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Development Team Paper No. : 04 Indian Anthropology Module : 15 Classifications and Distribution of Tribes Content Writer Development Team Prof. Anup Kumar Kapoor Principal Investigator Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi Prof. Anup Kumar Kapoor Paper Coordinator Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi Prof.A.K.Kapoor Content Writer Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi Prof. Subir Biswas Content Reviewer Department of Anthropology, West Bengal State University 1 Indian Anthropology Anthropology Classification And Distribution Of Tribes Description Of Module Subject Name Anthropology Paper Name Indian Anthropology Module Name/Title Classification and distribution of tribes Module Id 15 2 Indian Anthropology Anthropology Classification And Distribution Of Tribes Content of this unit 1. Introduction 2. Definitional Issues 3. Tribes in India 4. Classification and Distribution of tribes 5. On the basis of Economy. 6. On the basis of Culture. 7. On the basis of Language. 8. On the basis of biogenetic criteria. 9. Concept of PVNT. 10. Concept of DNT. 11. Conclusion. 12. Objective Questions 13. References. Learning Objectives To determine the concept of tribe To understand the classification and distribution of tribes in India. To understand different concepts which enlightens the tribal concept more prominently To understand the contribution of different anthropologists to determine the tribal milieu. 3 Indian Anthropology Anthropology Classification And Distribution Of Tribes Introduction 1. Tribes are the indigenous or autochthonous population of Indian sub-continent. 2. They often referred to as ‘PRIMITIVE SOCIETY’ or ‘pre-state society’ or ‘folk-society’. 3. From this, one can conclude that they are BACKWARD CLASSES as compared to civilized social groups. 4. To DEFINE THE “TERM”; there are three approaches, one has to keep in mind, which are as follow; 5. Concept of Isolation (given by Britishers) 6. Concept of Assimilation (shouldn’t be deprived of urban lives, benefits’ they are assimilated).It can be detrimental. 7. Concept of Integration (instead of assimilation, they should be integrated). Definitional Issues 1. In medieval English: ‘a primary aggregate of people claiming descent from common ancestor’. 2. In Indian context: - Adivasi, Vanya–jati, Janajati, Jana-jamity etc. 3. Difficulty among the context of India, many of the Tribes identification is associated, with various types of Social Groups, in which Caste is the Primary Factor. However, Tribal Society is Primitive Society whereas Caste is a part of Hindu Society. In 19th century:- 1. Lewis Morgan (1877):- referred these societies as those which persists social institutions but not political. 2. Henry Maine:- showed differences in legal terms. 3. Both the Anthropologists mainly focussed on kinship basis of tribal societies instead of territorial distinction. 4. According is Marshall Sahlins; tribes can be defined as an “ORIGINAL AFFLUENT” society. In 20th century:- The concept of evolutionism defined the term tribe in modern way as compares to the earlier one, as follows; Tribes:- Homogenous Ethnic Group 4 Indian Anthropology Anthropology Classification And Distribution Of Tribes Has A Sense of Identity Based On Common Language & Culture Primitive Level of Technology No System of Writing Division of Labour Definite Territory Definite Political Boundary. Andre Beteille (1977); tribe is large enough to be visible group & small enough to be mobilised for common action. TRIBES IN INDIA IN PERCENTAGE (AT NATIONAL LEVEL) Andaman& Nicobar (8.27%) Andhra Pradesh (6.63%) Arunachal Pradesh (64.63%) Assam (12.42%) Bihar (0.92%) Chhattisgarh (31.82%) Goa (0.04%) Daman & Diu (8.86%) Himachal Pradesh (0.42%) Gujarat (14.79%) Jharkhand (26.34%) Jammu& Kashmir (10.98%) Kerala (1.14%) Karnataka (6.55%) Madhya Pradesh (20.26%) Lakshadweep (94.60%) Manipur (38.96%) Maharashtra (8.87%) Mizoram (94.10%) Meghalaya (86.42%) Orissa (22.19%) Nagaland (88.98%) Sikkim (20.61%) Rajasthan (12.57%) Tripura (28.44%) Tamil Nadu (1.05%) West Bengal (5.49%) Uttar Pradesh (0.07%) DISTRIBUTION OF TRIBES IN INDIA S.No State TRIBES 1.) Andaman and Nicobar Island Andamanese, Jarawa, Nicobarese, Onges, Sentinelese, Shom Pens. 2) Andhra Pra desh Andh, Bhil, Chenchu, Gond, Kulia, Mulis, Nayaks, Pardhan, Rena, Yanadis, Yerukulas. 5 Indian Anthropology Anthropology Classification And Distribution Of Tribes 3) Arunachal Pradesh Abori, Aka, Dafla(PT), Galong, Khampti, Mishmi, Zakhring, Singpho (PT) 4) Assam Chakma, Khasi, Gara, Damasi, Kachari, Deori, Miri. 5) Bihar Asur, Baiga, Banjara, Bathudi, Bhumij, Chero, Gond, Ho, Khond, Lohra, Munda, Oraon, Parhaiya, Santal. 6) Chhattisgarh Agariya ,Andh, Baiga, Bhil, Birhor, Khond, Karku, Sahariya. 7) Dadra & Nagar Haveli Dhodia, Dubla, Kathodi, Kokna, Kali Dhor, Varli. 8) Daman and Diu. Dhodia, Dubla, Naikda, Siddi,Varli, 9) Goa Dhodia, Dubla, Naikda, Siddi, Varli. 10) Gujarat Barda, Bharwad, Bhi, Chaudhri, Dhodia, Gond, Kathodi, Padhar, Bhavnagar, Siddi, Varli. 11) Himachal Pradesh Bhot, Gaddar, Gujjar, Jab, Kanaura, Panghal, 12) Jammu and Kashmir Bakarwal, Balti, Beda, Gaddi, Garra, Gujjar, Mon, Purigpa, Siddi. 13) Jharkhand 14) Karnataka Adiyan, Bardar, Bhil. Garasia, Chenchu, Dubla, Gond, Trular, Irular, Kammara, Kota, Palliyan, Rathawa, Toda, Varli, Yerava. 15) Kerala Adiyan, Arandan, Irular, Kadar, Kota, Kurumbas, Malasar, Paniyan, Ulladan, Uraly. 16) Lakshadweep Throughout the union Territory. 17) Madhya Pradesh Agariya, Anda, Baiga, Bhaina, Bhumia, Pando, Bhanja, Birhor, Dhanwar, Gond, Maria, Gowari, Gatti, Karku, Keer, Kharia, Kol, Korku, Munda, Oraon, Pau, Sahariya Saur, Sawar. 18) Maharashtra Andh, Baiga, Burda, Bavacha, Bhattra, Bhil, Birhul, Birhor, Dubla, Gamit, Kathodi, Kondh, Kharia, Oraon, Parja, Varli, Thakar. 19) Manipur Aimol, Anal, Angami, Chiru, Kum, Mao, Maring, Mizo, Monsang, Suhte, Zou, Gara, Mikir, Pawi. 6 Indian Anthropology Anthropology Classification And Distribution Of Tribes 20) Meghalaya Rabha, Man, Khasi, Lyngam, Koch, Mikir, Jaintia, Hajong, Garo. 21) Mizoram Chakma, Dimara, Gara, Khasi, Gangte, Hengna, Kuki, Singson, Lakhir, Synteng. 22) Nagaland Gara, Kachari, Kuki, Mikir, Naga. 23.) Orissa Bagata, Baiga, Banjara, Buiya, Bhumij, Birhor, Chenchu, Dal, Didayi, Ghera, Gond, Kawar, Kisan, Thurua. 24.) Rajasthan Bhil, Garasia, Damor, Kathodi, Kokna, Mota, Pentia, Sahariya. 25) Sikkim Bhatia, Lepcha. 26) Tamil Nadu Adiyan, Irular, Kadar, Kammara, KochuVelan, Konda Kapus, Kurichchan, Malasar, Toda, Uraly. 27) Tripura Bhil, Bhutia, Chaimal, Chakma, Khasia, Kuki, Fun, Orang, Santal, Tripura, Uraly. 28.) Utter Pradesh Bhutia, Buksa, Jaunsari, Raji, Tharu. 29.) West Bengal Asur, Baiga, Bhumij, Gara, Gond, Ho, Kisan, Kora, Lepha, Munda, Rabha, Santal. PT = Primitive tribes Note (Source: tribesindia.com) Classification and Distributions of Indian Tribes It is divided on the basis of four aspects; 1. On the basis of Economy. 2. On the basis of Culture. 3. On the basis of language. 4. On the basis of biogenetic criteria. Indian civilization is the product of numerous cultures where tribes developed its own niche. Along with Africa, India has the largest concentration of tribal population. Different scholars with difficulties tried to categories Indian tribes on the basis of different criteria, which distinguish tribes from each other. This can be explained as follows; 1. On The Basis Of Economy (Occupational Specialization) Tribe has its own definite economy which can be ranged from food gathering – hunting to settled plough cultivation via shifting hill cultivation. But a tribe usually practice some other occupations 7 Indian Anthropology Anthropology Classification And Distribution Of Tribes as subsidiary occupation. Different occupational specializations found in Indian tribes are as follows; Food Gatherers 1. Most of the tribes in India mainly depend on forest; their whole life revolves around the forest. They collect; fruits, edible roots, honey etc. from the forest and also practice hunting. 2. They are (confined to remote corners of India.) 3. It is distributed on the criteria of different zones of India i.e. North – Eastern Himalayas: Raji, Boka, Kukis, Nagas. Central India: Birhor, Kharia, Korwa, Jung, Maria. Andaman Islands: Jarawa, Onge, Sentinelese. South India: Kadars, Malapantarams, Puliyans, Paniyan, Chenchu, Yanadis, Aranadans Tribes; who live on outskirts of village selling products on nearby market like wood, wild fruits, honey etc. Like; Chenchus of Hyderabad, Yanadi of Chennai, Kurumba of Tamil Nadu, Katodi of Baroda. Pastoralism 1. Some of the tribes in India practices domestication of animals i.e. they are pastoralists in nature. 2. They directly or indirectly depend on their animals for foods & other unusual settings. Example; Bhotias of Almora & Todas of Nilgiri hills. Pastoral Communities as following according to geographical zone; North – Western Himalayas: Gujjar, Bakarwals, Gaddis, Jadhs. Western India: Bharwads, Raisipotras, Raberis. South India: Gallas, Kurumbhadis. Shifting Hill Cultivation 1. Different names are given for shifting hill cultivation in different regions. It is an ancient type of cultivation. 8 Indian Anthropology Anthropology Classification And Distribution Of Tribes 2. Cutting, drying, burning of plant in same plot of land enhances fertility of soil, & after some time when new crops are cultivated, the production becomes better. 3. This cultivation is primarily practised or found in seven states of India – Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram,
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