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VILLAGE SOCIAL LIFE OF KASHMIR (1900-50) (A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT PULWAMA) Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF KASHMIR FOR THE AWARD OF PRE-DOCTORAL DEGREE (M.Phil.) IN HISTORY By Shabir Ahmad Bhat UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF Dr. Mohammad Yousuf Ganai POST-GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF KASHMIR HAZRATBAL SRINAGAR–190006 P.G DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006 No……………………………………………. Dated:……………………………………… CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the M. Phil Dissertation entitled “Village Social Life of Kashmir (1900-50) A Case Study of District Pulwama” is the original and bonafide research work carried out by Shabir Ahmad Bhat, Research Scholar of the Post-Graduate Department of History, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, under my supervision. No part of this dissertation has been submitted for any degree before. It is further certified that the scholar has put in the required attendance in the Department and fulfills all the requirements for the award of Master of Philosophy. I, therefore, recommend this dissertation for the award of Master of Philosophy (M. Phil) degree in History. Prof. Mohammad Ashraf Wani Supervisor Head Dr. Mohammad Yousuf Department of History, Ganai, University of Kashmir Department of History, University of Kashmir ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work is the outcome of the immense help I received from my teachers, friends and well wishers. It is my pleasure to thank them all. First of all I wish to acknowledge my deep obligations to, Dr M. Y. Ganaie Associate Professor, infact he was the main inspiration behind this work. The affection and encouragement that he showered on me kept my spirits always high. His scholarly approach of delving deep in the problem and then presenting the findings in an ordered way was a great polishing factor for me. At the same time I cannot venture to forget the cooperation and cordiality which I sought from the family members of Dr. M. Y. Ganaie. I am extremely thankful to my teachers Prof. M.A Wani, Head of the Department of History, University of Kashmir, Prof. B.A Khan, Dr Farooq Fayaz and Prof. Pervaiz Ahmad, who encouraged me throughout the Course of this study. Besides I would like to mention that I am highly indebted of Mr. Sajad Ahmad Darzi (Research Scholar of P.G Dept. Of History) who not only helped me in editing this work but at the same time he was not less than a torch bearer for me in completing the same. I also owe much to the library staff of Allama Iqbal Library especially Mr. Ajaz Ahmad Shah (computer operator, Browsing section) who helped me in the typing of this work. I wish to regard my gratitude for the help I received from the staff of the Departmental library of history department. My thanks are due to my friends Gowher-ul-Samad Wani, Ashique Ahmad Dar, Zuber-ud-Din Malik, Masrat Jan, Sajad Hussain Peer, Younis Rashid and Danish Mehran (Research Scholars). I am happy to acknowledge my indebtedness to my family members especially of my parents and my wife Neelofer Nighat for their unflinching support and love without which the study would have hardly been possible. Last but not least I can extremely thankful to my friends and relatives for their love, inspiration and tangible assistance. Shabir Ahmad Bhat ABBREVATIONS A.R Annual Administration report of Jammu and Kashmir State (General). Adm. Rep. Administrative Reports of Jammu and Kashmir State, available in Jammu and Kashmir State Archives, Repository, Jammu. Ass. Rep. Land Assessment Report, available in Jammu and Kashmir State Archives, Repository, Jammu. Aug. August Census Census of India, Kashmir Part. Ch. Chilki rupees Dec. December Deptt. Department Diaries (i) Saif-ud-Din Diaries or Roznamcha (Persain) in thirteen Volumes maintained by Mirza Saif-ud-Din, Qamar-ud-Din and Mohi-ud-Din from 1846-61, available in the research and publication department, Srinagar. Dist. District etc Etcetra, and others Extl. External Feb. February For. Foreign. For. And Pol. (i) Government of India Records, Foreign and Political Deptt. Department Proceedings from 1914-31, available in the National Archives of India, New Delhi. (ii) Government of Jammu and Kashmir (Chief Secretariat), Foreign and Political Department Records from 1922-47, available in Jammu and Kashmir State Archives, Repository, at Jammu and Srinagar. For. Deptt. Government of India records, Foreign Department Proceedings from 1846-1913, available in the National Archives of India, New Delhi. Front. Frontier Gazetteer A Gazetteer of Kashmir and the Adjoining Districts of Kashtawar, Jammu, Poonch and the Valley of Kishen Ganga. Gen. General Gen. Deptt. Government of Jammu and Kashmir (Chief Secretariat), General Department Persian Records from 1846-92, available in Jammu and Kashmir State Archives, Repository, at Jammu and Srinagar. Govt. Government Hand Book A Hand Book of Jammu and Kashmir State, 1924. i.e., That is I.G.I Imperial Gazetteer of India (Year as mentioned). Ibid. Ibidem, in the same place. INA Government of India Records, available in the National Archives of India, Janpath, New Delhi. Intel. Internal J&K The Jammu and Kashmir Jan. January JKA Government of Jammu and Kashmir Records, available in Jammu and Kashmir State Archives, Repository, at Jammu and Srinagar. Man. M anwatta Memo. Memorandum No. Number Nos. Numbers Nov. November Oct. October Op.cit Opera, citate in the work cited. pbuh peace be upon him p. Page Number Pf. Preface Pol. Political pp. Page Numbers pvt. Private R/o Resident of Rep. Reprint Report. Preliminary Report on Settlement Operations of Kashmir and Jammu, 1868 by A. Wingate, available in the National Archives of India, New Delhi. Rs. Rupees S Samvat Year S.no Serial no S/o Son of Sept. September Tr. Translation Tr. Translation Viz Videlicat, namely Vol. Volume Contents Page No. Acknowledgement Abbreviations Chapter I Introduction Chapter II Village Community Chapter III Economy Chapter IV Beliefs and Customs Chapter V Conclusion Bibliography Introduction he discipline of history has travelled a long from the story of kings, Queens and courts T to the inquiry into the overall existence and engagement of man with his physical and social environment. The present concept of history1 is more detailed study of people, their beliefs and practices, customs and culture and the evolution of societies and civilizations. The course of human civilization is determined to a fairly large extent by the geo-physical conditions of the region, which the people inhabit. The environment influences regulates the life of man and leads a distinct colour to the culture of man. In addition to this there are various spheres of life - social sphere, Economic sphere, political sphere, religio-ethical sphere; all of these structures are responsible for shaping the life style of the people of a particular region. From the earliest times Kashmir has remained as the meeting ground2 of various cultures and civilizations. Obviously the culture of Kashmir has passed through a number of evolutionary stages, before; it assumed its present form. Each stage of the cultural history of the valley is marked by the innovations of profound importance which helped in accelerating the pace of its progress and the ultimate formation of its present character. Many cultures, which from time to time found their way to this land by way of political, religious, cultural or other contexts contributed consciously or unconsciously to its evolution. Apart from retaining some features of their own culture the people of the valley assimilated whatever appeared good to them in the life and thought of the peoples with whom they happened to come into contact. Thus the culture that obtains today in the valley is a synthetic culture, where in the deep imprints of Persian, central Asian, Indian and above all European culture is markedly visible. owing to technological revolution and the rapid communication system, the world has shrunk into a global village and in the wake of cultural onslaughts, many hard core cultures have got diluted; Now days we see a great uniformity in the cultures throughout the globe. The traditional customs, beliefs and values etc are vanishing rapidly. So our Valley is not an exception. It is to be mentioned that the traditional culture of Kashmir could be found in 1. It is no longer desirable to find out what happened only in the sphere of politics. Beneath politics flow currents which basically affect the social life of the people, and considerably determine and influence the course of history. So goes to the modern trend of historiography which has dug deeper and broader into narrow and unimaginative furrows of politics and given them new dimionsions. 2. Kashmir is geographically linked with china, India, Pakistan and central Asia. those remote villages of the valley where it exists less altered.3 Thus the project has endeavored to collect those aspects of village social life of Kashmir which have remained unnoticed and uninterpreted. The rural people of Kashmir of the period under study used to live in small hamlets and the houses stood close to one another. The people were generally linked by economic and sentimental ties; there was a sense of unity and a feeling of amicability towards each other. As a matter of fact there were not many people to live in village and thus they assisted each other as and when any occasion arose in their struggle of life. They were generally in need of one another‘s assistance, Secondly there was not enough of individuality and speed of the life of the village to disable one from paying attention to another and the neighbourers used to have intimate relation with each other. Hence the neighborhood was of great importance in a village Social of Kashmir of the period under reference.
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