Turner's exceptionally fUll and detailed report on the Vnited Provinces. Their Ren~ral qualities may frequently be inferred from the excerpts given freely in this volume, and where all have reached a high standard it would seem invidious to discriminate. The reports of :Messrs. Bonington, Shoobert and Lacey all contain interesting ethnographical material ; l\ir. Yeatts' particularly well written volume is 11oticeable for his treatment of infirmities, and l\Ir. Porter's for a new attack upon the population prohlem and for an interesting account of the processes of c.ertain decaying rural industries. In Burma and in Bombay ~Iessrs. Bennison and Sorley have brought to the census the expe!ience gaitH'd in the study of social and economic quPstious, and Khan Sahib Ahmad Hasan Khan has opened the volume on Delhi, new to the series. with a conspectus of-the capital's historic past.. Among the States and Agencies the Rajputana volume has already been mentioned, as also l\Iessrs. Dracup and Sorley's on the Western India States, another new addition to the serit•s, while il.l.r. Venkatachar has filled in somewhat of a hiatus in the census account~ of the peninsula with his exceptionally interesting report on Central India. The States that contribute separate volumes pay independently for their own operations and the total cost of their census. Owing to this fact I was fortunate enough to be spared the unpleasant task of reducing budgets, but the exigencies of the India work compelled me in some cases to keep hurrying theii Census. Commissioners during the compilation stage, and my acknowledgments are due to the latter no less than to the Census Superintendents in British India for their efforts to comply with an impatience which they may well have regarded as untintely, and which must certainly have been inconvenient at any rate to Rai Bahatlur Anant Ram in Kashmir, who had tO finish off his census at a time of political and economic disturbance with a depleted and inadequate staff. Of the other states· C'emms Commissioners ~[r. Ghulam Ahmed Khan in Hyderahad ~d Mr. Rang Lal in Gwalior have approached their subject from the administrative · poi?ts of \·iew like most of the C'Pnsus Superintendents in British India, 1\lr. Khan ~nc1dentally adding to our knowledge of the Chenchus, while )lr. Venkatesa Iyen~ar m Mysore has given another detailed account of processes of declining industries. :Mr .. bankara 1fenon in Cochin has written a thoughtful report as an educationisl-, a calling unrepresented in the British series. In Travancore Dr. Pillai has to his cr«:dit an admirably produced report embodying not only a brief economic survey o~ the st~te. ~ut a g?od deal of fresh information as to the vaniBhing tribes and d1sappearmg mdustnes of a state which is so advaneed that he was able to make a usdul t>xpr~iment i? compilation by the employment, as in Cochin, of women as sorters and shp-copYJSts. and verv efficient they proved. The outstanding report among the s~t~s is again that of :J"rr. Jlukerjea on Baroda who is to be congratulated n the inconwnience cau!'ed by repeated calls for fresh proofs of altered tablt>s. whiJ, I haw to thank )Jr. Carter of the Gonrnment of India Press in Delhi as well as Mr. Golder for much wry useful advice and assistance. To Colonel A. J. H. Rns"-ell: thtn Public Health Commissioner, I o"·e the diaarams of vital statistics and information on sewral points in Chapter YII. To seve;al others, to more indeed than I can mention here. I owe ?.cknowledgments of some kind for advice. i1iformarion or eritici-:m. )Jr. L. S. Yaidyanathan of the Oriental Gowrnmrnt SeL·uritv Life Assura_nce Co~pa~y, ·Bombay,. who has contributed the most compreh~nsiw actuanal exammatwn of the Ind1an aQ"e returns yet attempted and the life tablt's based on them, Dr. B.S. Gnha of the Anthropological Branch of the Zooloo·ical SunYr of India, who carr-ied out for this census a detailed anthropometricalsurv~v of certaii1 castes an? !ribes and who has contributed his valuable analysis of theh physical charactenstics to the volume of ethnographical appendices, Colonel R. B. Seymour fewell, Director of the same Department. Rai Bahadur Ramaprasad Chand·a and Mr. E. J. H. ~lackay, both of the Archa=-ological Survey, han· all helperlme with information and ~riendly critjcism a~d to Dr. G~a again I o•;·e the d.rawings of the Bayana, Smlkot and .Nal cra.ma that appear m Chapter XII. Mr. Yeatts has addEd to my obligation to him by his assistance in proof rt>ading. My final but far from least weighty acknowledgments are due first to my own office, to whose ungrudging co-operation is due the early completion of the report. particularl.\ to the Superintendent l\Ir. A. R. Chitnis. to whose statistical eA."Peiience and careful scrutiny of figures must be attributed whateYer degree of accuracy their presentation here can claim, t{) the head compiler. :\Ir. F. E. Wright and his second l\Ir. :Mulherkar, who are primatily responsible for the compilation of Part II; and then to m~- predecessors, to Sir Edward Gait in particular, whose work in previous decades has done so much to simplify nrine in this. The conceptjon of the sorial maps was due to a scht'me for a population map of India eYolved by Colonel Tandy in 1921 and here modified and adapted to suit &mall scale maps and a high density of population; the idea of the linguistic maps and the record of bilingualism first oenured to me in the course of correspondence with Colonel T. C. Hodson. now Wyse Professor of Anthropology in Cambridge. The German anthropologist, Baron Yon Eicksteclt, suggested a series of maps which would show the population of each village by caste and religion in coloured points of Yarying sh~pe and size. Tr.t· s~-sttm i:::- an afl.mirable one which would if applied to India give a m·~t valuable and interesting l'ecorcl, but the cost of producing series of maps·on the large scale necessary to show every village with its inhabitants by castes or tribes was in itself c•b\iously prohibitiYe, apart hom the time and labour involved in compiling the statistics of caste by \illages. A word of apology is due on the contents of this report. The opp(lrtunities of a census of Inctia come if at all but once to most of us, and I am only too conscious of opport.lmitv nef.J'lected. for I haw left undone that which I ought to have done and I have done 'much less than I should like to haYe done. Res angusta cit.·itatis is my defence ; I should be the first to admit it inadequate, but the imperati•·e necessity for a 1-jgid economy made any departure from and still more au}~ enlarge men~ of the kno~n and familiar paths dangerous as well as extremely difficult. As It \.-as, some of the material actuallv collected in the enumeration schedules had to be left 1.mcopied and unsorted as a.· measure of retrenchment, and the industrial statistics of 1921 were not attempted; a tally of horsepower. handlooms and mechanical shuttles is hardly a legitim.. ~te part of a popu!ation census in any ca~e. and t.he statistics can be just as well colle~ted at_another time by the DelJ<~rtmeD~ uf Industnes and labour b,- means of the cuculatwn of forms unsynchrom::-ed mth the census schedules. Ail a.ttemrt to collect a return of the educated unemployed ~n separate schedule!' was a fiasco, as though large numbers of the schedule;.. were J<:sueLl n'ry few were n:cci,ed back: the reasons giwn are Yarious but apath~ was pro~al·ly the prevailing oPe. Such as the~· are, both the_ reasons for the fm~ure and tht.· t_gures obtained will Le fOlmd recorded m Chapter IX. The returns of age are probably more accurate than ewr before, thanks to the methoJ of treating the figmes adYocated bv )h. H. G."-· )Ie1kle, as a result of his actuarial examination of the 1921 returns. and: adopted for the first t;J»~ in 1931_. . On the other ha~d the figmes of urba11. popuh:.tioll in Gujarat and of cn;.l cont.l1~10n mn~t be admitted to Le below the previous standard of acc-uracy, a degen~ra.t.wn ~ue m the ~ne case to l ougress actiYities and in the other primarily to the mdirect m~uem:e ot the Sarda Act, but . also pe1haps ;n some degree to the wr-y same change m the metlod oi .:::o1tmg and DITBODUUl"ION. compiling which ha<; BO much improved the return of age unqualified bv ot.her factQrs. In any case the treatment of sociological features of the population of India is much prejudiced by the absence of any general or compulsory rPgistration of births! deaths or ~es ; . an .absence which woD:~d go tar to nullirr social leguda.tion such as that Implied m the Sa.rda Act ,Itself, and to which attention was drawn by the Age of Consent Committee. The difficulties of introducing compulsory registration are no doubt great, but it is not easy to see how sociallegtslation can be really effective without it. Nevertheless some attempt has been made at this c.ensus to collect figures for the fertility of females of different social standing and of various occupatioll8 in the hope of throwing some much needed light on the rate of reproduction in India. These are censorious days and there were not wanting articles in newspapers of the baser aort to suggest that the figures of fertility were being collected with a view to defaming the people of India. lt is possible therefore that critiC8 may be found who ·will conceive that they detect in Chtt.pters III to VI, or elsewhere in this rePQrt, the cloven slota of a considered cloacinity. It is of course impossible to dlilcuss the growth of population withvut any reference to its health. Those determined to see ill motives will be deterred bv no denials, but to those who are not I would offer an 888urance (whi('h I hope.is uot needed) that nothing has been set down in malice. ln the first five ehapters, exc.ept for a page or two on the population problem, I have allowed myself to depart as Little as possible from the statistics to be examined (no haunts for Apollo here) ; in Chapter VI the social movements and legislation of the decade have called for a short digression before returning to the figures in C'hapters VII, VIII and IX. In the last three Chapters I have frankly permitted myself, aftn examining the. rPlative figures, to venture aside to a more speculative treatment of race and religion. What was for long the orthodox view of the history of race and culture iri India w~ brilliantly propounded by Sir Herbert Risley in the Census Report of 1901; the work that has· been done since makes it probable that there has been a far greater degree of continuity in the pre-historr of India than was then supposed, and certain that India was not characterised, as Sir Herbert believed, by racial or cultural isolation. Much work has to be done before any views on these subjects can claim finality, but certain hypotheses may fairly be advanced on the material a<:eumulated since th~t census. With the exceptions mentioned I have stayed by my statistics, a valley of dry bones it may be, very far from Helicon, and I no Ezekiel to clothe them with flesh, content if I have played the part of Joab to hope that I may at least escape the unhappy recompense meted out to that early numberer of peoples. At any rate 1 have made no naughty omission of Levi and Benjamin on purpoee, and if some of the tale have gone untold they must be few indeed when the increase alone since 1921 numbers nearly thirty four millions. For the Father of History is proved right again. 'Ivoruv ·st: .,x~ecx, he said near twenty-four hundred years ago, '77'A€LaTC)v eaTt 71'aJITWv Tr,;,JI i,/ML<; iSp.& av0pWr(A)v a.nd this census hu justified him indeed, for it can· be once more statEd with some oo~ence that 'of all the natioris that we know it is India has the largest populatioQ .'. . &tniG, J. H. HOTroN. June 4th, 19.33. APPENDIX I. ~ Exterior Castes. N.B.-No aUempt lw11 been m.ade here to deal with events that have taken pla« ainae 1931. This tenD. for the Hindu castes liitherto known as ' 4 depressed " wae originally suggested by the CeD.BWI Superintendent for Assam and baa been adopted in thia report aa the most Mtis!;wtory alternative to the unfortunate and depressing label "depressed class ••. It has been criticised a.a being the Mme tt·rm as • outcaate' only 9f five instead of two ~tyllablea, and it must be admitW tha.li ' exwrior ' is but old ' out • writ large.. Ali the same time it ia here 1mbmitted • that outcast.e, witb an e, hu not u.nnatura.lly attracted to ita connotation the implicatiollll of the quite d.ifierently derived outcast. with no e. Ou'Waate correctly interpreted seems to mean no more than one who is outaide the caste system and is therefore not admitted to Hind11 society, but since in practice the exterior castes also contained those who had been ca.st out from the Hindu social body lor some breach of ca.ste rules ' outcaste • and ' outcast ' were io. 110me rJl8ea synonymoUB and the derogatory implications of obliquity attaching to the latter term have unjustly coloured the former, a taint which ia not conveyed by the substitution of the word ' exterior ', which may connote exclusion but not extrusion. The inatructioM of the Government of India for the taking of this census concluded with the following enjoinder :~ . " The Government of India also desire that attention should be paid to the collection of inJormation conducive to a. better knowledge of the backward and depressed classes and of the problem involved in their present and future welfare." In that connt>Ction the following instructions were issued to the various Superintendenta of Census Operations in India :- 14 For this purpose it will be necessary to have a list of castes to be included in depressed claHBee and aU provinces are asked to frame a list applicable to the province. There are very great difficulties in framing a list of this kind and there are insuperl able difficult.ieJO iu framing a list of deptessed claAAes which will be applicable to India as a whole." · 4 subsequent inatrut'tion ran 8.8 follows :- •• I have exl'lainl'd deprl".x!!Cd casteB &S castes, contact with whom entails purification on the part of high caste Hindus. It is not intended that the term should have any rt>ference to occupation 88 such but to those castes which by reason of their traditional position in Hindu soci£>ty are denied access to templea, for instance, or have to u.-;e separate wells or are not allowed to sit inBide a school houae but have to remain outside o-r which sufftJr similar social disabilities. These dik!11hilitics vary in different parts of Iudia being much more severe in the aouth of lnJia than elsewhl're. At tlw same time the. castes which belong to this clo.ss are ~enerutly known and can in mo.-;t parts of India be listed for a definite area, though perhaps the lista for India&~; s whole will ntit coincide." ThE' question of the preparation of lli;te {tJr each province was discUl!Sed at a meeting of the 8uft'riutendE>nta t>f Ccnsm Opemt.ions in January 1\:131 before the census took place. It was agrtJed that t'ac·h provinct: should make a lht of CRstes who 8Ufiered disability on acc-ount of their low sooil'-1 pOt!it.ion aud on ac.count ol bt~ing debarred from temples, schools or wells. No sp~ifio d"tiniti(•n of depressed eastos was framed and no more precise instructions were i~ued to the ..Su~rinterulcuts of ~wmg Operntiollil, beca.uae it wna realiBed that conditions V&Uied liD much from provinee to provinc>.e and lrom district to district, even. within some Jlrovinoes. t},at it would be uuwise to tie down the Superin.teudents of Census. Opera.tioD.B with tao meticulous inJStructions. ':the general method of procceJing presorihed wa.s that of looal enquiry i11to what castes were held to be deprel::l8ed and why a.nd the framing of a lis~ accordingly. It wa.a dt;:t:.i.tled th"t M118lints and Chriatiana :;hould be ncluded from the term '"depressed class" and that., generally l'opPaking, hillandforest tribes, who had not become Hindu but whose religion wa.s returned lUI 'l'ribal, 5hould &lao be t-~duded and in the numbers of the ex~rior ra4~s given below thtt,se principks h&ve been followed. A note on the depressed and ba<~kward cla~s in As~aru suLmitt,l'd to the Franchille Committ~s by the Supl'riutendent of Census Opere.tiows for tha.t. province affords a very clear example o{ the way in which the.'!e principles were intend('d to be applied and have been applied by Superintendents o£ CeusUB Operations, and ~n,exttact from it js given towards the end of this appendix.. ,~ '71 A.PPE:NOIX I. 472 . li · al JII'IUOM it ia obvioualy ~ to 1 now the number of the~~~ Booth for~ and po tll' h 1 b t a leo in dit!enot provinOPa. Tb~ natt~ U. of import dullee raoi only m India u a w lo .• ~li'Hf!nt.atiou in the body pul.it~ but aoo .-ith refe~nce uoe DOL only nth refe~noe ::~leU' :w..U. .,U.irig t.hflm froiD their }'ftlllent ~kward poei to any eoci&l work thlat • ton~~.rt~hi:O:..ith that of more adnnoed eocU.I group&. tioa to one more near 1 oomr-- . • • , . . . 1921 (C•W!IUB or Indl&, ~ olume I. p.u1. I, para~rt.pb 19.1) gave The ~[lfltl8 Co~.ooer lD ben of the J){oprt"Mt-d c~a..r~ ill v-a.rioue pru,·itl(~Pa, makin~~ .. _.. be deer.nbt-1 u .....-m.- num I · · d - .._. · Tbie fi be etatea, must. be tak(lln u • ow 4"!>tlrna~. 1m~'e 1t '* no' ~total of 52,6t(),~. ah wd ~ bet·n iJwludl-d, aod be .,.-... •• We n~y t The definition to be need in anivins a& \he ftg_ure of Drp~ ClaaeN i8 a vny iliflka.lt matter. The followillg poeai ble teste &nJ to be OOOSI~ :- ./ (1) Whether the caste or elaee in que~rtion can be .-rved by cl...an Bra}.liD&DI or n~. (2) Whether the caate ot claHa ia quNtio~ t'aQ be eent'd by the b.ii.d:M"n. ...-flt.Pr•auiell, J t&ilora, etc., wno eerve the eMte HinJua.. {3) Whether the caste in quE:Btioll polluu-e a bigb u&t~ llin•lu by eon~.d or br proximity. (4) nether the taate or cl&ll in quectiOil ia one from .-boee ha.r~<1s a ~.e llindu oaa '-ake water. (5) Whether the CMte or clue in quefi.ion il d.-barred frum osin~ puhli<: eoc.1·~~noe1, eucllu, roads. ferriea, •ella or ..:hool.. (6) '\The\.ber the C&llt.e -or c:Ja. in qUrt'll&.ioo is dtob.ntd from tbe 081!1 ol U:nJa. ~mpJs. m "ftbetbs iD. ordinary IOcia1 intelroune • ..-~u ~ueak-d Dlo"mbH or the ea.-«4!1 Of clall iD queAion will be UeaMd Mao equal by high taste~ lll Lhe aame ~~tiooal qualifiem.W... (8) W\ec.her $be cute or c:Ia.'in quftllt.ion il IDl"~ly dt-p~ on ~un& of ... ~ ~ l1fu.enq or poverty and but for tb.C wouf to t.he positi.on common in Bengalm which peMons of certain C8f!te8 may not draw water them~ r~elves but mullt await someone of a clean ca11te who draws water for them at the well. The question of schools is another very real problem for the exterior CMtes, since in many parta of India. if they sit inside the ecbool they would be made to snfler in some other way by the higher cast.es using the school, and whel't'.aa the acquisition of reading and writing at leaat may be taken for granted in the case of the children of any Brahman, and of other castes 88 well. it is an excep tion in the CBBe of the exterior ca.steiJ, the presence of whose children is disliked in the 8Chool by their social superiors and whose children, if tl1P-y:rea.d at all, ml18t sit outside in the sun and dU!It. (It is oft.en argued that unt.ouchahility is merely· dep<>ndent on the occupation, so that &n ·unt.ouchable penon or caste abandoning an unclean oooupation becomes touchable. This may be true in a. literal sense, but it is not true morally, since members of exterior ca'Jtes who may have abandoned their traditional calling for two or three genera.t~ona are still liable to be treated as outsine the pale of deoent society, and their presence is apt to be regarded && an ofience by membem of interior c&.stes, while they would not be ordinarily admitted to social functions on a footing of equality:) For purposes therefore of deciding what persons are to be included in the numbers of the extf'rior castes it has been necessary for each province to deal with the problem in its own way and to pTol'iuC',e its own list. It ia not possible to say generally that su<:h and such a caste is exterior to Hindu society and to apply that dictum to the wholeoflndia. It ma.y be p088ibleto do so in the case of certo.io castPS, such as those of Dom and Bhangi, but it certainly is not the case that a caste which is depressed in one part of India is depressed everywhere. CoDBequently ,each prorincial superintendent has bad to draw up his own li ~U.til<4. Quote. 87 A.heri :.'i4 lla.rri lUi I llalaa 6, 7!14 S.•bili II ~ 7~ BuP 8,1iCI ' J-:banci 16.114 1. Aj_.,-·JlfflMn~.-Theotr~e 6,_::1n··~ (76,816J n ...... 67 • I:lahlal' diftt\f bv 81 froro the tut41 founJ in PrrwinditJ 1,681l Dlwlak Tahlf' ii for the provinl'lft •h,.~ the t.Qta.l of G.NCM. 48 Glle.DcM (19 '[)top~ C11LIW'A appeera M 76,733. This &mailer lU!l-11& s·•s tigure ia due to the omiM.rnn froiD the Provincial ~.5 Ka.nja.r Table of the numbers o{ 80 &gri• and one S&nsi. Kt...DPr t Kachbuld .... (total 81) wh~ reli~dt•n was dubio11.&ly ~turned 3l Jb.bar ILl •• tribal". )L¢nl 10 !...-...... •• 618 Raipr !1,8111 Ra..J HI·~ ' ~ ~ i6J 8atia •• 4111671 J Thori T~ _:. Total . 7UUI 2. AMa.a" l.Jand....-'So f':lturn was maJe b~ the ~nsua Su(Jf'rintendent allil tbellf' fi~ (Jl:?) h&ve beu extract~ bv nu! from hiA t~l.it.._ u repreet"nt~ CAStes un.:.ttli\·oc:llly d••pf'e\~ 1 611 } . p,..w ~ !.~ lia-wa .. 1i!J,511f ]4Sol,ll7t J..U.-. .Ka.ilartta •• 3. Hef@ it .-ill~ r~tcetl th11t the lu.t T.--~woUeC!UCm UJl..)l! ,A,_,,. __ Ot~ (t f. &lucJ.iBta~a,-()f thiR total c•f t\,i22, ouly 20 ' 7 Dbobi •• 7-49 llochi ·.• 3'-i!J . .. Nu l!!.i • .Kumd 109 Lbirpeuthi M 1 Kurnhv '11 G~.a ~ .Ju.l&hoa 31 Kohli .• 28 Teli TaW fi.7.22 21 Total •. 1,62& EXTERIOR CASTES. Caste. l'opuln.tion. ti. Be11gal.- Of this total of 6,930,631, 30,822 Bbuinmali 72,804 Are fmmd in the BengRl States, leaving 6,89.9,809 in British diRtricts. Here again a number of Dom •• 140,007 namf'& have lK'-en added by the Local Government, Halalkhor N76· aome of "'hich are also regarded as Exterior by Hari , . 132,:1?3 the CenBus Superiniendent. Moat of theA(' a:re Kavru lCJT.~ primitive t ribea whose names I have rejected for that K.i!'!hak 2 rMRiln. 'Ihf'se tribE:a are ma.tkoo with an asterisk, Lalbttgi 4,f!65 a.nd it must, of course, be borne in mllia that rua.ny Moo tor 23,278 of thf>m a:re adually in the process of being trans }hgdi 987,fi'i() formed into e~i.erior castes of Hinduism, if they Ee.b<'lll~ 4,-wa have not already become so. Of the others not Eo uri 331,2:!8 so maJ·ked some are admittedly doubtful and their P.h11iya 4<1,37(1 inclusion M exterior castes might be justified ; others on the contrary appear to me to be such :Bind 11),518 tha.t tl1eir inclusion would be entirely unjustified, Rinjhia. 3l7 e.g., Khandait, while Suklis have definitely pro ('hamar 15-t'l,458 tested against their inclusion, and the attitude of Dbennar « the Rajballbis has been equivocal. It is unner Db obi 2.21'1,673 stood that the Local Gove:r;nment are also including Doai •• t;Hoo Kurmis in their list of Depressed ClafiBes, but I do Dot!ll!ll1 36,420 not my!Wlf regard this as even a doubtful case. Cba.lli 5,312. They will not be found in this list. Thea.dditiona.l :Kadar ],078 na.mea in the Local Government's liBt are- Kan •• 06 •Agaria. 230 Ka.nwftr 133 •ABu.. Kotal 7,651 •.Bhumij Lobar 60,167 Mal •• 111,167 •Birhor Mo.llah. 26,252 *Ga.ro 37,9(1\} Muchi il4,!l19 *Ha.di 14,334 Musahar 11.714 •Haja.ng 19,693 Naiya 40 Namaaudr& 2,~14,9&7 *Ho .. ~ 23 Pal~>iya. 43,160 *Kanda 1,525 p,q,n ,. UM Kaatha 2,601 PRsi .• J8,P26 *lt&ur Patni 441, 760i 1,781 l'c.d •• 1\tl-:',731 *Khaira 38,287 J>u,alnl :U,2.'ia Kh&nda.it 35,080 lta.jwu 21,337 Snnrt 76,920 *KochA 8l,.2:J9 Ti.yar "6.413 *Koda (Kor&) •• 46,789 Turi •. 16,19? BILiti •• 8.SS8 Koiri 16,021 Erodl)11 .. ... 7,2-141 *Korwl. Fddu.r 3,1~ Loo.lha 11,001 ll~:-rua !167 :Sb$tiya ~!ahli 16.262 ]Jolllki 6.oa11 •M:n.~p&haN 1J,782 (ionrht .. 5,H"' J.,Ha. Kall.. uHa ast.u72 •Mrell 4,8'7& Jtwlu, Malo .' 198,0\l'ot linl,.,.e.r . .. 1),.63) • •Munda. 63,107 Kaudm 4,'124 .. •Na~ua Kapn.li lM,~ 2,osa Ka.Jlul·ia. 176 Nmii:ya !8,100 1\a~J>!!~> i.SM KL~~otik l,M1 "'Oraon 136,427 '1\.cmai 41,0.:>8 Mahar 1.1186 .. •• 2,078 JSn~ar 16,164 .R&j_ba.~bi ... 1,806,3~ Nat •• '1,~ lb.j'll •• .. ~.na *Sa.Iit&l (33.~ ~u~ogitd~ .. •• a.-.. &Mi 3,860 Total 6,93(),631 Tipara •• 196,85.> 476 .lPPE!\lliJ: I. laLoon. fi. RJ.ar a I'll ~sa.-Thia tot a.) (i),376,2il7) ('.ute. roj.u 31-4.!!7\1 e~dudtoa tho figunl8 of Raj\l:ar (133,93/'i) which !lA uri tlfl.fl,'.. ha vt~ btwn i111 ludl'd by t.he Ct>nsnA Rtl{\Atint.••nt!t~ut ~h(lj.'l& &.! l,tlt\2 }ihu·,,. gi\'t'8 eltlMe& ~titi.41 ... who the f,,,t~J number of bitt Ol'J'r'l'AAI'd ()ta,I~Uj l,!lit\.tli'll !48 6,rHO,l!l:!. The figure that ap1wars ltowtw••r iu nu.. nar p,... ,..J :t, ;;t7 his provincial tab:e lias 6,4(19,3:17 of which 6Ht,:!G6 lJi,.,bJ ~14.:.!:.!1 li!IW.~44ll appear in tht~11tnW.. the remainJt\r, ~hat ia!:i.760,1171t I '0111 •• l ... 1.!.'\lll,ll:lll bt-ing in Brit.iilh tt•rrit.ory, a figure htt.le hi!(hor tLnn -n. 71\,1'1711 hhul that J'Mch,•d by me after exolndi..ug Rajwara, t;hlllllln& ,,1148 1,11.'13 (".odra and differing from his rcpurt total on ~'('Oilllt of (,n.l:h& 4)\.11~'! aome omi.Miona in the provinf'i,.l taLh 'l'he "..AM ttl, 74i .Halaik.bte of t.he Rajwara iu RihM lef>ma to me to h~ opt•n to lbli .• U5,4H3 lnlo:a .. 3.:~ doubt and they do not apJif'&r in t.h(' V nitt>d Ka.ndl'a •t;~.ll-' ITovinces• list. In my OJiiruon the F'rrmeh~ Curn· :l.l'>liiJ li.anJar rn.itk-e wa.e not juatifi....d in i'Jxdnding fNm tla~ li.ela •• 11,4113 .li. ura.riar ti• .'H dPpreelW'd. Cd8fd Bauri, l:IIJogta., llhuly,., lll.umij, )U~ Lal~i Gh..W, ran anoi Turi. \\it h the J"'fl."-ihlo t:t;l..'•'p· )tabu tie la,al'\lt )tafljl&n 1144 tion of Bbutnij and Bbwya thrst' 8f"Vf'A cannot be ){,xhl .. !2.!1M r~~Mdoo u J'f'taining ruu(·b. if an~·· tribal cohP~ion, Mualla.r T..'l),{l;ll and they &r@ outwardly Hinduilk'ol. Of thft total 1\~t •• i1~•~2EI P10n ,. ,11,710 6376257 in my lilrt. not more tbnn 6JJ,MI are J'a«i .• l7VItll f~und in the Biluu· llnd ~ Rtat.l's, hniug not ::-...... il.~tll T~n .. ~.o-il lrtlll than 5,UJ,39J in Bn,t•11h district!~. Tm..l t,3711,257 Caeta. Pgpula t.KD. A~r •• e.AAO ln,ambi 8,7:111 ~h&ngi. fl'te. 711,4tl3 Cbamt.har 2lii,Hll Db« .• let,l!71 Khalpa .• II.~ .li.okha IKoJ,gha) 1.114 Koli·Vh<11' 15.11:'3 Kotwai.MI l,4PJ 7. Domhay.- Of thia futu.I of 2,(~li-I.~J~<-l, 318/lil. )laha.l 1.2~ ..... Mang 31f!.l.\l:l8 are founJ in the Buml•ay !"I.I&W<~, thn r-•rnamtng lila~ Garndi 4.3.'\4 1,iS0,4'.!4 being in Brit.U!h tt·rritory. M'"l!h•al .... ". il<7 Timal.i f\01 Tnn .• ],(1.;\3 \"itholia 526 ~ .. n.stoda 6ti4J Othera 13,67& Population. •Andh~ 7411 &aut 53.:!rt4 •&labi 33,776 "llOO&r •oo •.t>ahna I ('hamar 528.fr.iQ "'Chada.r ?,J,tnl 8. Centml Pror·inu~ and f/.,,~-r.-Of thiH t•ltfll of -Lhauba.o :t,lrt& 3,071,078, not nwcu tLll>n 2;'!.,1.1:2 IIJ'fll'ij,r iu th., D Total h,Hll:t PopnlaLiou. R&•aria Hi n.amar C2.11.'i:t ('huh,. 11,11411 '""'" • nil Koli •• 6.11:!11 10. Ddhi.-Thia total (72,883) &greee with tha\ llh&nalc. - I.:!!! I given in Provincial Table 11. . Kh~to~ell. .. 3,:'1~2 ..-~ 227 Total '7:1.~ ('.. lA', P~p•datiou. 11. Madra.~.-Tbis total (7,299,400) is taken Arli-.4.1'Jrih,.. 004."-14 frorn the Madras Ca~te Table for 1931, 65,298 A-li-I~Tida 1,0111,227 lD A•h-~~ dH beiu~~: fllund the Illadra8 Statf~s other than Apla •• 669 Cuchin anJ Travan('{]ro, i.e., in Pudukkot~i. t .1v,.,r,..,lau Ill) Banl.(a.U!Ij'alle and Sandur; the rem:Jning 7,234.104 Ar~JntbuUIII'al' 17.:11t6 H11i11a • 1 ,1<711 are founJ in Brititoh wrritory. The total differs }l&.i.u Populst~<.. n. 1:!. Sr.rtJ.-lf,'!J Frm11 . .., p,.,.,-,.,r.--TL,~ ~~~~rn 5,i'S.'i P•,IIHI) (::<\((....d,. tfo ... fi~u-p s.:"i'> <;J•!·····r••g io 2'.!7 H:~> Sortl,-\\,·~t Frrmti•·r J'r.,.-i,,ci ..l T,;l,le II Tvtal "·.t•ll• by 5-/:!. The (•J..pLHmtwn i.-> 1~;.'\t thi~ r;:_:-u,..,. fol:l ff'ft-rs to ertt:rior ca~tet> er" :m-::Illt.Pd m tran.."·frnntt•·r po:-ts wl..ilh w .. r,. t!.tr•-r'Htl ou'.-.1'!·· !lie w:<'J~ of Pronnri&l Table II. anJ tf.e .-·orrect fi{!llrt' is tbt> one 1--'l\PlJ lwr••. t....t.,, l'<:>p• 1lar..,.11, 1 :J. PIA .. jab.-TL·~ t•,t .• l f, ;:-•11-e lP re arri' •••l at 1 1. Bswom IA,I:::" (l,i'GIJ.;~ Ka.r,., ll~,4:.!'.! :\h.hwn 111 ..... 2 (l{j h!JY.:I b1m•la&ia 12,:!:!.5 'l'ot-.1 . . . . Fiii.l£~• Tt• .-1"-' Cute. Ap:&rlya 1\buiya Bhu1y.r C'llero .• Ohuiya Kha1rala .. •• 68,1~ li..ba.rw&r {nrloding Banbui) Majhwr.r (M6lljhi) Panka . Parahiya r.~~~ Kol • • '76,8415 ll:oPWa ~7 l!anmAllu ~IIVr.r" .. 78.770 D~n$\a.r ""} )fu.aw.r .. S.ou .• 2,275 8ilpkar 813,737 J.lala.hal' lhu111rbor ...... Dbark,u .. 1U8,908 Dom~~--· •. ..""} l)QDIU' .. o\heTlya iS.o&& Buell& -~.~ 14. Uniud Promncu.-Of this total figure 'Bandl .. liiS of 11,531,145, 208,864 are found in the Statee ]t;.b.n. .."} and the remaining 11,322.281 in British districts. Khatik 100,&68 Chill •• .."} In addition to the above the Ceneua Superinten· Pui ( lncludu. Y arm aU) •• 1,460,9t0 dent for the United Provinoe8 includes the follow (1,288,804) lOme Baia.l. 136 ing ea.stef in bis list. There is Joubt about the correct clasaification of the castes Bbar (t~~~:ch~dq &jbbr.r) • t31,6!U in th.i& eooond list and I have excluded them from Bhil •• 28 my figures:- Dbari .. 1\in«h aria .. '7,599 Bel.dat p ...... "} . Xharot Duudh .. T3,62t Kwnb.ar :B.-nn Luniya Jtao4r.Ji .. 12,14.16 Bb.Antu "} Xuwal or Karaul IOi Sabill'& l,IHIS T.l:ie C&Stes accepted by me include a number of a-..-.jr.r (i!ll!ludiLI tiaptta ud 23,311 qU&~i-abori¢nal tribes. In the case of the United t;apana). Provinces I cousider them correctly clasaified 8&D&ia aa exterior ca.stes, && with the possible exoeption of Jl..it .• • JlitJ&nlwo BOrne~)() Korwa.s they are reported to be completely · ll•ill'l detribalit.ed ud their aocial poaition ia Gual •• indistinguishable from that of other depressed K&Jab.a ~te& includt.ld. w.. .. 37,038 J,tdhi.k 1.367 JltU"WU Ulf law&riya (Ban!i&) J5,B.Je e..hariya 14.113 8aaa.uhiy. ll Gidhiy., 191 Bh.o~ri Total .. 11,331,1~ M2200 (SO .urt~i'IliX I. ._-\ftlJr.t.-The total ti.~ for dt•Frt'N!II'd caste-s in 8tntt>!l and A are eJ~;tra~•kd Bh•..iya s from the &n!!&l and. Silkim C&Ste Table aod re D.mai I.P-06 preae.nt the rasle::1 returnr-d a.s deprrll&'d by the Db C8 ~.r ·- Bbambi •• l Bh~ (incJudi.ral H&.Wkhor) 33.4:?:! Chamar 4i.7~~ 25. Jre&'em 1 ~~~lid Slnlt>4 .f~l· -Tht" fi)!"un>8 Gazoda ~-~ Koh Dhar 10.nr. (3Ui,:!:!O) agn>e \\·ith th~ in Provinrial TablE' II KoTwalla Dl &Dd indude Rll ra.ske retntt\OO b" tht' C.•J!8U! )(Ahu 174... 6 .r Suptorintt-nd'l'nt &I! depf't'Mifd. }(~h•al 43.!"o9 run .. 2,:206 318.220 lt' .B.- Tiut *'•!AI heft ~riTYin•• indu.l•• U>&t tJl the ttate~ ,.n., hL..:I to tn .. m. Fur .,..f.,..'"' lh!,,...,.- Tahle lndia •• •• ti0.195,ii'IJ rB below. The tota.J. do n••t pl"'lrif~My no>rn-epoo•l ~> th•.-Kino G~D Tor~ Pr~ •• 1/.Q!Jl,.J~ l' in Table XV II nf l'art I~· u tbB latter to :u~ .. ,., t..ll"" fru• { Stai.u •. .. fl.lUI,iljQ the l'MnnciaJ Tahle II m tbft ,._..of u,J.'"r &11d '1,._ and of the C'entul Protin·• lllltl Heru, in t.o,,th uf .-lu h ,_, deo ta.i.lii do not tally p~~l.J wi • b t.bi'W'.r lf-W'n {ut" lh~ w I. hit' prr> vince. These then being the numbtore of the deprei!Eed cla51:!e:o iulntiu. 8(ln;e 1'1'>tlllll1t,. it> ll•... ·•·l"'-~~_ry of theiz Fosition at the pit-sent time. and it has already been point$'~'! out that tLP.ir rt~.;'.li lnlitttoe ean be r011ghly divided into two t.attgoriu. Firstly, that under wl>i(h thty are bn.rrC'rl. t;~m public ntiltiea, such as, the w;e of roods and tanks, and l!f'comlly, tbt>ir n:-li~icmi dt·,ahrltuea whith debar them from the me of temples, burning ~oond8, tnau and "'rue mJ.~r i1 :Mtit 111 inns. In additit;m to the above, but arie.ing out of the .econd 6f tl..er.e, tht:re are th(' dii\UbilttJN; in~·uln::d "' in relati Jni~ht have the effrd o.f merely driving the higher castes to shun the templea to which the untouchables were admitted. In any case the right varies much in difierent places. An Irun or a Thiyya in Male.?ar m~t s~y 32.1) f('!et from. the curtain waU etf the temple of Gur11vaynr, for inl!ltanl'e, and thls wail 11 So10 feet 8<)11are WJth the temple in the centre. Yet the lruva have not been t:e.a~d, in Cochin State at any rate, as .• deplW:lll8ed. ca:rste at all, sine. though deprived thr-rc hkt'Wl.Be of I emple ent.ry they are othervtU!e well-to-do and not ill educated. As re~srdl.l the civil rather thA.n the religious disabiliti(:a to which the deprea..'led claRSes are at pre!W'nt 8uhja·teJ, the firllt ..one mentioned above ia the right to use the public roads; up to bow rt'<'"'ntly the u~ of public road.e bas beRn deba.rrcd in certain cases D'l&y be gathered from the faet tlw.t the u~tou{'h~blea of Trsvsncore ?1~de an organised attempt in 1924 to obtain • tbe Ul!{> of rmvlM whu.:h skirted t.he t.Pmple at \ .ukom. These roads were public roads, main tained by the :3ta.te for the UP~ of everybody, but on IWA:ount of tlH:ir proximity to the temple builtlin~. tbe Ulltom ba.blea were not allowed to use cerbin sectioM wbich skirted the temple too cloHI'ly. rltimatPly, as a I'('RU!t of satyagraha, the temple compound was enlarged and the ban on the roads was rcmovt>d, the roans haYing been ft).ali~ed BO that their users were no lou~er wit bin the JloBnting distance of the ~mple. In 1926 and again in 1930, a similar case occ\med in Travancore in connection with Ea.cbindram Temple which is one of the richest in tl1e 8t.al4.l. n ... re BtlBin the dr>pres..~d ciiUW's wantf'..d the right to use a ro!l.d maintained by public fuuds Rnu belonging to the State. In the matter of the use of roads generally, however, tbl' df'prPSI'-rd l'Mh'l'l are no longer in the position in which some of them were when the ManlZSlore District Gaz,..t.tA.•er was written, when the Ande Koragas had to carry a spittoon round thf'ir nPClu! lUI heing 80 b ighly polluting that they could not be allowed to expectorate on the public road, thou@ll .it hu recently been reported that a. caste has been found in. the Tamilnad, tLe v..ry li..:bt of which iB polluting, eo that ita unfortunate members are compelled to follow nocturnal habits, leaving their df'n.a after dark and SCllttling liome at the fa~ dawn like the blu4!t>r, hyaena or aard-vark. TA6 Hindu of December Uth, 1932, writa of them u follows :-" In tJ.is (TinneveUy) diBtrir.t there is a claN of UUBeet~.blet~ called Pura.da Vannans. They are nut allowed to rome out during d11.y time because tbeir sight is considered to be poilut :on." ~me of thP.se peo}Jle, who wash thl' clothe8 of other exterior castes, working betv;~n miduif,!:ht and duybl't:'-al.:, were with difficulty persuaded to leave their holl8e8 to iuten·it>w lli. A. V. Thakkar, who described th·~m as coming only after repeated persuasion t.J.U1 then with " th .. ir whole boJ.iee shaking and trembling". .· - The colt(> of wt-lls bas almulv bf'!Pn alluded to, and is a far r:nore widespread and real ,nevao.ee tllan any whi•~h may still aunive in regard to the use of row. Generally speaking, i.f tbe t In rt>gard t.o the matter of thP ri~ht to t>nt('t Hindu t.·mpl~'s, the f'Xt< riur ra.-.t••;> were ad'-L~ by lli. Gandhi not to atr,.,mpt t<> g;un entry by his o"-n nwthod uf Mtya!!ntha &.~ Uod n>sid,•d in thtoir hf'P~Ul. A tt'mplt', however, &B has heen poillt.... i nut, is mnr·· thtut a pur.·ly reli~ous institution and the rit:ht of tEmrle .-ntry is by 80me n-garJ,..,i Rtl thf" hr 1~1~itinu with regard ro the rt'mo>al of untouchahility. The rlaim to ent.-.r tA:>mpJ.,s is nut OJ•J~ that any gran wrong is done by their eontinu<>d exda.-it)n ..... 1 th•.·v \vt•uld ~ lx-tter oceupied in improring their own (:Onrlirivn than in R ,-iuleut attempt to a~;;ert righta w-hid1 no one had h<·ard of till a kw :n:ar~ a~o." There is on the other hand a ddinite mo\·emt-'lt amo~o~!.! manv mort> ad\·ariN•I Hit11lus to remo~e the ban on the tt>ru~ole entry, 8 m~wr:lit'Ot whi(·h has si11n t.ht• ('•'ll~ll~ lt~•(•!l f!l\"1'11 IIlU<·h impetus by )lr. Gandhi's fa~ and the negntiatiu!l8 follo""iu~ it f••r th.~ llllmi.-..•iron uf untnuru· ables to Hindu t.emf•le8 geuerally, and it may be menti•)md a~ 11n ir;..:;tkno-~ 1•f tbi~ thnt 8 ~mplee. of & Tdujltl rommunity in Bombay were TPport~·J to han: IJ.-..·n op•·n,..,J t•J nntom·Lal>lM in February 1930. On the other hand l'l?f'ent csS~·s of atto>mps to oht.tll• f'r.tn· hv Ut'[•l'f'".;o.d caste-s ha'\'"~ le-d to vioknf'e. Some 2.000 untouthahl•·8 ec•ll··ct•·•l ouuid·· tl1f' K·Lb Hum kmple at S a.oik on 1\Ia.rch 3rd, I !130, and a mto-:'tiug w!Jich att('mpt.ed t.o lo1JT1g sbout a .J>ttlo•ment was stoned by the ortbOtlox. l1timat,.,ly &Orne F..O.fiOO ~labli!"!'l an·l c htwu'rs '''~'r" r•·r~<•rt-t:J to ha.\·e r(lUecteJ. at -~ ::.sik .and the temple had to be cJn,...·•l for a bm1t a. month to let'p !-htm from entning it. The admission c.f c.a~tf' UiiJ(llt~ fly a J•rivat.o;• J•t'.:'>i>.' ._.,. ,.,. ;,_.,I in vi<.llt>u~ In v.-h.ich the orthodox \\"ere the aggTPf'SOr~, and v.Li•·h was t•XtPud•-:tl t., ~Lal,~:or ,-Jilac··s in the_ nPighb•"J1lihrxxi w-here the depres.wi cast('~ were vi•Jlcutly att: Thf"rt' BH' otlwr JJointa in v. ltit·h the exterior ca.<~tcs aufier socially. Thus exception ia t.aki'n to tlu•ir \\t·nrinJl the ornan·•·ntl! u11ually worn by higher C8.3l.Ps, and in some cases they are not allowt>d to Wl'ar ~()ld omaroente at aU. tallt'8 are on record in which Chamars for int:tanct' haw• bt·t•n bt•a.tf'n for drt'N~ing liko Rsjruts, and the rnountin,a of an exterior caste brid••I(!OOIU Upon a hn111e ft>t hit~ hriJaJ prOC{'&~ion hu led to a ooycott. of the caste in 'fUestion Ly the hij[hrr l'~tc n•·~~blxmrs. lu December 1u:lo the Kalla.r in Rarnnad propounded eight J)ruhibition'!. tht> dw··~ard of v. liia;IJ leJ to the u~~e of violt•n(•e by the Kalla.r aga.in.st the exterior C'aHtt>1' wlaL~ lJIIta v•t·re fir•·•l. ~IJ~ ,Uimarit·s and property were destroyed and whoae l.iwstod. \\lls loutr>d. 1l.N!f• f'iliht J•roLibitiuns were as follows:- .. (i) thu.l. tl111 Adi·lhB\·id<1A sl.wll not Wttar ornament of ~ld and silver; lii) that tlu• mnl•·s fihoul•l uot Ln allowed oo Wt'ar th~·ir clathes helow their knees or nhove thn hipA; (• il) that t ht-ir mal<'e ~ , ,., • t tl:f' 1,! ,,, t'lr·Yen w,,,j].j lw lr 1 11 ,. 1 !~'"''''1 tl1 1 ••it-: injurwtl•"l'> nf t.he 1\.~!l:.t' t.;d.,;,•n ...... · .. !·,· . , '~' r••H· ["lf ,~, ·n·~··i,·,·s l·11t. th•''' KJ"f' l]ll•'l•·•l ll''f'i' !p p,,l., :•~" du· altl'll•l•• ' ( T\ :--, .. lj :,.- • ~ 1 1 . , 1 , . , dt:n a•!,· 1·!c i tcH~. 1 rd,; t],. P\~•Tior r:1~k~. S111uhrl> 111 H•'H!!d tht• II·" h,· n \.trlJ.!; TL .. ori;.:iuof the l'''rtinn nf tlw P'-lf·r;•.r (';t.;i~·s i" l'artl~· r ,. ; d. T•:lrh· :'•·l•:'"il' .1111 !• .rth a r,:.a-t""r Qf .:.•-..:·ial c-mT•.om. Tlo··re~·an ll<..·l, .. !.. doul•t tLd tlw i·l• ,-, of lllt'·Y·• h,,h,:i, 1 .-r>l.'ll.:Po·>~ in t..l.Kl(). R.-mirli.... ·•·:l('P~ of !'lll"h 8 H1hno lin> :~rill to l-lfl "''''I• ia R•1m1• "·h·ro .:··1' •·! :-< m! 18 il. f!'Ofo·:"-iL)n ill\'· ,!,-jn_g ,} .-u..·j,,J !"TigTH.l. of & kino) WJ1i• h \UiJ nnt !• 1111:~ l•f .\'i.·••·t,lll 1'1 wi~h Pf'S•.ILS of othrr rrnf,.,...,j,J!l-". .\ t' (~rri,~r i_Q f:tiV" i7s .iCM :.d th(•~;~J, (jJ d.~~~:~~ , 1 11' '!l~~(>f~~·i. dj'4 ~ ":'J c--4 'g 1 11'Jd 1·~1-..•~ JliUfLl. J~•·li~~ 1 11l of t~lti-tW \\11 h ~t, t\!'!)o.t·;~(.tli ,,f L' ly \·.,._ .. )..;, .:>.v·r(·d l1JriJIItl;; <1:1•1 '\,J(;[''""·•·wt pr:f•ii.'l h:t'll al' In l'•jf, ,,r;•l ~~ tiu :n E·~_rl. •h"' c;,,,,..,rnn: .. ,,t ••f lr1dia r·:tll•·•l f"r a P']"'rt. a.;'·" till' rant;ll awl '11 ;·"·!:,,j (·I,;,·!' ''J' ,f t>: 'l• i r• -,-,·•t ,;,, .. .-,.,., litld f,,r l'ffJfJO"':J;,, f.,r tf1roir itiJJdi•lf'l.t.io:, lT,lu .~1! lr.,,., 1 gr·•:o rr.f' t-·:r~. TJ:,. I• • nld~ nf tl.e ('O!L-;o•rptellt r•·p .. rt.; \\ill f,e f.,llrt•l lllldt·r Prrwvn/1 11-q.; rj f/,, (;,,,,.fl.,,.,.,.r 'f L.,J;,t ;II f),., rr,,,,-. ]J, ]••lrlnwnl, Nrr!'l, 1:V1 --J:ll uf J•tly l9lfi, .'.2~1-:;11 nf .\IJ~IF't l'J:!fl, . EXTI:RIOR CASTEM. 487 During t.lH~ J'l~:.'t d('('tH!I:' a p•}(•d dPfll l1tl..i hN•n dune part.it~tdarl.v in Madms to bend-It the t"l.:t•·rior ('USlt'll in \"aT lOllS \Yil~ R. :;{•>t Ollly ha.. 'l the .'l/)(1 ra.t! nnvt>rnment appointed a ComtJlli~iour~r of LaLonr (·ntr-lst"ri with the t.1 ..... k of tmcmiplgin~o:: the educ·at.ion of the d"pre'iar.u cla.'i. ,nnd Mllmin~ of . ('O·Of•t•ratiYe 6(Wl<:liP'I1 fl111 pr()'lisir-.JL of Jrin.king Water by COilSt.tUr:ting neW w•·lb aud 1"'' l''"i ring <>ld, t ~t' proyi,.;ion of louri:LI g;ruund.,; and s.anihry req uirement.s for the ext~rior c:~A.'It .. s. t.lw a.,.,irnnwnt of laud for c:uhivati1•n bo1.b by r•:!lerv!ltion for and free assignment. to ext.l·rior e ..:rtt' . .., of lanJs not da.ouwd as n~luablt·, th~t. is, l<•l.ldl! nut afioJeted by irrigation proj•·•'1.:-~, ttnd by r•·:.NY M ion for extt•rior c.•&stes lif lands cl >1-'!aed ad Yaluable and ar;..-:igwnent to tlwm ort t''l" fll"lit v( murl..,,t , ..• l11e in c.r..sy in.-:>talmenti. .~a re~mlt of the~ measures some ]•f11;!W'(Ij LJ; .... L.... , 11 m"d". In l!l~(l, iht'fl' wt're 1-G't,Oou pupilEl of exr.erior cadtcs in schools, in l!Hn. tlwrt> 1n•re :.';~ 1 ,IMIO, Over l(l(l/tliO of t1lt:.Me w<'re in Christ.il-\n )ii~ion sehools sud nH<'<\" ul tl·~ l't'mdiwlcr m 11•·houls mail,tainPrl by t.he soc.il•ti··~ mentiuned above. Mmrt; of tlw-;,• ll(·huul"' uro <~nly 11rimc~ry ~«.·!, f)oLc;, tbf'ro b .. in~ only about 2, 7u·O pupils in educa.tional institllt.i••h.!! a1.o\·,. tl.e priwary ii1.aJi:e of whom ~thout r.o only werf" in coll('ges. Out of 230,000 Tt'adiJrJo( in fA:I.ooltt in 1~1\11 alo•)Ut 7.~J{J wr.r{' girl8. Or the 2:_li),U00 only lG,OOI.J, boweYet, were J't>a•iillJ1 iu orJitHlry !• honls nut T1·~'rvl?d fnr exto::l"ior cMto•s while over 70,000 pupils who •lid m't t. .. J.,.r,~ t•> 1he t•Xt··rior C'1~tes w~·~ rea,Jing in sehouL:. B}lt'Clally maiutained for those c.a,.1•"A. A.'l ('nmi'ar··d with t.hfl r.·:;t of t bo popula.~ion. while aht:mt 6 per cent. of the population O{ )i.l•lr~l!l WIWI fl)ing to o 'f!Jl!: wc_·a~ion of t.L.is Cf'llli:l.i, coming a.s it did nt. a time when politicl~l reforms appeared iuw,in•mt., t:•,mplij'ai.,•d trw :llrcady pii:'JLti£ul dilllculties in the way of getti11g an exact return of nuu1b•·r of e\krinr c:tHI·t'-S. .\ hlllloh~"'r of conflict.ing forceM w••.rf! at work, as, ap;~ort from the :l.;.tural dt•sii'O 11f intli\·icl•ulls of exteri••r ca,;Lus to raise tlwir uwu s<:wia.l ot~•tus by making themselves out 'to L.c smD.cthli~g utlwr tlnm they were recogu.is~d to be by their_ ueighbou~, a. d~fiui.te moVl'nlt!U.l w.1.t1 1:1r>t adoot by the Hindu Mahw.~tLha fllr the retiJIU of aU HllldUilas llmdu &mply . . APrENDU: 1. 9oith no quolL1ico~nioru1 of w ..-.te Ol' l!t't.'t. In 1'1::8 t.hf' HillllnlLtlui.S.lhlul it,~·lf (lll...._'l.,d a l'l•solut inn .j,d"rio~ t.JJ:.~ tln' so c~dlt•J unt.ourhab],.g hat.l rqu:ll ri,l'ltts with v~h..,r Hiu•lus to sturly in &!.•"•i:t, Hlill h1 u~ v..!l.s and I'U4IIs, b(l'l'l•''"''t, p-..• hr~~--~1 c.'•HI.'!J•l• ·ratt.ms t\rnbal•l.r 0\'~'!W•·I'.! lted ,,,} t'l as 'd··prt'S..."''d ' r•..st·t'" ,,lw b Vl'ry J~•uLdully hll int.o that ···•' ncorv 11Ud manv of wl 1icb h.iH' llrl'n rx,·lutkd on &l'rutm:'· C~·ner.~lly IIJ)('>iking. hmv .. vt>r, it. i~ h··li•·P· The followin~ TaLles A and B will give some iudir.-atiun t•f the num>:'ril~l WDRtit ul ;.,u of the depressf'd ca8tes and of their d.itrtributiun and COllilJit.rati\·e lit-eracy. lt slouJ,l l;e m·•·l~ do>ar that fgurt>$ for litemcy an! avallnl•le in (Hirt only, sud the pel'l'en•age llhOI\U tL.~ lit•·Nte i-3 the ~reenta.ge calculated on that total only fur wLieL figul'1'1\ of liten~-y arc a\·uiJuule. TABLE A. Total number tr~atcd Locality in which trPated u ext«rior. exterior. Ad.iya 5 Coorg. Ager 7,108 B<41Dhay, Weatem lndra St.o.t..·• Agl•ncy. Aberi (Aheria.) 24,375 Ajmer-Merwara, l'nited l'm' in~ and Ra.jput.a.na. Aj•la 6.';{1 Ma.dra.e. Ale.van .. 73( Tra.vanCGre. AmL,.ttan :lfl5 Travanc·ore _B,.rhar •·a.-t..,. el •·..-1~,.,. fl"t LFe-aVat-1 a-li ,.'\f.f•(lfcJt. ·Arakb .. .Ara.na A•a~·:w •. 2.1.:h1) Tra ·:e.u·c;ro:. Ar'- Au J;;.lJdtJI 4'J.flfl7 l'r·r•j!&l, Pr,il•·d Pro~·inl'<'~. l;.,tm.< U A.rr.ra.~.ti ll~~r& r). n~ira 1.1!79 8. Ka.r.Ara ('t1>lr%). P.a :·i S.>l~ Jkng~l. ~.tp·>H ...U·. ~H t'mted I•rovince6 Tt.lal rr '"·<•'n :811olagai 130 Coorg. Ba.ndi (K~~ob&ria) •• 1,066 United Provinoe•. S. Kanara (Madra.e). Bill"., •• 1,3~ Gw&lior. .Ba.rgi •• 1,668 Ajmer-Merwua, Rajputana. Bargunda .. J ,[131 Owalior. Bariki •• -3,69S Ga.njam. aod Viza.gapat-am {Madraa). Ba.rwala (Barwar) 9,0011 U. P.,_Jammu .00 li.a..ilbmir. Baaith •• 6,213 Ja.=u and Kaabmir Sta.t.e. BatWI. &58 S. K&nara (MIWriUI). Bata.w..l lli,SU Jammu and Kuhmlr Sta.IA;!. • Bauri (Banri. Ba.wr.riat 721,21J9 .8eng~~ol, Bih01or a.nd OriMa, Delhi, Madr1111, PunJab, Unit«!. Provin~-e~~. Tra.vancore. 372 Raj patana Totr.l reoorded 2,'1M. No' elsewhe~ tre&~ 1111 exterior. Bodar 400 Central Province• and Berar (part) Total recorded 991,~6. No~ el.ewhetetr-ted u u;t.eri&r. Beldar ... 3,139 B<"ngal Tot-al Beldar, Bind, N'lllliya. Od and W a.ddar recorded aa 661,926 for IndiA. Only reported e3:terior in Bqal Pd Puoja.b but latter figurea not i.Doluded here. Treated aim u depreued by lly110re State. Bellar a •• 87 S. Kan~ra (.Madra.s). Bt>riya (Bediya} U.lM Bengal, Gwalior, United Provincee. Beroa •• 367 B~tngal. Bham.\Ji (BIUilbhi) 183,917 Ajmer-MeJ'\Vara.. Bombay, Centra.! India, ltajputa.na., W astern India 8t-atee Ag ncy. B h8.fl~V ( LaJ butrio Mehw. 866,4U3 Ajml!'r-Merwsra, Anda.msne and Nicoban. llaJ.a,U..bor ). A"""m· ll"'nJial, Bit1a.T a.nd Orialla, BDmtJ8.y, f'.f'ntra.l Provincea and Berar, Un•r.--J l'ro\·incu, liaro By~ari 8.-'-'::9 8o>ll!U')' (MildJ-<18). Ch&chati 6,130 Viz.op!l.p..l.-.m (Mvlra.e). dbs.cillol' •• 21,071 CMtr.J J>rovin~e~. Ch&kkMaftor 8,0:'1) Tm'l'sncorc. .. Ch!!.llili:r-..n t\Jtt,3,"l(l :Uadn;e awl 'fl'IH'IIIICO;ro. Cbla..-&dl 3.-t~ TMl.uy (Mi•tlraH). Ob&llllot (Chambbar, Kbatpa, 11,761,187 Ajmor-M...rw-11ra. Anda.mans 11-11d NiQoban, India total Ul,Hl5,616 returned tla~ga.ra, &.tMIJ.'i). Raluc-ioi .. I:Jl,n, Bo.nga.J, BihAr and on-, from the Provinlll!ll here Bu•nl~y, C<~ntraJl'rovin008BDd I\orar, mentioned: Coorg, Dalhi., Madron, Noeth-West , Fraut-ier Pr<>vW<-'6, Punjab, United fr F..ajjJUtiJla0 ,,.61WD India Sta.tilll. Cb&uh&n ... 2,026 Drug (('..eutr~ll'rovinoes). Chaupa-1 2,737 Bihar and Orilaa. Cbavalakkamn 1,730 Tn.vanoore. \i'hayalliNa 2,ll>S Travaocore; ChWira •• ~.rm6 Balnohi.stan, Delhi, N •• w. F. P., Punjab, Jammu and Ku.hmiz. Dahg&l' •• 1.363 Ajmer-Merwan.. United Province~, Raj. See Huohl. putlwa. APPENDI:ll. Tt~e.l numbf,r tn~alfd.. Loo.lil] In W'bi(llllii'Mttd II •llteriOf, , a\H'ior. 833 Damola (Cftlwl PraYill.a). .. 7,01:11 &..-! ud. Sill!•• .. 44..!611 O&njam (Madr'M)• .. 4,0lt Tamiluad iLdlat). Dewu ,, I,'Ta8 Cb.UtL~ (Central i'Jo'l"i~). S3, 737 Aj uw.M..-ra • &u~ (('.o&Rl Pro- ludia t.ot..l ( lri~ Lodra, f·'- 1 Yioeal), [)r.lhi, Rajput4n.. '1~671. 44 13foapi. Dtaiyv •• Ja.uu:nu .ad ltubm.ir. mhbi •• 1,408.!91 .&.am.IIMpl, Riharaad 0"-. ~"'I lruha Wtal IDaladl"' v-. ~and Berar, Fnitai l:'ro'l'ino::et. (f. •.), P•~i and Valutt.edu Sikk!aa. S,lll1,~8. ~ (.lli.WIJ Bowl.y, Ot!nu.l ProYioo.ll.nd :&.-r. DaM Bqa.L Doa (Doa..r, Doebo. Aj--:W....,., A-m. BuotJa., ~I. DuaDa. Buuph~. lluor, Bi.bar IUid On-. flam lay, OontraJ Ilboubr, l>awii. "~·· PnmD-allli )lerv, Wad.n.., PunJab, 0111~ ProTW- C.tnl loJ••· Jammu &acl .K.uhmir, Bajputao&. o-hor. Dagl& •• 1..623 ~ .... »-.dh 1.400,.8711 Bena:al. Bihar and on-, t'Diied IWo "-· ..l.C«mA. G.uda •• 101.&43 Cn.tral rron- 171 Ja-aand Ka.hmir. O.mda •• li:Uat Ai-·..._.., Buoda, Rajpuu.ea...... _b.dai&aa.~. Ghuda .: UM Aj-...JL...n, Rajpatana. Gba.a •• 132.382 Ba.ludl--. Bllnpl. Bdaar aa.d Tot.al ~:~ambftr tnlat.ed... Loaa.llty iD whlah tr..ated u exterior • eat.erior. Jtaikt~l&D 4M Travanc~m~. .r X.&Ualr.o l,tltJO TravM:~oore. KaJbelia 4,133 Ajmet-M..nr&n., Rajputana, ](a.)la.di. K.alJ.clQ •• li, 738 :tiftJ&haf (MadraY), Coorg. . ' K.a.\war •• 13,627 Bt'rngaJ,Sik.klm. - Kaa 68 B.ngr.l. Kanak.lr.an 81i,23S )JAJ.b&r (Madraa), Oocbln. K&ndra 1~.8!17 ll«lg.W, ~ihaund on-, ... Kloniyr.:n U,M2 TravallClOI'e. Kaojr.r,, ao,f67 A·mR-Monrara, Bihar and Oriur., United ,I_ Provinc,...,e, GwalioT, R&jput.a.ua. ... Kaol'll •• I 07 ,!Ml8 Bongr.l. .. KapaU .. l6tl,683 lleopl. ,;. Kapuia 873 Bengal, United Provin--. "'· Kai"MMj• 8,8M &opl. Kariulpalan 2,807 lllalabar(Madrae). X....--1 •• 108 Unit.tJd Pro.m-. Kat.h iltk&ran 161 TraY&JlOOI'L .~ I af.. K.atia •• ·~10 Central Provi.u- Ka.ttu~~ayakaa !,.681 IU!ab&r(Mad.na .. LnthJ 1,293 lnvuoon. 'Kave~ •• 11.10 Coohla. r K.ela 8,493 Bihar and OriMa. ... uralamut.hall .. l.W Ttava.noon. Klut.irwr. 81 Uu.it.ed ProvinoeBo .. .( KhaOj_I:U 10,577 Ajmer-!tlerw&ra, Central Pro.ma. and llen.r (pan.), Rajpur.ana. :f. 241,493 Balu~hill161l, :S..,gal, Centn.l Pro'rin~ India ~-.led, (1J,820~ and H.eru (put), De1bJ. UDited l"2. rince!l, Gwalior. Ki;Jh&k 2 'Be~al. .1 'Kimzharia (iocl. Dlwbi, '1,6\1'9 United ProTinL'f'fo i'awari&), ' .. 1 r'I !8,(10 Ganjuu (.Madra~). Kodalo 1 1{1)1 76,8411 lTniwd Prorincea Treated u au BXteriot cute iJa - - Unlted Pro'rinaM only, et.. whl!l'll u a forea' 'ribe. · :! Kulcha •• .. 1,114 Bowba.y. Koli and Dagt .. t63,'Jl'il Delhi, Punj&-b, Gwalior, Koli ))hor 26,3Ml Bombay. 'Wtlllt.ern India St&teeA.,enor, KooaJ •• ... fi,(I.')S BenguJ. K.onwv -. 133 Benpl. K"'* , • 818 S. K-.na.ra ( Madnt.e}. .-i KOt!taD •• 228 t:ochill. ll:llftolola •• •• (,o.l:.l :&ll..ry, S. Kan&ra (Madras). ., 'Kort~.ma (Kurumao) - lt),~76 C'.oorg, Mala.lnt.r (Madnls}. 'I Kori (Koria) ... 1164,tltU Andan.awo •nd Nicoba.ra, Balo.chU:taa, . ·t U..nt.r..J Pro'rit~ooe and &ra.r (part), [ UnitVlll&ra {\LI.rit'ae). KudubJ ... 12,0ll lh.dru. Kud~hali -.. 827 Tl!oDlilnad (Madras)• Kumh&r - ZJ,863 Centnl. Pl'Ovin0811 and Blll'&l' (part). Kuru.riar eat :Billar and Ori-.o KIU'r.YU .. 89,Hll Tmvancore, Malabar (Madru). KD.riohohaa - 7,112 Ma.J.ba.r (Madru). Llppua ' Co~. I.PPENDIX I. 'loW ...... LoAlity 1111 ...... _...... n;Wior, awioL Lollar •• • Aj--~ ..... A_., Beupl, Bomb.J' l""'«trJ., CaltnJ l'ro~ Mod »xw. lillldrM. Un111!d I'Nrinew, Bwod-. c-~ lndaa..IL&jpu&aaa, HJderal.d, Vo<-.lwl. Tn.---, W-...ra ladJil Slat"~f- ...... 1,388 B~.,.dOriML llaila •• .. 1,-.31 B. x-(MadrM). x.-nu. Ulll .lndhndfllh (l(adru)...... 1.101 Jla,rbu. llall.:raa J.l86 OoataiL Lltya IJI c-a. ll.a1l&ll •• J6,Jfil Beoaa.l . ~ (lla.dip. llatu!A - I,M7.0S1 Ajmer·M---. <'001'1. Bombay, Om!Lnl Lgll. ~- Jbd&i). ~n- .uti Barar, K..d:ru. PWlJ•b. 8uoda, C.Ou.l lad-. H~ J¥UIIIl• -.1. K..Mmir, R&jpu~aMt Vi...,. Iadia State~ A~y. Kqo-di 413& Botabay. Kaupa lN Bib&ruclQ~ lbmna lt,M ~ 361 TraftlleON. ..Tillaa l,.MJ K..w- (MadrY)...... (li.Drt) •• '1,011 ~ lbdrM. TmT~. llosw •• m 8. La.ra (lladn.). llliDILi (1(oalli. ll-w) .. t68.M A--. .BoenpL BiW ud on-CA!!Pt.ftl Ladla ~ (iaoladill( ~ Pro~. Mel~. Coor,. (?anJ-.. llliAI Ju.wwl I,O'.:o,toO lnQ ~). c nit Tot>ll numbt-1' trt.>&t«i.... ' Locality in wwcb trea.ted u &ll.terlor • exl.efiar. Purutarl 3!,255 Beong&.l. J>ut.hlr&i Va.IlDaA '74 Tamilned (M~rae), Raig&r · •• 1~:!.7fJ4 Ajmer-M.,rwara, Raj putana. Jt&ju 66,'1'18 B..,nga.J. R .. jwll.f (Ratjbar) :l2,oo~ Bengal, Cf.latral P?ovin-(p.rt) Treated ae ~terior alto by CeWiua Supermtend.Mt of Bib.r and OriMa. Total recorded for India (wi~ Bhr, f·tl·) 630,708, Rlill('ya~ 1.480 M...dru. &tal 4~ Jn.mmu and Kaebmir. Rawal 71JO Ajmer-Mtmrara, Rajputana. Relli In.cluded in H&ddi. Satuol 39,4413 Ajm·~r-ll<>rwara, Delhi, Punjt.b, United l'"ro\'inOIVl, li.aj put.na. 14,113} • l'oited Provinct~~~. Sanaurbiya 31 Sarbha~ ~ R~>jputaua. SaJ'!!..r& ::12,002 Ajmur-!lienrara, Rajpatana. Saryara (Sal'flt&) • , 9,437 Punjab, Jammu and Kaeh.mir, Sat.ia ., l.ltl4. Ajrner--Monrara, Rajpa~ SauD 2,275 United Provino-. Silpkar •• 813,737 l'mred Proriooee. Siyal 9.281 llib&r lldld Urian. Sbajlirdap.wba 333 Bcnga.l. Shcn•• 1U43 B t>rod&. S~mri '18,922 Bentra.l, Slk.kim. furava ,, a lwrg. Satradhat 12,573 A.olllam A. boat building oaete; dittinot from" Viawabr&ohm&lll ·~. S&IDb611 •• G57 Tamiluad (Ma.drlll!l}. ~pari •• 4rl2 \iizo.r"~ta.m"(M&dru). &-mmu 1.1118 TamilJlad (MadrBil). Tu·gar •• 713 Ajmer-Menrata, Rajpotana. Tiru·nllunr 207 Maclrae. Tbantan 41.214 Trua.noore. . ' Thantapulayaa 7~~ TraT"a.nooro. Tba.ra •• 31.~78 l"uitf'd Provmo.. Treated u a primitive tribe in Bihar and On- Not t:reM- od aa depnwOO ill Dougal._ Thoni.6DlAQ 6'14 . Trav&OilO!"Uo Thntl l,63'ci Chi11.!.1l"pu.t {M!\dru). Tbori 11.4.'1.' Ajmur-M'lrw.va, Rajpotrula, BIU'Oda. T1w&L 68 Dnm.bay. T1yAr M.-U 3 l!,·o.-n.l. Tun 711,::40 B1 h_"r a.11d Utinso., Be111ga.l A dupl'tlf!800 tri ba.l uoi t. Turi 4,970 u .. rntin., w~~m India. State. Agency, Bumbay. Vllatan '118 C01.hin. V&la.n .• 21.172 Tra.vancoro. Valluvan 51.1,414 - Ma.rh-ag, ('o,hin. VanniiUI 13,43:1 Xra\'ClO<'OJre. Vamava.r Hi6 :Uo. \' ~t .. u tt-b.IIJena.yM :JU.6U3 llo, \"t"l&n lll,2!l:J Do. Velnth&diiJI&Y&l',,. 14,:978 Do. v~·tal2 .. • •. 9,496 D{)., V+;~ttillarao • , 4118 Du. \' etLu~ 1111 40,1;!2 1llu.o.lr1~, Coohln. Vit.holill •• 5:ltJ llomb&y.. Watal •• Ia J amm n And KIIBhmir. Ya.d.&n.n 8,4~7 Tr!l>vllolJ<'we • .AJ.l-.Andb~ e64,844 Ma.d~as . .AcU-Dr .. vida lt,6:JI),671 _f',oorg, lladr1111, My~~Vre. Trav-a.noore. Adi-Karna.taka 644 Madras, TO)& G...,den C'ooli() C881:N 1,2.~3-.512 As.!a.m. Oth$rs (Sudra, Va.lmilci, 2l8,8!l6 A9'l'l.!D., B~lud1ista.n., Bombay. Ma.drPoB, 1:-1 ru:nduiA. u nna.ruell. .Baroda, Hy~abad. Travanooro, Puoj~ minaruui IIWipecili!ld ). 'l'ut.l li0,111.5, 770 .APfi.NDlX L TABLE B.. ~~of£.£-. hr.aen~ n..)t --ua- uf T·'W Elc..nor uw.nor B.ndu Tuta.l -- c.s.w. Pu~a. Pl:lpu!.uoa. trb(l.,. • titer ate. J50,6.21l,Ml 138,1tl.lt0 IO,If\170 21 u l·t IJDIA 171,U1,MI 17T,'m,t81 III,OIM.OOI 2'! lt 1·1 ~. 66o0,2l"J f3UOi 711.8111 IR It 1·2 L Ajmer Kuwara ., ;H,t(l.3 I 7,CI(8 II~ I !. Ancla.mant ao4 S"100baa ••~.(l()t IT 1·1' ...... a.re-~1 •.~1.7ttO ~· ~ BaluehiBWI (.DUirVU Pill .ta.illil &63.008 tl,f~ It S·t ..,. TeJTilcJrtu).. tl,S~.M 3:.! 1·0 I. BNigU IO,Ilf,OO"J 21,670,f01 u 0·1 e. S.w a.ad Oriaa . .. 11.m.mcs aJ,ou,nt l.i"-m Lit ., l,'l'oo,..z• 11 1·1 7. &mb&::r tl,W.~ 11,1t!!l ,221 • No nkull of .. Bania lt,W7,Wl 170,1161 -ta. .. Oeat1W Pmn- -.Dd Banr 1UO'I',7'23 U.,w,2l3 t,lllA..Ue Jl 11 1·1 10. Cboi'J 18!!.1."'1 1~007 !11"-!kll IT 15 l·l IL~ I3&,.:U3 M,86l 7'.!.88! hi 11 l·t 12. lladnl 64,740,107 tl,r.7,)11> 'F.~.IIH 18 15 hS ;5,666 J·l u. Sonll.-rr~ Flva&iar PrvYiDce 2,426,078 lf:!,t7'1 • ~~Punjab 13,.w:J.~ e,~,Mtl J ,27",t.OII to I 0·1 J&. ODired Pron- of Ap.lllld o.d.k tB.f08.ia 1 I ,:t!:l,UI 28 u 0·6 7$.088.088 tl,te'T.lU n.111,'Nt I If H 1·1 14. ...·~-~ 8~ •• 625.«18 ll7'l,tll90 1,421 II t IT. &lurMI&aA Staa f05,10U 12.Ut 1·1 *' IO·S 18.. :s-..da Sta&e I •• U.U,007 t,J'l,0'11 M,•J43 .. I li. ~alSC&lel •• .. &fl,M'l I I t 10. Bihar Uld on.. Sc.w •• .. f,lM.878 l6 If 1·0 2L Bolll.ll.t Sw.ee .. t,-«18,1"" J,9'l:l/~ • ! 1·8 2'iL O.Ulh.l I...t.a ~ .. G,Q-l,'790 I,M'l.,~ It (j 0·3 21- Oentn.l Pron-S~ .. .. 2,4S3,2H 1,788,WI .. 10 0·1 h. G-..lior Skoio •• 1.3lS,070 J,271 ,ITII 8i8,118 tl 19 t 24- BJ*...WSc.t. I. li,QS,lt8 1:2,176,7'27 2,473.230 00 17 0·1 k J_. .ad K.bmirSc.&e .. 1,641,24.3 73&,22'2 110,921 I 0·1 2'1. .llallr. ewe. ApBCJ «1,'16U&I U23,UO I.BM.no 46 29 lS !J Coc.M ,_ J,ztJIIJJa T86,18i lU,.'JJj JD 4·1 2'--.&tllc .. S,IJ9S,VIJ J,lJI,§88 1.71Q,1JI H" .u 14·1 OrA. If... &Giu UI,I9S 4()1,171 f4,f9f Jf J4 ,., 28. H,..,N Bt.Me I,MT,Q 8,01~.&80 1,000,1'..!41 17 14 l·t 21. llor\lt-WI!H ~tie? Plorill.ee 13,11o41 ~2 ! (~f-'• _, TriW ~,...). ' • JO. Pnjab sw. .. t37,781 383,8!S3 94,347 26 II. ho)ab Bc&tel Arlk!f .. ~i12.218 1.8117,249 3"2,999 21 ". J2. Raj~~, • 11.225,712 u,:ns,!IO& l,li65,40U 16 H 0·1 33. Sikti111 s~ 109,808 47,()7f" 2,009 .. i ., M. OlliW l'!on.c.. Sw.., 1,206,o;o 000,724 208,804 ~ 17 0·~ 15. Wen.ern IDdi. St.ke ~1 a,999.2M J.2~.71J8 3lfi.2'"JO 10 a 1·0 The following extraota are taken frolll the Provincial and StatAl~ Reports on "h.e subject of the depn:eeed ela.aee8. T ~e treatment of the eubject by the Cell8ua Superintendent of A.Ma.m h88 already been .-11tJooed u typkal of the method adopted in all provin<:ea at tha OOD.!!UB. lie writee as foUo- _ EX'I:ERIOR CASTER. 4U6 Alsam.-Umler th•· or•1er'~ or the Census Cumrni.'l8iotlf'r !or ludia a lis~ i.)I depre~sed and bl'ld. ward dn.~s•·R hll" to hP. J•rt:pan·d fur every provinc~ in lndi~. The invidiouil taRk of preparing sueh a li:-~t for A .. rnm ba~, therdore, bPt:n laid upou me aud I am compdled, howc\'er rdn•~hmtly. t.o fi&IUIJlf! lbe fu.ndions u£ a wmlPrn Balla! B•.J.J ..•...... , "Ill•pre~,~sed" as us•·d in India in t•onnr-t~tton with nash• hn<~ r.ome to he a:-.~o.:iat,Fod particularly with persons bt·loll~ing to crrt.11.in •.·a~h·~ iD .M,.Hira.a who are unappruaclJable, "'bot-~e touch u~ces.-.itat.ea immediate purifie~ttiun and \1-ho ure not allowPd to t••a•l in the whools a.lm1g wit.h otL.•r bl'.Y"· ThNe i~. I e Ill glad to ~y. no illl!'b d,.,.grcl' of dt>p e~sion in .\.:o~iiiUU ; an un-approaduLole ca:;~te is unknvwn l1ere and boy!! of all ca~:~t.e11 a.re £ret>ly nrl.mitt.t·u iuto all f\C!Loolfl and cuiiP;!rs. Nor a.rc thnl' any ditlic~ulti~s worth mPntioning as N'gar([s t.he drawing of watRr by all u'l:-lf('S from. publi11 ' tanks ' aud wdla. Ilt•nce I wm1lu l~e !UB.f h to apply to any ca.:>~tc in thi~t provinctl an adjPctive which Las come to c<)lltloU> nn Pxtrt>me state of dt•graJation.. Tbt! f·xpression •• depr!>!lsed «:a.st""s" d~H however or cur frctJLWntly in t hill note in the extrncts quotRd from tht> opinionfl of wriou:-~ officers. 1'his i>~ mPI'i'ly br-tlliJ~ t lH'sc OJiiBinu~ Wl:'re tl'ceived bPfore I had decided that I would not use the tf'nn in A~'ilnH. Thi~:! tJTlll! What ai'P tlwy out~idc ! Th(' &IL~In'r iA th11.t tlH·y are outside the soeia.l pale f'f Hindu 8ncio·ty; that tlwy am" lwluw tiH• Mh "; tlntt the:-y are on the other sirle of a barrier which J•rl'\'t'lll-11 t bo·m froru movin~ 11 t'"IHtl~. But bf•fore !;''in,!( furtlwr 1 mw1t ddine w lmt I nrear1 hy" Hindu Exterior f'~~s ". • By tl1is cxprnlt~iun I llll'all (:tL..,tt:S J't'r·•ll[roi/oo·•l r:lcfmiu•ly as Hindu castes wbo~e water iB not ~<'t·•·ptal..lt: a11d v. !Jo, ita wld;ti.. n, are 1<0 dodlj,;.Jo•nt aa C3~le~o~ in Pducation, wealth aud influence or. for Born(' rNt~ou elll'lnt•df'ol ...,.11 h tho·ir tnulitirma!J)('011pntions, are so looked down upon tha.t there Bt-ems Ltttle l.opt~ uJ Lht•lr b··in~ allmn!d hy }!inri:J Socidy to acquire any further social privilege!! v.itl1iu-al Puy mlu---tiJl" Ju·J..t ·l~·adP. T'.y thP u~ o( thf' v. md " P~t•·ri· lll'll~'e " I Clertain.ly do not inknd to imply Lhat ·such a ca&te can IJ<.'VE•r rai~ it.-~t•lf to a h iglwr t•• ,.,.J. On tJw crmtrary I intt'nd to imply that this can happen; &II it a• tu<>lly lut~ h~:~.r;ot·n .. tl in tJ.,. f•-t<'t, and that an PXtf'rior caste m(ly in the course of time pc•9sihly ko'(ollit' v.h:tt I n<~ly Thl" Shi\~3.1 Al'l.', nf t'lllrtlt', ~'(t••rio\r to ~hf' ('J;to·~t that thry r~.n OQ t\~_, oth .. r_!liue _of t.h ... gr-ea, line w-b.,•h di •·i,l·~ Hind11 ~,)..-<('ty--t h~· )'u...-1.:~ hn,.,:-bu~ thou~h t-hu1 lme I& etdl of g~t • ...... otb •r tht· •. ,... ru··_... be l!lk•·nmkl C'IIWLI•Iotmhvn. lDlt-or an• ,~ • ·.-~ """' lf. '-'r PXampl~. thl" Patni~ an•l ~an~.M-•IIltNI. '-'"••tlJ ~h"l.f' (lfl the tr~td.ition wilirb L'Wlf'ia.t~ tbrm wi1 h Ot"4.'ll(•dio.)ll& l'l'~l'l.h'"'' a.~ lmll' (m•w of tlwm .""' lLOW l"Uhi\'Klor.t ~~~~t tr31titiou AS!IOI.'i:II<"S 1llt>m with 6:thinjland b.>tlt -pl~·~n~) an T.lla pru••'•'SIS .011. hoWt"Vf'r, '-akt> tn.•~~ ~··n~ut iot\l't &tlJ m the runan: i~e t~ry 11.re, .in my opinion, clf"~rl~· eufl,•riup; frorn ,r.>'lt.. •r dto~oahilaf~ ~h~n th(' ShM.ha.'l, th" d&ll&hlhiiMt hetag the y-pry abecn•·" of tbtllle fat"tors 1rhid1 hllY"' ru ldl:' •h~ ~hah•1 a 1'\~l'''''t~ C&!ltr.. Tbua while t.ht> j.,J...-Ja.Jlline is a utt~:fullin .. of di vi~inn ho-t WNn t.l...•' U}'po·r ~tvl the low~r oaato1 it &a n.lt of mut·h u~~e as a tt"'t for ll.-tennining the ·· ~:-''~·rinr c, .... ,tll!l... Nur d•~t\8 thA t.Nt of &emplt: t:ntry afford us much a&~istanet>. G<:'tl>'r:~lly !lpt'akin~ io. thf' Suma ,. a ll··y an """''"''"" ..... lli··h &:--.:> •• Ill •J ·h! .• are ll•Jt allowt>d into the actual Th.JJ:!U'}T.tu of tt•mplt-a in v.·hi,·h the hi~hf"r m'\t•'~!l wor..;brp ~r1rJ ar~ not allowed til as;U.¢ jn the cel'l..'moui~ by brmgitqt tulsi an•! fttl\1"rt'! with wluch tD dl"'lnr.,t~ the idol. la!-6l'l.4l ~ Arf' bowewr allt,wt'd •• d.lhhan" and are p..•ruiu.,,J too come llltol th6 r•,m("''•Lnd of the &emple... ln. thf' A~m Valley 91bf'41' the'' .\'(Jtrtglwu" ~··nnalty t-"k•-A th .. l'Lll.'.t' of tb!'l t(lmple the S;WlP principlt> h•>lJs good hut a Ji.,tinrtion i5 m~,lt.> b.c·h·,..·n Ji 1I·~r-.·11t rh.-·.s of j.,!-oc.Jaal C&3t.f'll. ~aJiyals an l Bsnia.s for f'::t.;.o.~npl"" are not allowed al al1 iuro thf" Nam.qftar• of hi~htor eastt'S ~~rh!'nu& Katonis a.nd Sut.t an> alluwNI in t10rnc di!!tri..r.,. t•1 t-n,t•r the rllrt not rPgaN.ed as particularly ho]~~. i.t'., they &re not a.llowe.J to ll!'nt.-r tht> Jl.-nnH111l. The .-hoi~ mattt-r bt-ing. th•ltdol't', 11-0 in•!··tRnniMtc ],..,•. , it m 1V 1.~ a~k·~~I, r4Tl I P'~iib!y venture to aay, with any d~ of cer1 ,Linty, what c-a..-.t•'"'l .,.... ~.\tt•ri11r. Th1• Ollly f"MStble ru~>thod wa.s 10 find out by local enquiry in t>&cb di.o~.trit.-t tht> g.. n~~t.d ...... i~41 po...,,tio11 of .. 11 c.s~t.-w "Ahi•·h migh~ bt- thought to cornf" unJ.-r the definition of "exh·rtor eA•t••, ·•. ThU. j,. tho m•~tLnd I adopted ...... C.a&e in the Assam r allt'y iB not. &S et~wla•·ll", chit'1y • (lltLctil)fWI ui ... i.:.iun ; it iA l'l'.lllly a nciAl div\£1ion and fWlctional ~~ &Nt 'r'~'T"J f..-w • • ProLahly for tMt ~llJ!On Hirulllism in that \'alley is tol.•raut t(\wftr•I. tL~ tri~l «lQmtnun.itiea whi.;:h have not yet heen completely almorW into it.s o~ru~m. ft mu~ 1 iu (,,d 1 ~ er:t~meJy difficult for an AJiiame~ Hin•lu to dl'6pise at h,..ut a man ,.h{JM(' Hi1,d 11i,.m i1 O(•'D til (',On"lid~r able doubt but .-'bo f'Onsid~l'$ th&t be is j111>--t M gooJ a man 88 ony KlJ'I_·tJ ur K.alita. Ia fad perrpltt like the Deori.s oom1J*'r that they llr@ llJU..:h b.-twr and d•la·, c.,~ wbo knowa it. Nobody can be depres.~ who bite you with a big ~~t.kk i( you utt.·mr•t &->show y·~lf cor11A>mpt for him. As a :result the only ca. There ia, I oon.-.I,l{'r, no doubt that in the A:t.'W\111 Vo1Il~y the ('&'>1-e wbic.:h 1..t thi~ ceu~tua !Jill'! adop~ the name of B~nia aud which at. l)rt>viom CNISWil ~ WIJS s!} let! Brit t.i.J· nau.ia i• 60 extenor CMt~. Some of the leAiting ruen of this comm•uuty l .. ~v(" io fa ..-t iuf•mu•d me that their po ThJU; this ct.8U!I i!l an e~rior ~~~ is al,o the waanim"tUl O[ainivn of all rw.1Jun...ihle ollir:~ra whom 1 have oowmlted. Nor ill there any doubt ahout the larglves Xamasudra.s with their oflohoot t1u: Uim.,. 'IIu. gcm~rJ.l O(,inlon · al:.out all th~ ca.stl1s i.& UllllnimoU8. ThuA the C('I:&ISUS Officer, Dhubri1 ~pc:~rta :- " Na111M1ldra.K or :S~diyala or Jaluas o~ Omral From Darrang oomea further evide~ce :-- .. TbR.t l>onlA, Na.liyals, Nu.ma!ludras, Cha.rals, Hira.a and Brittial-Ba.ni88 are depre88ed, ifl admitt.f'd by the nwmbers of the community themselves who were con.s,dt~>d," writes the C-ens\18 Officer, • ln fn.ct in rwt•ry clistrict of the As11am Valley the opinion ie unanimous tha.t the Brittia.\- Bftni~ anci t.he Ka.ih'll'f;t.~ (wbicb name D1ay be taken to include Charals, Nadiya.la, Hiru and all the otht~r tll\ffi!'lll whicb. froru time to time have bP~U applied to various br~~onches ol this family) sre the mOf!t exterior cru~tes ill the whole of the Assam Valley. Theile ra..-.t~~s ru-e I!(X:i~lly" outside the pale" and though the Brittial-Banias have worked hard to irupfCive tlwir p1~t.ion and hove a coll.BiJerable numb~r of educated men amongst them they appur to be lUI fur off as ever from any 80rt of social rel.!ognition. Anr·ient cW AboYe thP.~e cast{'Al~ame others 11·hose position seemed to me for a long tirne to be extremely doubtfuL T.ht·y are the Naths or Jngis (known in Upper Assam lUI Katonis) and the Suts who are abo rommonly c.alll'd Borim1. A cardul sntdy of the pol'ition of these c.all'tes has however convinced me that I would be wrong to da-;l! them a11 e::derior .... , .••••.• The truth about the Naths and the Suts appears to h.,. tLilt I hey are exterior •'a 'Itt'S who have mane COD!!idera!J]e efforts to raise themselves socially and that their _.fYortB uro lwbrinrung to bPar fruit. There is a bar agairu~t them but they are l:wo~~;inning to bl't'ak throu~h it : th"Y are really " supt-rior exterior castes" who are moving upwa.rd11. 'l'hcte is. in fad. hope for them. As one A!id&mese officer hi1.8 briefly expressed it :- •• .AU Alllllim""RP luw cat~t~s have a rhanoe of rising in the social scale except the Doms and Haria wh'W' C&l't'! is ho pelesa." The Sut8 and Nath• do not th~m~~elvru desire to be classed 68 depres:red or exterior and in fact st.ton!:tiY ol!jt'f·t to it...... ••..... ''The EJ·~···,tinn D~pt>rhuent in 1915 provid(,>d three genera.l dining halls and four separate rooms and the un1lt I only v.-i~h I Iult Qd oonfidPut ahout t.he exterior castes in the Surma Vdlley. . Con Su.n'ly if the urJ""r C"~te Hindue "·i,.hoo t The ft)Uo 91ing opiu.i~..m of a rrl'pon...,jhlf' llindu G {~) Tht> upper ('&!tl"8 will not t.&ke wat,..r or foc.od touch~ loy th(·m : au• I onA bo->~tins to real.i..u the dreadfu.l Sf'll.~ of mi~k"li inferiont .'~ and hatl"t' The ertaior l"&St<"8 thf>m.<~t>l\'t'S art!, howt>Vt'r, J!Hilty of Aimilnr ti'P•'l,f'flt to e.wb ot ber and an exterior c&Ste "'hich considen1 itself to be eon a Lil!hcr "'"': ia]J,\·d t!u, n a uul h .. r rxt•lnor C&::lte ad(\ptAJ exactly the Mme attitude u the hif!IJ"'r ChSleH do tn.~:lri.LI tl.e ,•:,h~ri•Jr Mitefl, A ca.se whKh l'f'('filtly hap~noo in Sunamganj IU•::ttrat4'11 thiR f>'•int. Th.- lut·a' f··rryrnan there (a Patni by c&..i1;(>) was ri"'OJe('utOO for J't•fru;ing to row • ~I U(' 1.i al'l'Oitl\ tl.e riv··r. HL.. d~fenr-e 'tml that, acrording U:J social custom, a P&tw eould not rvw for a :Uudll 811-i th11t it hM alwR)"S ht>en the practice, if a Muchi wanted to ctOM t.he river, for tho parJ,Jlt. to l,... ~i \'t·r.. to him A<> that he could row h.imae-lf acrosa. After cartful ooru.iJt:>ration and aD.M.!.ysia of the l'\i•ieu.o.~ I LA\'P r•):t.~·'~ ,J, l Lave come t-o the eonclu&on that the following are t·he tnl!in C&Stell in tbot" Surma \'all, v "A"b~-1~ t>brJUlJ be c~ aa exterior.. Thl'y are arranged in alp~bt:ticaJ order :- • 1. Dhupi or Dhobi. 6. }iaharn. 2. Dugl.a or Dholi. 7. lhli (Bhuiwua.l:), 3. Jhalo and llalo. 8. :\' a.w;uu.lr.~o. 4. Yogi (Jugi) (Sa.th). 9. Patni. 5. Ka.ibartta (Ja.lliya). 10. Sut.ra.dLu. There iB general consensUB of e\·idt:nce that th;ose C&d~ are e.- "I have made. dose and caro:fu.l enquiri(:(j and t-her•· is 1\ gr·twrul <:(Jh~lll!Uij nf or.inion that the llaharaa are not Jal-ckal anr:l ore a deprr~d elaJU.~. The story t.J.!it f:.aju Subid • Narayan made them j,.J-chal for smoking re•Juirewcnb ouly, 5eCLL8 to he true. lf the Mo1.1.a.ra& ar<: u.t all jal-cJ,al, th•'Y are jaichal only m the se~Jlj.,! that. a. mnn of lligher caste can smoke a hulca fillr~d with water by a. ~Iuhara, l'bt::ru ia not " sil~le graduate a.moug the MahM'Ile in this suLdi\·mion and not evf'n a. l!;ugle ma.trkula~ can Le found. • The Veputy lru~pecwr of SchooL~ ~jJOrtll that the only educated ~~abaru h(! bas met in the whole subdivision ar•: thrctJ }J~'I'Sons work.iug aa \ ernacukr t(:a(;}.P.III in Primary and Midrlle Engli.bh :::klwol8. So the Mah1U11.11 are dP.pr~..J botu lliO('ially and educationally ...... ••• , •••••• EXTERIOR CASTES 499 One ge~tlemnn from Karir~1ganj-himp,elf & .Nath-hii.S, intleed, no bf'sitation in including his cowmuntf.y among the extPrJOr castf'.s. He \\'l'Jt<'B os follows:- "So fur ns my knowlcd~e P:•••11, amrtn~o~:st; the IIintlua i11habitin.g this sub-division the· Patuis•• Jogis (N'at.hs), N:1.ms.sudras, M1Jis, Dhullis and Du!!:las are to be properly indu1lcd in t.he list of dl,prt'l'-'lietl d~:ws, The reasons o( dqm·~ion regarding each of t.lH~~e comnJunitics ore almo11t t.he 11ame, namdy :- (1) The memh~n o( these communiti;c~s are not allowed hy the so called high ca..~te Hindus, to enter the temple ; even their shadow df'filea the image in the tPmple. (2) The higb cla.'l.'l Hind~a never take any food anrl water touched orshadowed ' by the.'IO people. (3) Ur.~llffiins of ca.;te Hindus never agrne to olficiate as priesti in ceremonies pprforrued by th('se people even if they requeRt them. (1) Some of tbe.'l" communitil'a are not. altowefl. to have the sll.me barber who works amongst t.he high cla11 Hinius til work fo-r them. Iu coudusion I b.-.p: to say t.hat thf•.'4& a-re hut few a.mong)lt the m.~ny di•wlvant.sges from whirh tbi'Me people Slltll'r," Pre-vinu~ cemn1.:~ rt'pllrt.:l :~how tlJ,'\t for the l~•~t forty years the ~atbs have been endeavouring to raise th•·ir ~>or~~~ po..itiott by giviug up widow re-marriage a.nd refusing food prepared by other ca..'lt(~~. Iu 11l'it.e, howevr.r, of th••,e eflorts the Sath community of the Surm3 Valley is still very nmeh loHk~d dnwu upon and I mu~t. I ('onsi(ler, class tht•m as an" exterior caste". This da..oc.'11ti•·athm may IIN'm p••cnliar inasmt1ch as I have nnt classed the Naths (Katouis} of the Assam \"allry as ext~>rior. How fnr the A'Wl.ta Xaths are connected with the Sylhet N11th"' 1M a matu~r iuto whieh I int!!ll!l to r>nrp1ire further but I doubt whethr:'r there is any very d%c cvnD~'<'twn. I 11 1~uy o.:~\Re a l:lllilll·i\·nt t>xpl11nnt ion of thi11 difference in treatment would Mpf".' Of the Chuhr~s tiP l'··IIMilS S lt~t•rintenrl •.•nt of Ba!uchish1n writtlS :- . Baluchistan.-" Thfl l'huhrn-4 ce!l~>ut>ed iu B AltLough thrlle pt t"'OWI without PACt>pt.iun I\T6 not allowed to w·ink !rom wells. belonging to tPa'\1 11 indus, :'Ua' "'F(lr "Pt4liU!.UI already gil·f 1.1 this figure c1mnot be taken as an absolute tale of those to whom thP peculi1u disabilitit-s 11UnH1cd up in the broad term' dt>pressed' attach. 1'here are many ('h ristian con' ''rt .->on w h nm J~~ ... l.ili l i.;s !Jffi:IB Do t1 hit light.-:r tLau in the unt.ouchable commllll.ities they u•1 ned 1->eforP. TLI:ll>~.! are nut im:lu(kd, for personal aud local and sectarian variations en~r tQO larg··ly for rl'U~11S allocation tn be }JOSsible. There are other bodies the difficulties of 'whose lift" It te hardly l(•tlf:l HHt..n those of nny Adi-Dravida but to whom t.he technical stigma of untouchability drt;s not apj1ly. 8uch do not figure in the census list. The census total therefore can fairly be tt·rm~o only 1\.n approximation. It U. however a good approximation and, as an inrlieation of the grlll~ral dimclliliOlll:l of untouchability and through it of the dPprPB!it•d claH~t>s problf•m, is alJtmlutely reliuble. Whether its approximation is above or below wonld depenll on tho ]JOint fromwhieh appnoached. Ifthis viewedprima.rily theexistenceof heavy social ili~;abilities, tho figure 7,300,~0 is a miuimum, if it coru;iders strict pemonal polluting power it is u. ma>..iruuru. The genrral JimeDBions of seven millions are beyond contest. M22CC • 500 APPEXDIX I. The i,300,000 f4,"'llrt'!11 and tbe disc.tlssions abo_ve rofrt of cO\~~ only to JH'l'llnllli t'ntlmE'r~ted within the f'tO\-ince OD N-nS\19 n4;:ht...... ol third of the Pllll!!f!lnt.s be-long to the dt'tpr&'ISed cla!'l."k"8 and ront't'<:ptt>nth·. '1\"t"re the natural r<'rul .. tion t.o bto o.,Mid,•r<'d, .,j~] tt ruiUioru~ \\ ould have ~ be taken u the rnnnd ~re for thPm illllt.ead of !It"\-en. • ...... • . Onlv one of the comn:mnitiee ri'prtW'nt..'li showa an in('rt'l\.~ at n.U nwr th(\ di'Cade an(l for the Chakkili>8ns the e&Sh' r~ord seems full and.., aC"Curate M any !'NMll:\ fi.£'llrt'll of caste Mn he e.rpt'('tOO t.o be. Ap~rtntly the Ch11kkiliyan is still I."Ontot>nt wir_b th(' o)J rtame of his community IJld is prarticslly frt't' from th~~ot St't'ktng afkr new wuu<-s whic-h hu afllwt.·~ the d*'prt>W'd as a whole. His I.:llow )t"'ather ~llfker of the north has not f'!IC'&llt'd the C'(\lllajl•0n for :M~,Jij{aa have diminllibed appArent.!~ 16 ('f'l' ~nt. Morl.' pronoum'l'-d dPdille howe¥"l•r ~ app1uent in ti'Wir ht>reditary t-aPn'lit>S, the ){alas. who ha\·e aht'd & mtllion, 'l'lhile in the !'nnth the P1Ha1~·a.ns hav~ dNpped 11 millio:JB a.nd the Totis ban' pra.cti.~ally JisariWar•"<.L ..... thn f~gllit'!i r••tnrned for the .-Lli fawilv ..•. _ .sufficil'ntly a('('ount for the t~oboYe pheuom«>na. The .\mthra !k>~·tioo (the name !It'*~ t.o ha,·e t.\ken on DlO! remarkable dlwelopment of the superiority theory was practically confined to the West Coast ant} ,,[ Jaoo )"l.'.f8 bas greatJ.v Weakt>n~>d PV!'D there, probably more becaufle of development of communications and iqc-:rP~~ of !JOpulation t,hao from any conscious realisation that th~re is in 11 uch a system something hnrdiy compH.tible with claims to culture and nrlvancewent. It ia proho.hly becoming P.vhlw1t that a pell'IOta of euch rare texture that a presence sixty feet away pollutt>s him had bt•ttt!r 1wek 011t !'!Orne der;ert illls.nd or develop a. less fragile purity. The train bt>gn.n the breakdown of this p!E'post.erons aystetn ; the bus may complete it. Coutac.t pollnt,ion on tLfl othE-r ~and rxi.sted ancl exists all over the pre10idency. An i.ruttance of the mooifi.ca.tion and at the Mme tirue- o£ the persistence of di.~critnination is affonkd Ly the river and caualferries of the Telugu delta dllitricts. According to petitions quo~ in a Government. Order nf HJI9 a. member of the depressed cla!IS(>a might have to wait fur hours befor~ being tahn over as he and a Brahman would never be tahn together and the BrahmllD a.lways hl\d priority. In tlte hi~o:g~r boats plying on the two rivers and larg!\r eana.ls t.here i11 nnw no such pr~ft•n•n•·.e; any pt'r!IDn wa.iting ie a,Jmitted on board. Depressed cla!>Aes huwevcr ha.ve to J..E't.:p to" Jillr~rc•nt e!lt.l of the buaL from Bra.hma.ns. In the cross-river ferries the disa1•pear11.nc e lit uot li'' complctl.' a.nd an intluentia.l Brahman would he taken over in ptdl•tfi'nre to a rrm.nl of depres.. 11~ P"~l"',.. ".f thi1 o,,,.,.da..r .i• tw1lll qtt'f' 111• (I(YYIOJ"' uj l'rim1ltf'l'l lrd:-.•1 lml tn r 7. To fJNY'Af' 11.-1'be fvUQwlng trib~ in TI r~~~n. , Thi" muhl'll a lo\nl f•)r dr-fhwti••o of 3.1!'10 2!'"Ji ¢ving a rema.inder of 24,613,84H ~the total pop1l.. c!on nf J•nnntin~ tribes in Inclia l !J:H. It is unlikd_v tbat thi::i hJtal is undcr!"tatcd and ita tt"n•h·ni'~· j,. c)lwiuu!ll)' to dt'l'TI'a'-•• mtlu•r tl,an inci'{!Ase with the lapse of time. 0! tl.il! totaln•w•'·•·r of24 ,f. 13,:Jii-i only t1,2Qil,34 7 luJ.VE' l>ct.:n retu.rn~d .a.s adherN.1g to _their Religion, trtiJal r.•livi"ns. Th~ n•ruaind1·n Krl" Jmoilll,l' H mdu, Lut in ct>rtain tribes there are lar~o:e numbers of f'hri•tiu11.~. ~ 1111e (; u•ldh j_,.t.w, Total •• 24.613,848 ' N. 1:1.-T~ 6.!f1Jt"" M/i!r dlie!ly to trilwM from Chot&~&gpur and tho MadrM A!{enc-y kacta but Ndu~e II.QY who h11ve l11tu:rueJ their rel~iom 811 lllndu. 'The llll.t!'r, tb11t is of coui'9C the v~t m&Jorlt.v, appear iD Appendur I &II exterior caatee, APt'E:\fllX Jl. ·I. k ) tlw~· l;•mr.·s WI' mav ct~mpan> t!&t·rn \\tth tJH,lllt' 11rrin•d at h,,. l'ro\'iwialt'••tll'lli!J Afl&{ l" \D ... . l . . fi ·~·I 'l•l'l J I I' . . . t. l !!I Thm~ tlu• fi,~llrt' hl're for RlhiLJ' ann un. ...'\1\ Ul .h. ·--· HllU t 16 •Iolii~ for ~l.pt·rlll • nur11 •. ,... . • , · I' · , · · · t · 1~"" arri\·t'liat b\· ~lr l..~t•···\' {l'r tl.Bt prn\'1!1!'1' U' ~.h-1.1,131 JJJ ll• 11tlt"ll t11 .,.. ;~wL h(' Jrllllltl\'l' T 1 "' • • . • I (f! I n~·(l·.ll'l I.~:\7,!it>7 as tlw fi~lll't' of ttilJt-s ••r oC.a.toft•8 011 ~Ia•_ burdt•r trw. l "'" f-t•IJJ 7,11110. 01'10, r,,~•l!"l\' :1.\141t.J.tM~) han• t.1~n tn·at.•tl36 t:xh•rwr l·a~tf·,. .llldJ\.~ttm~o: tlu&l tl11' ('IYtJlnp 111 tit." h:•11n~ of pri1;1i1.1,." tril~o·~ anti of Pxh•rit'r l'llst~·s in tllt' llf'JWIItlll'l'll •·"~ not n•n ~Jf••at :11o! Ill!~' rnt•• 111 l~1hRr •nd Ori,...;a. "'hi•·h nlntrlbllk8 nt•arlv a qua.rtt-r ,,f flu• wh,.J,.. :\g-nm tit(' l·~·ur•'K f••r J>rtllill IVt' td~-s ll\~ Tl.l' t{>eal ti'.'ure of rriJHitiw tri1.• ;g in l!!+lill 1'111\' tlwn ,,. td.P!I fill ~."i.(~~).l~ltl in f<>liii•J ,id'mil'litl"lit' Proi!Mm. nun1IA-r'\, of whi{h about :.!O.fMIU,U1.)41 an· in f'nq,h lncl.>1 ,,f •d,ol•l .o~onit• :.! :no lM~I ""' fotm.J in Bum;a. for tfH re a.rc in P.urm ; Enn E'Xl'iso_. lawo;, altho11~h in many wa;.'s to t)Jr> b~··uf·iir of (•rimiti\'P trilw·~o, nw~· r•J••rnt!: a. a !.a.nl;l,ip. and lntt.ld lw found rx• to,.sivdy fW"\·.-r~ if tl1e ,·,·rr l'tL'J"'r r·"'triniuu~ on di:-ti!IJng WGI' r-xtr·w],_.fi t(, ]"!.-f.,,r.J., anrJ f•lT1 DJ:l.•!P fur hou!-dtulol•·on~un •!·' 'oJIJ and f+Jrll•lh~ a \'t>ry i111 porh111. J'&rt (Jf lh(' Ji .. t u{ trtiJI'·s t!utt cawwt grow su,.'1jr ,md 1\r>:' too• l"'"l tu btl\" it. J•or tlm·e JlliJ!Ith~> m tl,t> hOJt v.eatl,er t!.e ~[ariu of ('b,ln•m live al.wd f".:•·lul'livt·ly nu B. \'•·rv t11oldlv aln,!.olie Le'>+'fllJ!P. ntu('h u th•~ An~:azui ~a,;;a doP:>. t,, a l(·h.Q •I· ;,!rH' iu -\~"'il..lrn .\n)· ·.. ,.... w···ll ll.l''! unint~ "11 h t·itl.~:rtri bt- will nVIJly rt" The rapid OJlf'nir~ up of eommunicatioru;, invoh-ing ronluct at n1any (J(Iints anti oJtPII tJ,,~ paeti<·¥leett1P.Llent of t.ribu.l country, entuely alt•·rs tht- a~pf'ct of any vradmd cl.alJ!(.PS th,.t D•ay bne be.-n talcing fJlatt>. Generally Ht>~·aking it ~ub~titutf'8 eouflict fur crm~;i. !'\ot Dl"(.'+obMrily, that is, a tonfhct of arm~> but uf culture and u! mat.t"rial inter+>Rt. Attewpt.fl to drYtiop miut'rals, fore"t• or land lnr intl'nsive cultivation can 011ly h~ mad~ at th~<~:qwn~ r,f tl.e tribe "h~ ibulation iB t..hus invad1·d. The cuetom.s "'hid rP~Jlat(! tl1c ownert~hip, U~ the people ancl ronditions in that Agf>ncy stateA that during the L&Rt 21} years there has been a very rnarkl'd chau~e in the JlOBition of landlorda from the chiefs do11nwsrds :- •• What., ••.•.• , .h" happenl'>d in Rajputana in ~he la~t oentury i1 a compll't.e dPpart.ure from the ~onelrnt. rPIBti•:tnJhip of peBAant and ~hi,.f, wha~r!!in the chit•f lt.u become !ecur.-ly eA~bli11hed in • ri)lhtl! • that ""'"'not h111 a hnnJr..d yMnt IIJ!O, and the pP811Ant bu bPen d"Jll'ivcd both of righta and ret~potU!il..ilitiet~. It wouh\ not. ha\·e bct-n diffi<'ult to e~~t&hli&h UniVI"''Mal franc hiM! a oentury aJlO 1 u a matter offatJt It 111'1Ul e:XI!l'C!i8ed (and le 1til1 .. xcrl'i~o~"'l in in!\t'.('t st~il•l~ plac>('a) without heing In belled. · To liuy it woulrl lm 110 difficult u aJmOIIt ~ ll!'ll'm an impnMible t.Mk to n•n.ke thfl J>"a&ant withdraw bi1 watchful R"'~ frnrn hia lan•llord'R activitie& 'ullt within tho· botd.:-111ot tho law, lnn~t POI>lll!h to ui'I'Cilll! Bn lntelli:;rrnt vow, IPt alOilll & ret~pollllihle one., •.• : In the ct>ntury theoJK'ratiun nf Brit i~h IRw and it,jj influt'nllf' ha.ll"t up thl:' ruling chief• in a IIOCilrity, authority and prNt1~e ti.Ja.t nevrr appert~inrd to th.-ir fl'"llil.ion in earlier time~, and •••• ,.,.,.,,., the pcM&nt hu I.Jeeo de-prived of just 100 DJucb 1111 h!UI vcru'!t! til the other. , , ••••••• Pro!?f'811ivcly, and at an accderaW pace JiD('o J.hrd Minto'• oommtm·tom,.nt of the pnliry uf non·interl.,rencc,thecommun people have boon deprived both of author~ty and l'f"ffpon A lliillillir appliratinu of alil"n law also usually dit~turbe the tribal customs of debt. Tribal customs of d(·bt arc fr•:l.ju.-ntly, fK•rhayJR normally, &tate~ in term~ of extravagant.usury. Such· terms howevt"r rt>pn·Mt·nt h"¥ the rP~t customs observed Ul practice than the ideal which the ll'ndl"rt:"on.~i(lo>rll onght t•• Lethe rt n T~-t" Hri~l~h :!-,·~t.··n, of a..tn1•rllFf-p.fhl0 nf ju!'Otit '-'· .. a •• h:t*" urnnh uritoiiHih· l'l"1'-111······· ••. ,Kill dl·t·f,lli'Llt• ("'1 ..... 0~ t:tu~ Rk•ltd.f c·h•\r'','l t··r ur ltnl :~1 ... ,:-.,:dll.!l. .• hi" ("t)Jnpl•·'"!\lt"(t -..I .. :.·&n ,.f ln.-a "iU•i I· ·.d rr• ... •t!H't•, "·,'hh b. ·-· •... ~u.·.~"t.IIO A.·h·r:.-n.-c ... t tll'1r!-·t!'\ Rntl ptt•! '··· \\RS ,,·ttlr_lil~- IH1{ 1''•1npr.•lu•r.l···l .. , rln• ~dllflo(~ A),, 1 • 1 ~illf'~ SlllJ \\RS Oo>t ~\IH<-.:1 I<> l~Wir lcH•I <•f n1!ll Tht Briti< f, ~~ <1, ·m o! L,,. auJ adrn:lli,!ra l i· •11 h !I.e !u ·: i wr '· 1111" I t" 11 1'· t1 r : !: • ,, " 1,, ! ,.. ·h ·I ·•Ill 1 .,f II ,. 1rot •"~'~ A.!11i ~;!\..,;; Wf'-ukr·Th;l t!:W dll~IJ••nt\· -11f tltr? !'0-\JI;·la.) ht·J.d!ll Of t•.tll l11 t' ;J.I -·I t',,. It""]"'..., t l ~ •• ,-:, •·r:_, ··••lltiJ J~f,.f, ·! .. l"nnl n····n:h-, > It i;; t·a•v to .:>o.·e Low a tontbirdrtiun vf IUlli-tril·al f~·r,·•·1' '" ld;;o·h· t•t ,.,,.,,• .. ,, "!iditlllll ,,f f'~:r-t-~·1\·r di,,;.,,r.,fnrt in tril·al Lift", tltt' nt•••t l'!·ri()IIS a•r•·r·t uf '\\ l.il'it i; ti,,. , ..,,.,, 1..... Ln··d..~lc,wn of the ('ommur:; d 1H;!:int7ation. A trit,.- hnn;! in u"''loHfa'l·.'f> i~· I t t••r. "d! lhiJ,,!lv I"· iuun•l to han• <.l,.,.,.J.,p"d an a•h,J'tatiun to its f'll\'lfOnlii<'Ht v.\.uh 1\fTI,lll tc·t~:llll i:•,.,' "JI'r""' il 1 3 }.erfH·tic•n. au s.JJ['t&tJUn w!.ith may h~v·· tab·u IJ:HII_\' n.til• 111r1.1 •., JJ•·, .. o:!lo .. nrl 1be bre~kdo"n of \1.!1ir·b n,a~· J, .. tL1· ruin of tltr• trih". f,,r it j,. lil.;,·k ''' l''w•..-d at "•.,r ·::~ .d•·r rult• thau tilhf:'r tlw ;::radual d.un;Ie Ill i'hy~iral tlJ\'!roiurwnt ur t!um tho. ~tdl .•l·.\\•·! l'ro"'' "·~of arlaptatiun to tl1~t chango·. In tu(' r·a'lt tlol' aumini,.:tra.ti.)[J of trib..d ar•·fl~ Btl fjqiJ-ft•I.!IJhti •. a di:-tfl• "'!&iii\ iu '\Pf\' 1!\llllf (:8."".'1' doni' rw1d.J to rnakf' tlw ]'"'it ion Pal"i•·r f.,r rJ,e tri:,..~ afT··•·t••rl. ll The cousequ~nl',e is that a few alien !lettlers who are able to dn so aud ar~ wiHhful to live under the ordinary code~~, which J(ive trcOlf!ntluue advo.ntagt>.B to trarll'rs and others dealing with simple and unletten'!d ruf'n, are lilwly to sw~c.eed (it baa under existing contlit:ions often boon d In the a..llNntil ivf' tlwy tn:&y rl"tain a eort of em&~~Culated tribal life, deprived of the custom.s and fet~tival~ that g~ve it H•~>a.n.ing a•Ld c.;ohc&uu, and fall into that psychical apathy and physical dec lint> which hll& r!ut·imatt>4 !10 m.uny tri lt11l cottJmunities in the l'acifie and elsewhere; and tbiA decl.lliP is QC('.t.•l••mt~Jd in auntLcr wuy by the OJ:Rning up of comtnwlicationa. Many new di.'W'M68 arc iruportt-d B!f&irlllt wlliuh no ]ntmunity haa be-en evolved, since they did not form part of thl! environment. W whieh the trit..., is ada'ptoo, and the rPHult is & sta&,teriJli moft.:l]ity fwm wh;•:h th .. re D•BY Le no ff"(:o~ery. The J"Jipidly approaching extinction of the tribf...a of Great Anrlamuu haa lnrl.(dy bt:-t·n due to dillea8C8 imroru.>d into the penal settlement a.nd commuuitJRl.Pd to the> All lMl £1 pas.v1:J.:..c •n l'r<•"' ,,~-~~J nr•d Su!lt' C1"1L1'118 &port~ (1:131) bt'.an1tg Oft t.M cwtoms, ocmditionl Retermc.. m u••lf.JJ-: .-J ,,.,.ni4~•etrihes, ltnrl4 '"'"'rhdu•itha1J ast.• :ri.JSk a~ar in Part Ill oft.hi. wlume; \lr:ms Jfll.n-lrv/ t (Ire ~o "'J'''''lu.·,J bur i11 ptirf o11ly, r:w in a dijferf':lli.jorm. Cen.ua YoiUD\41 &~ V J 11. Boll:lbay Apl-'6udiJO B Notu Qll lhe aborig~~ and lbll hba. jourN til ~~~ p,.u>J.elltliJ. •Tb Subj~t. LaJw .M x-....-;..,. eu. J. H. T.Ur :xrr. Kadru •• Cb~ XJit, pp. :91'1()..!(12 ,.....iii .. 7'ritww •• . , lr. \V. )(, y eatt. aQd. oth""- xnn. Uni...r PluYi- C.pt.er XII. •r~ D., Jl"""9"'•r.u ""' -""'" l'SifiM ... 'l'r"-. IlL &md& •• Chapt« XII. Seotioo 4M ,,... aM Pri..ati"' 1'..W.. •• .lppeodm u. (..:UC. , ..... a..,.., ~.,, .. _. IDJTWC Mrf). f'~ • • Appeodill It ••Mn9mp4~ _...... "' ,.. b'*-" r ....,.,. r...uo.. App.odia Ir- •. • • 11~ t/ C~-..1 '!'nl ...... c ...... J .. ,...., • ..-~ . %D. C«JaiD •• - .lPf*!dU It • • f'.. I orw~ !'nllw rl/ Cao:io" K. G<:J.,imia lfl'DIID. .nm.~ t - f'.UC1....:lu O.A.Ith.a.G, nv.K,... AppeoddX &-/a~W~..gjuwpri- K, V~ .,..,...• ...... rnt.. J.p~dil.lf Tlw Pn...ih.. 'I'...,., N. K1111i1U1 Pilla~ ud L. A. KrWiDa 1,-v. INDEX. N. B.-Firtlrelln ol&n~Ddoojne indicate pararraplu. Figuree ill dllarJ' Qrpe ludicata Pille&. A-contd. Abortion, '78. Ara., '17 ... A.crobat.IBt, ori lhll of, t I G, Arm"nl&, 102. ,\o,uar-y'• repor' (19'.!1}, 70; t\ll:'ll ~ 10'7, ~qq. A rm.n.iana,f71. J.deu, 11 : Prot.ootnra-. 1, .. , Ann&noid type, 45'2: 'lr.Dll or, 462: distribo\lon or, 662, -663; at8araer, -l5".!; ak••ll•t Harap~ 4&3. A~.U9. 1 A.nuy,l31. Ad-dbannl, 184. 166. J.rtemia,IOS. Adicb.oalh•r, almlta f01md at. hO, 44 t. Artino ,IJ"an. of. too. Adi-Dr-.•ida, Adi-Hit•du., AdH\•m•taka.166. .Ut., 180• .&dmi.U.tralion, P~t.lin. 111. Ary•n invuioo, 30S, .ldoD~. Garcl.ona of,103. Adoption, Appl. kl C'h. \'[. Aryau, in r»nl••d witb lranialll, -t6l); Rif;.,,,,u.,, 4~ 1 mo'te. men til or, 4-68. ,A.f!Air·birth, .. ~tioa of osLfo.roa) aoul, il Wk!JD• 414. a; .. Aryu, tel. Ap, l'l'hm or. nf inf .. nt.. 18: mi111t•t•m"""ta of, of puberty, .,t Arya Samaj, l60, t64,166. womllft, om•thl'>(la of ,...,•lumlflll!, iqnror,.noe of, 6i: (ndia.n attif.ttdr t.oW"al'll•. 7& l of C.m.. •nt, O>•nmitt.N,17 J Aaia Minor, S91: and ...,utb lndiu oulture,1,t1. in. dl•tribu~ooo,e~hur '72. Aatwn. U : frlledom from plague, rat. in, Ul ; li~r~ooy of Al!8 ,rouP-, t ..... tmt~nt of, onortAhty error ln, a-l)oatment of. hill-trih. in, 141 ; migrat.lon to, 63; •ubtld1ary oco.a 110rt for, 71: 1IM't f.,r kn n1lat.1on t.o ~i.,il oond,tion, 92 ~ t•at.lona in, UO ;, .,it.Jetatiatice in, 78. coomrarat.iv.,, 73. - ~uru,4!'17. A,rborlt-.nth, ~~. , _. Aaon,lll!lllunrl 1ang~~~tge ~ltlf to, 151. A,n lknl-. 4"o9, Aaylt~ma, inmates rJ, 181. AI!"' 13. • Atbea., 167• Agrlcuhul'fl. 81, 1H, 1111,124. An~tro-A11iat•c, 4--i~; "'llj(ll•cee.UU, ,AI(ricnlturallal,,u,.,.: 124. Aneta. 45<1, .:;a• ..A~.II4\ Anir, 41)5. .Abl-i- Oadi• _.t, L&Z. t11. At.madabad, 41. B Altmadiya, t7t • .lit P'()ree, t 29, Babylon, 10!'. ~iMP'tfG 81'04-"4. til), B.... ·k nay, 41. Ajm4'f, "''IC'""ti•Jft t<'o, 53: l'>~.v. ap• of wnrk .. ,. in, &fld ~...... &11"1 of worlum1 ln. llof'('~. t" l'b \'IlL B~~orl&nan ~ultnl'l' +U. AQ!i ~M:Il•, 160. IM. Bag..ra o.la, 413. AI- K hi•lr, 169. B"'::hsll..hand. tS. Alrn• huU.,•I, iumato,.. nf, f33. Bab.W•m, 189. Alpin,.•, So'l'; tvpe hl B .... ,.. ...1, HQ; ~vpe at T.uhoor. 4.'10: H.. idh;vas. '!'19. intru~j .. n nf l11t.n [tlJn•, 4:~1: lol.v•d jll"')ll ~. t..J~; r_, Faiga. 151 • .-.. n~<& of, 4!'>'.! ; lnvuion, 4,\7. Balfour, Heory, on pteb.iAt.orio pot1.o1r1, ""' Al-tlbaid, •\:111l• of, 4~:l. Ba.l11chi!tan, 11, 44(): Iangn.p ill, US; former fertility of, Ammon, t02. 4u4. An .. u, ""' : •knllo r!)Uild at. H:,,. Banajiga, 4.~3. Andamans •nd .'I ll"nhr.n, 10, SO. BaugAlore, SO. An-taman.-., ·I•) ', •W !, .U;I; ""'' r.,tio Lft. 79; d~olmf' In, 17S; Banking, 128: Enquiry Committee, 11, 83, 1211. llt.nK•Isl!"'• 150. Ran·da, &;<\'!~!of worke-1'1' in, appx. kJ Cb. VIII; ~mi~ration An,~:ami N"'l•• -111, frolll., 24, 51, 67 ; infant marria.ge prevent-i<>tl in. 99, Anglo Tndi,.n•, .. ,.._ r .. tio &fiV•IO~. 79; IIMIIflll.tiona of, 184; BarrW!, Mauri~"• 180, a.•l ju.-tluMt ol l'"l•tum nf, 171!; d••linitlou of, 1110; in n>la t.nn to (u..li"D Chu•llo.'l~, li!U, llllrtl1' h. t 0~. •AnimiMtll, t 74, B.wtWi1, toll. Anthr<•t>e•tn•>l'l,hi••n. Apph .. d to •mul m11tt•·r, 4U!l. R&llhi Strait, 449. A p~•tamha, 41~- B!l.l'tlll I' tate, 149. A ph.-otii ~. 10~. :Ratala, 82. Aphrodiii'M~ll.. r·anhO.!;tlll, liS9. BattJLII:o •C•li'•"'ttl•s M<~oncM'"""''· 146. , '"-1 :i ""' · L.n.ru.....,.. ISU. , .... "'~ • . . . f OunJu, .. ,.,, :&.P.r.J IS. do-n;oit'· ,,f. f; in!anl .. in. !99 : '"""'... am~ 1° 'l:i • ,j ' 11, )lo;,.!1m JOOf"'I&IH>fl of • .f!!; rt!liiUMI..ci f'"J'U a• t 'akutla, do·lu•.1 Y of, t&• t:' 111, PUl•nollil ul1 42. 4.\1; ".::.: ~; ,.... w.,•b~ ~nih o~jan>l, "'~J, bra<"h.v· ~ (&)d ....-11, l!'td. M-pb.al.' Ul IJ"I .\t~lD!I"!itn.440. 4a7. t·•n•J•~II, '-•r.l., t7. B~ni-1,.,....:. ast. l)allnll'61••1u, ~H.!, ~a. -&>•.5 llf'"·'-•·111. l'antottmrnt-", ST. Bfoz:r~rr. 102. l'&ll51&n, Final, lllil'rolothir flint• of, 4H. ~thAI.M. l'&eboh, dn,C.., 40~. B~ tdauria 78. Caah ('ol'n1tiratH, I. Bapam.s, &59. l-...,~. M'lall,•o to rr·l.hrJO, 144 ; •• 1.-u•fl'·r...i• hv n ••lr) .. ,) .. Bb&Lt31. Jh li<>ll ·•• Hi; m I IHIOll ... llly, l!ill; rnl•· •nd 1<41«', an J Bhs•t!'b)·.a. T'urana. lf\0. rd>lrh of. chanol"•o on, ,., .. .,. k> lui'l11•r, H12; Ia b•llatioo BbJ. R •i f"<~l rukr, with blvod. ac~iDW by, 40-4. nf,al,.•hllo:..u nf rrlurn ul, HL~; oru1•a ol, utr.._,n.w~ of. "•'"" of. chAd•anl"I:N ••I. 11!4 ; 'lron"'·r rn -..uth, of~lll Blnl.o.tS4. BOOdJ!Ig, R.!·v. P tt,,141. ~'halll•!"tibl, lfl!, &hr11o1, io :'i~n. 4!'7, (lwn.iraJ JorWU•. \80 136, &lar?m, 15. l'bo>t~P.awi -·t, t£-lt Ison.o~•"· PMdtonc.v, 15; •~ ;,.., liteni':V in, ind"•'r:r irl, C'!Uidc, oo .-\F)'ll.n la.lllfU~. 4•11.1, dlm6i '~ of, ~'It' 11'1, 4i i O'l'l!ll'CI01JdiiJI ID, ta. 51. l'hrna. ~f, fl7. &Hmerjea, '~h- BoJOoftt, ••• t.l.m...... ,, 16. B"'-'C.yrepbaly, 97; of Bengal not Mongolian, «0, ..:i7, lwn,langu"W"'· 150; nPw arl" r·l .,,_ J~. Bni41na, 3~. 39'1; en!Tilll! of, 4JO. · 1 lllicra.k41R, 1~9. I 7 ~ ~mao~J>m, oon-'fed.ic ek·m,.nw in, 396. l'hri.-11&118, 159, 1':'8 : _...,. uf, 162: lodoon t!o rda~ic:.n to poltt.i Broad-:a~~t.m~, 22. LOit1on, in m~~o.:ie, ~u"'!!""W ell'l~ati.:.r. t.~l, ~ 111. Bud Ooorg, 18, .l[,O 1 migration to, 63: infantile mortality in, Eicbtedt, 442. 77. Ekavira, 102. Ool'l'ngaled iron.IO. E!efltion propaganda. 40. ~-wivea, ratio of, PO. Cow parifioe, 395. Electricity, 22, 126. Cremation, a~. Ele phanti&lliS, 103n, 110. O'eteo, 102. 458. Elija.b,1fi9. tribea, r11DM! Criminal ol, 451. Elliot Smith oa Adicha.nallur skulls, 4,40, .WI, 444. Crookt~, '-49. Emiltra.tion, from Rihar & Oriel!&, 63, &T, &8; Madru, 531 Cultintiofl, 124. 80 1 United Provi.neea, 6.8, 69 J ludia, 64 J Prol'lDces, Cultu,.._ fution of, 311:1.39-4. •u MiJlf"&tion. to Malaya, 66, Oeylon, 66, Cyprnl. 101. Eogliab,litflra.cy ~n. oitiel, 143. EraniADII, 157 (and •u Irani&D). Eri du, 437, 461. D E.chatology, 394. IladuJi60thi, 15g. Euoocbs,102. • D&ityM, 4fi7. E-.p~H;~rbia, -wa. Dill~ in g. origin of, 4111. Euruia.tio type, 4.16. Dardic !AilglU~. UiT. 4.72. Euro'P"&DI, nccufl&tiou of, 134; need for adjllehng tbe figurt'& Da ... b.ra, 102. 40~. -416. or, cnnfu ...d for Anglo-Indiana, D!!UfeB of female, 178; Dllte, culth·ation of, fM. non-liritieh,179. Dawudi, nl ; flo,rah•. 16!!, Eu.-o~"'" British Subjeeu, 178. J)., [mlllf'nf'""· d"finiliron 6 of. l'lln•• r-f, r,,.,., of,('()nl'l'alrnent EI.OJlamy, 4!l!l. .. of, dJOtnlouti.:.n ni.IIICII and, m~litutw!Uifor, 107. Extcri'lr c~JOt ...,, App:.:. I: 473 eqq.; litera..-y of, 141, 14.5; Ildvclhf'&, \'Ull<'llllvD ,,f, H.O, hhulatu.. n of, 182, 183, 311\l; tel!1.8 of, 472 ; instructions l .. ·lhi, IP, 1.6; B!lmlln•r JUJ"LI~>Iiao ()f, r G Hittit-. 157; lan!JUo~ Ui7. G.iJ-w,W of, tM, t;att, So.r Edward. 73. 17. 117. Hu. l~l. 8Df', •hooddow.od, tM > ill 1f}'ml"l', '"6 Ganja. 1:!'6. Horrnloo, lh.,r1 of, 16'7. C..·i•"'· laug~ ill, 148. o..o-. M. H ... hti<'h. Sir Thoma&, q110~ fi!"'. Bd4. 3!1S, 416. G~-.M,4t"l. ' ' G.ro. 3W, 400. B-ICil«vN. ... 3. H0111rtong, 81. G&u~ l~ld.. Geoeli~ '71. H~M>kwotm (ankylo.tomiuia 1. 1 J 1. pr..... O.JW, .. ~ u.,....,. ri&., 397 sw.;-.a. •PP-1· 10 Ou.p. n. a ... .., ..... ~ 4(.'1$. • Hon-..110; ine,.... nf, !II; on1~-1uary <..i, 5I : OIH' ~.,.___. u ~~ GlulriJ' Dr.. 4.36. a~.,."h B.; lndo-Earopu.Q, ~. 157; ~~<:riP' uf, IM. lado~.. 44&. lnrlon.-R_.u. uwo tbocl .-.t makini ftre, •aanoe in 8. Lnd!.., 4-44 ; ll cat..c!plll, 4-4&, ~ Inclra, 39t, :196. B~ f40, «~ ; oa Tucli&a brachyoephaly, 14~. Hagiol&try, 417. ladua cb&ra.·t.cn, 164. B.air, ot'e~ to &itiOI, 102 ; .ant.ainlo life nanae, 3~. 1ndu.;rt;ry, 126; tt·l 'om (If, Hlh nr,;a•hx·d, 128 i t.o'*oO• R.lbi, 241. b,,.~.8o j23, . Baldiao, 15'5. lllfant mania~, 6;tll""" of, 80; l<,...t il"'"alent in .,strrme -.aLh, 4:l~; .,., alM> 'mArrO.;;" '. J_p(a,nt 11J_Ottlll;ty,•74, 77; Cl\tlJtH of, 77, H.acdy, Prof., oa Polynesiaa origins, ~. Halla 'IUoll., .o7. lnlant-i'Jide, 78; iD J&mm~t an JI.ol-hQJltiog, 402, 401: u ~ te muriap, CO:I. lnaaoity, t'<>nooalm ..nt of, t(l8; •mvog fpznalo: .. 106; nauiiM tf•i\. of, 108: do.l.&nition of, 1M, 106: dcf.w!t.a ill l'f'turtll of, llcape, 79.. 108, tot. ·~~ Geld.erll, 393. . ~ loatitoti J K--col!td. K"lar G(lld li'idda. 61. J&l'kaon, A. M. T., -1:16. Kondh, 40]. Jacobit<'~~, 182'. Jail~. inmat~· of, tS2. Konow, Prof., 8t-en, 4-UI Jain, 161. t87; Hindu, 168; l'ndo~ramy ar·ong, lvw f•·rtility Km·ku, 151, 31.lfl. of, 167. Korwa, 151 : religion of, 100. Jainiam, pl'e Vedic, 18,, Jai11ur S&at"• 78. Jawmu, 28. K uki laru~uo.gf>l, l60. Jamllo,.drur, 61. Kukm, u Himlua, 164. J3nl(ida.. 1811. Kumbb !tlo·la, 188, 186. Jat. 133. Kornhh&rwad&. 43. Jatak~. 133. 4:IR. Kuntoitl, ~ll9, 411'l: infant mArriage* of, 95. 99; bn.chy Jua, '-43. cephaly of, 4'..0. J,..,,, impo!"t&nt'e of, 402. Kurmi, 13, ~o 8~ Kunbi, 457. Je~my. Epi~tlr of, i02. Je~. Whit<·, 1r>i.l70; oH'o<-bin, .. ' rJltio in, 79, 80; lit...-aey • K urukb, 161. of, 140. K uno:banda., JGt. Jhin,..ara, 133. Jltrtm, 124. JIIADg. J5j, J ugi cut.·, 166. L J., 81kd, Ull. Lshour, indu•tri~~ol, oonditionl, of, e&llna.l, 123. !.at:-. 124. W K La~rasb, 437, 4fll. Kal•irranthi, 159, 186. Lohir:i, 4.51. K&c.rhari, 151 : ..,.Ji!-1t•m of, 164. l.hon-, d .. IUiity of, growth, uf, 47. Kvbwal•a. 71. IAihe~., 159. Kadar, of ..,utb lnrlia., f.l~. L&lung, 261; rrligion of, 16>l K&lirt.lan, 4ll2. Lwdlorda, 124. KakkaJan, 166. J;:~~,lo~-a.zer, til. L&ngd•m, I'('(lf,·a:rmr, 154. Kalat, Kllw of. bilinlf1w, H8. WIJ.:11&1!P, return of, 147: aubaidiary, 148, 14&: cla.sai!icatiOD of, 150. Kallar, '.'Jtl Kan•h¥>-Rokt.. , 1sa.. l..an~'UAJl>'B, ovE-rlapping of, 147; nnclutWd, gipr!y, Antit~nmllt'l'e, 150; trib~~,l aurvi,BI of, gipsy eurnvBI of. Ka111ul, 102, 411\. tni">al lo!!!t of, 151; Anetroasiatic, 151, 156; llldo Kan~a, 4111. ,1\,.·an. 152, 157, Dnr....-idian, 151, 156; distribution of 157 ; s.gglutinative, 456. Xar...:-bi, 6&. Lal'lla., -13'1', tt>l. KAf'1'n, 44Q, UD : do< triM of IIOlli-IJlartt·r, 4H{i, 410, K&l'hmir, 28: infanti.-id\' in, 78; 111 11\flt marn<'!l'~ t•,...,ention L&tto•a, -151. in, 99. Law, 180._ KuKilftl, 157, ,~.R. LeJX>rll, IM."l; of, 109. Kay&~~tlwr, tsa. J..toprney. definition of, 108: diagnoeil of, oou~ment ol, Kl'&M, -'4:!. survey of, re.I incider:.-.e of, O&llll4lll of, epre&d of, i08. Keith. Rir Arthur. >440; 110 ori.rin ~>f bun• &a rAC'f'_., 443: on Lo· tf.Prll, t30. W>utb Aralriau lorachy~q.baly, 442. Li!)erly, quott-d, 99. Kl'ratomaiMia, 108. Lifl', expe<'tatinn of, 74, '7&; alirir ol, 4-04; lpoutaueously K~ahadha.ri b1kh-. J66. eng.-nd,.n:d, -111.1; Tablet~, 173, ltiJ'l· Khano4vo, 300. li"9"m (lo""a), 3116, 4('6. Kha.ndoha, 10:1. LingRyal, 159, 180, 166. KhaniadluUla titate, 215. Lingni.oti •u:t•·. "tf; tnb.J, tl6...... ,.., ~w.,_, •.";.ij. IW.ai ·Worala, l9ll. )1.. ~111. Li~gl-_.., imm..ip-ua&o~o, 11. S7. lk~.H.&. •a.HIII...... -yakm. tOI, 4l&. lf.alo...-..n .. lid brt-_...... -..t. t-'>.i )l.. nl:ur•• o6. .. ,~5.. )(..I..~ he. 34, s .._w, ·•- of brads.rarJ·ba!J ia.. .._o;o_ Jlcnd. t'•l. Jbl,.tlldri, tt. Wdopot&&ia, 102, l&e. 157. ~h4• .Mal&..-... ~~ s.o..a ltiin-tiort.. t(• t<·~ ": t"l A•._m, Bunra. J~ lt.i, f'onra, IWMim. ~~ fl L :\JII'-f'r, 6&: tro-rn tl•bar awl 1 •"-. 6!. 67. 611; frnm )ll .. 1.&, 10; fli'Uil"l l"nlt~ r~...uw-. li. IU.kr, 155. u-, " da.lo) II : n.&;ul'l!t of, ~...1. f,..n ~. ani L.hari. ~,q- lii.Aa., t"jli, )1ft : tn ~ N 03. l!alt '1.;&, " I. llhll'U..hi. '>~bo-:n-d ~~ ....;. lb:to. lit. w.5 Hu..-nJa, tZI; es r~··tt&tot111 ol, 117. llal-. z:;.. Vu.s. 117 ~ l··7. J.(WI, ¥.Jil, ~11 llfi!TWO .,.! .. h. 10Z. JllaaW..n:., 151. ._., r-:..~;.-Al, 1M. Haadi. !:L If: -l!-.....c.<On. 79. Lr..pJc-. 51. lllti4LJ';, ...... ; lat.f~~·' ol. lM. )[aD"" 0>&- al. Ill. .. )fo:Jw. lla.trifu.,. 4?il,4.'"oil 'rlan~ frr..m tel f'&ll'il:ny, 3 N&gfl, 300, 4-•)0, 410, 496; langu&~.... liSt; .. Hindus, i&4~ Pllla~antllr~ J'Qlutift.u, 44.'1. - Auo!l'ami,404. Pal&i.nlf, 160. Nag&ri, 153, 1M. Paliyall, 444. Nagel, Dr., 79. Pa.1m, oooonut,l24. Nag~da.,43. Nai,183, 18Z. Pamilll, 28, 167 ; P origin of blood group B, 4l51, 452, 4!)(). Paniyan, 446. Nal, Ilk nil fnund at, 44r'l, U2 ; l'Oj'J)ef ton It IPX''B"'attd at, 4l\3j 4Mt1. P~W Chin Rao, 158, 174.. Namuudra., 441'1. Po.phOII, 159. Nam budri, 4!lll. Pt~rncA,n, 61. Nana, 4.'if;ft.,4:'i0& Par~an. +«l. Nan• Phararl, tot. Pargiter, 440. Nanja.n~ud, t 10. Paruurama, '-59. N&Z'mor, palett. of, tl l. P&r~~i, 169; literaoy o£,140; low birlh rate of, 169. Nual inde1, 4:Ht. P~~oRture, 124. Navy, I~. Patriliny. rlwlge to from matriliny, 3f~. Nayadi, orna.rm.ul of, +46. Patual!, 169. Nar-or. 4.'1A. PllB.ke and FleUI"'I, on Badarian cultuftl, 444. Nayt.u, 159, • Pea.rl'a Logistic Curve, arp!i!'d to Brngal, 41. N~uderthal, 413. Pdl'e Law, 41. Negrito, 10, :m~. ::1!17, 442 : tradition of. in .AMI&m, 4.4.1: in Peehawv, (51. P~nian Gulf, «2 ; and proto.auatralord. 444. r~trie, Sir Flindel"ll, quoted, 177. Nl·~. Ootoanil', ....W. Phallic culte, 393. NNfi(•Ld, 433. Pht:lf'niciA.102, 1M. N...atori&na, 162. Pilgrimag.-e, j 63. Nr ._r, 40"l. Pi pal, 407. New Ddhi, 46. Pirpantbis, 159. New GuiM&. t:J7, ...... Pi•acha, 4.')6 ; 1a.nguagea, 167 ; dia.lecte, 450, Ni.u, 401-l. Pitt Ri\-ers, 711. Ntrol • .r l~l&t•da. I&" n.llo in, 80; ya'ln, in 111 ; elepha.nti&Aia of Bout. in, 108~~o. Pl.¢a, u ~eat external 113; eaten, 4l4n, Niool,.reM, 3H9, 40•\ 4M, 41.'1.,, Plague,IU. Nigeria., 108 IU. Plantain, tree. 413, 41411; ayuonymoua with human b4!ing, 0 414. Nili ,.,/wwlru. 69. Pliny, 436, 458. Nlum'a Dominion•, 27. Police, 129. North-W..e& Fronti ..r p..,\"ince, l!J. P"lyaodr,~o·, 28, 90. Nudit~·. of .Jaina, UIJ. Polygamy, 90. Polygyny, 90, • Pont~W~o, "10Z. Popul"tion, problem, 84; paychologic.al facto-r in, 35; rural, 0 49; floating, 86, 61 ; of Bengal, 42. Porter, A. E., 41. 01'cU)l&tion, in r<'Jatior> to (.,rtil!,\, 86 ;f'nom¥ratiuo 112; ,.f, Porto Rko, 84• .. la.~~aitic-atinn of I U, U7; aud '"'"'"• traditional. 1i8; of guropoa11,.,of Attglo-lndiana, ta4; "'ith n>feren~to Poaaes&ion (dPmoni&eall, 4lG. ag(>, n.-. •rJJ:K t{) Ch•p. VIll. Post Ollice,l26. Ocou pationa, diMtrih11tion of, 113, 118; '"'l'••>gious 117; Prabhua, br&l' hycephaly of, 450. rba.n~t"• and d!>l!IIJ'iration o{, U7; di~t riloution of in prnYinll in, U9; Pra.n Nath, Dr-1" ' ~ul,..id;...-y, Ull, 100; of dcp<'ndanh, 121 : of females, Pr.llikmw, 434, 459. l2J,122; Ul8110ocif'lllly dt>~~t>ril~t•d. 119, 132. Prd!Jtl31la, 408. 410. Off11pring from clitl, .411. Pre-uss, K. T., 442.. Om~,41l. Primitive trihea, ina.dequate repre.eentation of, 144, appen Opium, 126; u a oauue c.f infantile mortality, 7?a. di~ n. 502--508; number of, 1>02,503: religion of 1103; diRtrilltltion of, 503, 504 ; administra.tive problem of, Oraun, 151, 155, 164, .cna ;origin of, 445. 1i04-.'l07; references to provincial volumee, 507-508. Orcivo.l, 40711. Priwotler8, 122. Otcd.,al, by wntl"r, 4()2. Privilege, Pauliue,101. OriM&,148, Profl'ssion&, olerical, 180, 138. Propaganda, 1M. Oriya, 14, 148. Proatitutea,131, 182. Otlub, 2a. Prostitution, why associated with strar.gem, 4Jf), Outf.r branch of Indo-EurOJle&D languages, 167, Proteats.nte, 159. 01·~rcrowding, 43, 61 ; in viltagNr, 51. Proto-austmloid, s.nd n1:111a.l indel!l:, 439; in India, 444. Ovei'!Wu, Ind.i&us, 62, 67, l'rzyluaki, Prof. J., 166, 351, 300, 440, 457. Ownershi I' of lo.nd, 124. Ptolemy, 436. ("'Will.·~~- ... i .... ~...... 11<41a., .t:• 411!.; l ~ j..la, ~~ ~. 2:2 i Pltltg:J'OW «''III'Ut•'l<• ~. Jt.J. ~.nrw .•_..'\, lilcora• o,, Jtl. 1'\ar!la.ll, 1&1 • • ~'-,...,~ ....!. to..,...... -.. fNotlh,oil'lll tnmlatrlfte •l. ..-•';' ... Q krda Art. 10' ,.!l ...-1 r.l. 51-1, 511, vs_ H. t.J-.a"' .. t17. !i~k.r I R. Joi. ., 'i""f· .....·..&. t.,...... UL Ll. ,..., '7'7. , ....,, ... -.l. 8-.b•IU";, au. S.c:s-.,u •.-n •., tY.. a S.t_la~--rat• }!.,.._, 1~...... iiL. S...•·• P.Mna.. t 11..5. --.. • :&--. • • dot :.!U~ IIi. an...... &1\t...W. J~ t...~'ELfcr-1". iL &•v&, t5L. J'llll, ''S...... ~ .,.;.9, &.,..-,t ;o. 13. ~~ ...~ ]( .,...... 11~- ~bmHJr, Fath..r, 4ltl L'~II; •z::r-.,t~ &-. il; ... ratio ia. Tl, f...:IOI'nc .... uo. • • ; ....._" .,...... ,. .... fW •1-'FG- ... C~:o&p. \ Ul. kri ,-t. lfiJ: Br-.l.mi. 25-4; 01:.-11 m~nt.o...i. HI ·~·IJ.L l.o Z.;,aa.,., a..-.. Chr• X.. ~~-...--s. Nyttu..lt. .._.,, ~"" a.. 1., ~ So-a, hJ..ana at. ee.. ~ f«'l M. ta/liN m, ION .p ~ a. tL ~~ .. (~t,Wt. !SI. ~- kL fUn~ 4)rj_ • ~-~..d.41. z..---. ~A... tiL t;r, h.;.,. k., '71. a..u.. an. S--b-nll\, 3 ·7. -117. ~ I It"- Jl td".mle...l;- i,. tt'1. S.lf rowll!l"'l!!K'nt.., n1 u• i< : ~..J. IT. f.,. ir:nr...':!C ____,.., liZ. &-!,o.·ma.n. ••o Anl·ian br.,-l,:'-.--..!-h..J~, i 1:.? ~.Atr--. tJL So-nan. -ll3. •~ ~.r...;...;,T"&, ~ .. ~ 4'~ ~~.~. t-41.. f...,j r x... tm, 151;- •~.t::r ~a nevw of. 151,. 1H • ~M~n. lW-•t-11,{"1 ~\~'">cr. 'i" •t•d. 13fo, -wrl on o-rigia t~f l11Jiu r-ar;T. u-- ttf, 171; of F...~r.-da. 1"~jiiF9~ A•ftal• p•,-w•t•"n. 4--t:, .... ~.n. !!-.-s.r.. llo, 11; of ...,.,,.._..,"'..., :\f••J.e... J•1..--d l'&-a, P.,. ~.,_., ~' r.'t. liO; iD ,...]alto"" ••• """'at•, .. ~ . ..& .r,.tta, 80; at ""pro 'WI l• • ~----;- ~~·pr.Ae, 1&1. d•at:hwr '~"' 11. It~ 1A ""'!al ..,.h., ll; in 1"1'4tion t.u wa t >r-1.. ~ -~ .. ...,_._ j5'f, 4::.i ; Ji.i!iU. IIJT.n of.~; ftJiJjna fha.bdara (l~o~lbij. "6. ~ "!m:. r -s d ...... S1wr Ill" h. 102.. ~ ,...c, ·--.i. ~. ~- SbPkha••:. 71. L--;r. P'u E -r1.ert. ID:- auaJ m.d.t:sy ~ t:i~.a. 3~ L •H'1'. - e-•~" .., a: w~~. t.:-l. Slwa.-Jir..l~. "'•d. 4-4 '~- BluuU1~ ~luu·~D> nt. 153, I~ 171. , a.:.-.11 T n !";o.. 11. ~bi-.1'71. f-.-- £.-.~:o;, r.JO.aa, t~ !ii.~koL, rr&.~li uo1 f••m:ttl ••· 4-!'J. ki441iL t-u: St T-co-nid. Soul, idt nti Hed w~tb oh·..i<•1\', 4~13: loe&tnd in k>re~ad. 404 ; Thomu, Mr. E., 164. --. u ma011,in .t.ull: locah•d m l.h" b.,JI.d, ~119; In in8ee!h •'"·· 4111; euul.lllo(•~rt·JI, w•w<:l~n. ~illtl, +'10, 4VI ; metal, 40:.! 1'hllr!ltQn, 440• 453, -&H7' ~nul·toAtf4"r, Iilii, :J!t'l, av~. -w~. of.Utl; all ff'lrtilieer, .wr> ~ Kan.-u drx:trin .. uf, 4011, 410; in apring bunt, 416, 1'i(l8ra., language, UiO, 1117. TobaollO indiUtry, 123, 128. • 8ou1.b Afrka, 84, 87. Toddy gro~er.. 128. ~' S'tllthun India, langnage~ of, t65. Tongue, u ee1.t of life, 40211, S~i&l Xarrlate (1-m(lndmen~) bill, tot. Tonwv,78. Squ.t\e"- &1, Toteroiam, 411, ~12, 413, 414.: ~nct'ptional theory of, 412; ~c1a~d W1lb fvod rl!lltnctionl, 412. 414: in connection Bta.ndard•, 1\,m&D, Moogoli.n. 41 3". with externaJ 110ul, 412, •U3. Stein, i'ir AUl'ef,+eo, CliO: di..-o""et of In Zbob "alley, flll; Tra;.1hom.., 108. in Gedrotoia., tot. Trade,128. s~rility, as. Tran&porL, 137 : me&ne or; 126. 128; by rGa.d, by rail, by Stone1, u fertiliun~, ~7. 411S. Y!lter, fly air. 126 ; motor, 126, 127, S31. · Str•bo, quote-d, 102, 3116,4')2. 'ln.v!ln<.-ore, 2t; denllity a!lrlcultural, M; 1.bolition of Deva· d&llia in, 102 ; eleph&ntillllia in, 1081l, UO ; agee of l-It. Fivro, chair of, 4fJ7ft. WOJ'kera in, .8e4l app:L to Vha.p. vm St. G«~'l1e Dumet.riue. 15!il. Trihc.-, t73; return of by (,'h,Nti6ml, 181, 81. Ther-e ..'• ptit.i~l, 414. Trillo, :Primitive, •u Primitive T:ribee. f:llhl'&•eo~il.r, Dr. H., 77. Tribal, religion.s, decr.-aee in, 1M. 178; languages. tiU, 376. , 8Yl•J9Qt-a, 3il7. .. ., Trimulghery, 45 • Suruer, acri pi tS4 1 it1 rd.tioh io Deluge luge.,d,. 156. or. Trinidad, 67, Snlt•tri..na, 4(-f, 1\ Tripur& l:itllte, 18. Stlll trOTihi p, 3{1~ Trobrland hluda, 4J2. 1 Sorrlh&rg, 7&. Troo ptt, British, 184. 8u110i, 171. T1aktlljp, 150. Surtival rat... H. Tubetcu.lo&ie, 111. s-tir% 123. Tucci, Prof-or, 304. • SwiM', luu~u"'J"', Turi, 161. sypllili-. ut. Syrian,_,,,.,;~ •• 1a RyriAD ('o()ddeM,lO~ WI, -411, , Udui Badhua,164. UgBDda, 87. Unemployment, Ult >of eduoat.ed. 148. llnitl)d Pro-riDCPB, 23: pnugra.tion from, 63, 59; aubeidiary 1100DJ:&tions ill, tOO ; language& in, H9, 158. Unit!lrillJIJ!, 17!1. r Unproductive. :183. Ur, 437, olUI; doliohoceoph&lie ek.ulla of, 441. Ttl.lohilu .:lt'tffiDJuay, 11\!.;oato,d origin of, 416. Ura.li, -142. T~mu•~79. i Urban rcpnla.tion, 86 ; total, 38 l definition of, 87; eex pi'O. ·'!',.uin~. 51. port tone, 89; all intlucnoe.f by reliQ.nn, race, rainfall, Tan.:im mu'I" TaiUirilfJ BmAm.J~J<~o 3!) TaunH._, 124. Tea, 12,..; g&rdeWI, fi7, &8 v Tl'lt>grnpb, t2@. ~ Telephone, 126. Vama,434. I Tcli, ·~rcby unto~K~hahleo, 4 Veddah, 1.kull of, 441. • Telugu, 148, ·l.'i6: &b.qenrm o a«lhyoephaly ~~omong, 4116. Vedi{l ritell, aurrivaJ, of 10oial elernfiDt.B in, 39~. Tciiantl, t:M. \ Village oommnnity. 436; ~ooupallon of. oi36. Ten urea, 124. Vishnu, origin of, 407. Tha.do, 404. Vyllll.,o&M. 51S w Wa.4'l,4!~. \\ ...:;~~ ... in l'f"t1 ('n·-c- '-'f ... ~i .. ,. pt ,,u, t4f.. 1 1 '\ .;.h·f, 'D i.Vll.l"lt"t'fo •II \'1' • fi.•"'ll! f. £1 il:ty ~T~t 1 -6 ·"_: ~ t_"'rdraJ l·~·. -1-~ \.-~. Watt.-.1. P K .. ,.f. \' "'""'· 111. W;ow:en:L. .