Luxembourgish Style Guide

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Luxembourgish Style Guide Luxembourgish Style Guide Contents 1 Welcome ............................................................................................................................................... 3 2 A guide to the Microsoft voice in Luxembourgish ................................................................................ 3 2.1 About this style guide ................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Recommended reference material ............................................................................................... 4 3 Microsoft voice ..................................................................................................................................... 5 3.1 Choices that reflect Microsoft voice ............................................................................................. 6 3.1.1 Word choice .......................................................................................................................... 7 3.1.2 Words and phrases to avoid ................................................................................................. 8 3.2 Sample Microsoft voice text ....................................................................................................... 10 3.2.1 Address the user to take action .......................................................................................... 10 3.2.2 Promoting a feature ............................................................................................................ 11 3.2.3 Providing how-to guidelines ............................................................................................... 12 3.2.4 Explanatory text and providing support ............................................................................. 12 4 Language-specific standards ............................................................................................................... 13 4.1 Country region standards ........................................................................................................... 13 4.1.1 Phone number formats ....................................................................................................... 13 4.1.2 Sorting order ....................................................................................................................... 14 4.1.3 Measurement units ............................................................................................................. 18 4.2 Grammar, syntax and orthographic standards ........................................................................... 20 4.2.1 Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... 20 4.2.2 Acronyms ............................................................................................................................ 21 4.2.3 Adjectives ............................................................................................................................ 24 4.2.4 Articles ................................................................................................................................ 25 4.2.5 Capitalization ...................................................................................................................... 27 4.2.6 Compounds ......................................................................................................................... 27 4.2.7 Conjunctions ....................................................................................................................... 28 4.2.8 Gender ................................................................................................................................. 28 4.2.9 Genitive ............................................................................................................................... 29 4.2.10 Localizing colloquialism, idioms, and metaphors ................................................................ 30 Page 2 of 59 4.2.11 Modifiers ............................................................................................................................. 30 4.2.12 Nouns .................................................................................................................................. 30 4.2.13 Prepositions ......................................................................................................................... 31 4.2.14 Pronouns ............................................................................................................................. 32 4.2.15 Punctuation ......................................................................................................................... 32 4.2.16 Sentence fragments ............................................................................................................ 37 4.2.17 Split infinitive ....................................................................................................................... 37 4.2.18 Subjunctive .......................................................................................................................... 38 4.2.19 Symbols & non-breaking spaces ......................................................................................... 38 4.2.20 Verbs ................................................................................................................................... 38 5 Localization considerations ................................................................................................................. 41 5.1 Accessibility ................................................................................................................................. 41 5.2 Applications, products, and features .......................................................................................... 41 5.3 Trademarks ................................................................................................................................. 42 5.4 Geopolitical concerns .................................................................................................................. 42 5.5 Software considerations.............................................................................................................. 43 5.5.1 Error messages .................................................................................................................... 43 5.5.2 Keys ..................................................................................................................................... 46 5.5.3 Keyboard shortcuts ............................................................................................................. 47 5.5.4 Arrow keys ........................................................................................................................... 50 5.5.5 Numeric keypad .................................................................................................................. 50 5.5.6 Shortcut keys ....................................................................................................................... 50 5.6 Voice video considerations .......................................................................................................... 54 5.6.1 Video voice checklist ........................................................................................................... 54 5.6.2 Tone ..................................................................................................................................... 55 5.6.3 English pronunciation .......................................................................................................... 55 1 Welcome 2 A guide to the Microsoft voice in Luxembourgish 2.1 About this style guide This style guide is intended for the localization professional working on Microsoft products. It is not intended to be a comprehensive coverage of all localization practices, Page 3 of 59 but to highlight areas where Microsoft has specific preferences or deviates from standard practices for Luxembourgish localization. The primary goal of this guide is to help you understand and learn how to address all of the necessary linguistic and stylistic nuances of Luxembourgishduring the localization of Microsoft products and services. The style guide covers guidelines and recommendations for translating the Microsoft voice into Luxembourgish including words, grammatical structures, the needs of the audience, and the intent of the text that are to be considered. Each of these areas is supplemented with samples. Other language considerations covered in this style guide are accessibility, fictitious information, trademarks, geopolitical concerns and specific software considerations. We welcome your feedback, questions and concerns regarding the style guide. Please send your feedback to our feedback alias. 2.2 Recommended reference material Unless this style guide or the Microsoft Language Portal provides alternative instructions, use the orthography, grammar and terminology in the following publications: Normative References These normative sources must be adhered to. Any deviation from them automatically fails a string in most cases. They are to be used in the following order. The further down the list an item is the lower its relevance is. When more than one solution is possible, consult the other topics in this style guide for guidance. Dictionaries: 1. www.lod.lu IMPORTANT: this
Recommended publications
  • Intermediate German: a Grammar and Workbook / by 2 Anna Miell & Heiner Schenke 3 P
    111 INTERMEDIATE GERMAN: 2 3 A GRAMMAR AND WORKBOOK 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 13 4111 5 Intermediate German is designed for learners who have achieved basic 6 proficiency and wish to progress to more complex language. Its 24 units 7 present a broad range of grammatical topics, illustrated by examples which 8 serve as models for varied exercises that follow. These exercises enable 9 the student to master the relevant grammar points. 2011 1 Features include: 2 3 • authentic German, from a range of media, used throughout the book to 4 reflect German culture, life and society 5 6 • illustrations of grammar points in English as well as German 7 • checklists at the end of each unit for consolidation 8 9 • cross-referencing to other grammar units in the book 3011 • glossary of grammatical terminology 1 2 • full answer key to all exercises 3 4 Suitable for independent learners and students on taught courses, 5 Intermediate German, together with its sister volume, Basic German, forms 6 a structured course in the essentials of German. 7 8 Anna Miell is University Lecturer in German at the University of Westminster 9 and at Trinity College of Music in Greenwich and works as a language 4011 consultant in London. Heiner Schenke is Senior Lecturer of German at the 1 University of Westminster and has published a number of language books. 2 3 41111 111 Other titles available in the Grammar Workbook series are: 2 3 Basic Cantonese 4 Intermediate Cantonese 5 Basic German 6 7 Basic Italian 8111 Basic Polish 9 Intermediate Polish 1011 1 Basic Russian 2 Intermediate
    [Show full text]
  • The Assignment of Grammatical Gender in German: Testing Optimal Gender Assignment Theory
    The Assignment of Grammatical Gender in German: Testing Optimal Gender Assignment Theory Emma Charlotte Corteen Trinity Hall September 2018 This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The Assignment of Grammatical Gender in German: Testing Optimal Gender Assignment Theory Emma Charlotte Corteen Abstract The assignment of grammatical gender in German is a notoriously problematic phenomenon due to the apparent opacity of the gender assignment system (e.g. Comrie 1999: 461). Various models of German gender assignment have been proposed (e.g. Spitz 1965, Köpcke 1982, Corbett 1991, Wegener 1995), but none of these is able to account for all of the German data. This thesis investigates a relatively under-explored, recent approach to German gender assignment in the form of Optimal Gender Assignment Theory (OGAT), proposed by Rice (2006). Using the framework of Optimality Theory, OGAT claims that the form and meaning of a noun are of equal importance with respect to its gender. This is formally represented by the crucial equal ranking of all gender assignment constraints in a block of GENDER FEATURES, which is in turn ranked above a default markedness hierarchy *NEUTER » *FEMININE » *MASCULINE, which is based on category size. A key weakness of OGAT is that it does not specify what constitutes a valid GENDER FEATURES constraint. This means that, in theory, any constraint can be proposed ad hoc to ensure that an OGAT analysis yields the correct result. In order to prevent any constraints based on ‘postfactum rationalisations’ (Comrie 1999: 461) from being included in the investigation, the GENDER FEATURES constraints which have been proposed in the literature for German are assessed according to six criteria suggested by Enger (2009), which seek to determine whether there is independent evidence for a GENDER FEATURES constraint.
    [Show full text]
  • The German Teacher's Companion. Development and Structure of the German Language
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 285 407 FL 016 887 AUTHOR Hosford, Helga TITLE The German Teacher's Companion. Development and Structure of the German Language. Workbook and Key. PUB DATE 82 NOTE 640p. PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use - Guides (For Teachers) (052) -- Reference Materials General (130) EDRS PRICE MF03/PC26 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Comparative Analysis; Contrastive Linguistics; Diachronic Linguistics; English; *German; *Grammar; Language Teachers; Morphology (Languages); *Phonology; Reference Materials; Second Language Instruction; *Syntax; Teacher Elucation; Teaching Guides; Textbooks; Workbooks ABSTRACT This complete pedagogical reference grammar for German was designed as a textbook for advanced language teacher preparation, as a reference handbook on the structure of the German language, and for reference in German study. It systematically analyzes a d describes the language's phonology, morphology, and syntax, and gives a brief survey of its origins and development. German and English structures are also compared and contrasted to allow understanding of areas of similarity or difficulty. The analysis focuses on insights useful to the teacher rather than stressing linguistic theory. The materials include a main text/reference and a separate volume containing a workbook and key. The workbook contains exercises directly related to the text. (MSE) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** THE GERMAN TEACHER'S COMPANION Development and Structure of the German Language Helga Hosford University of Montana NEWBURY HOUSE PUBLISHERS, INC. ROWLEY, MASSACHUSETTS 01969 ROWLEY LONDON TOKYO 1 9 8 2 3 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hosford, Helga, 1937 - The German teacher's companion Bibliography p Includes index.
    [Show full text]
  • German and English Noun Phrases
    RICE UNIVERSITY German and English Noun Phrases: A Transformational-Contrastive Approach Ward Keith Barrows A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF 3 1272 00675 0689 Master of Arts Thesis Directors signature: / Houston, Texas April, 1971 Abstract: German and English Noun Phrases: A Transformational-Contrastive Approach, by Ward Keith Barrows The paper presents a contrastive approach to German and English based on the theory of transformational grammar. In the first chapter, contrastive analysis is discussed in the context of foreign language teaching. It is indicated that contrastive analysis in pedagogy is directed toward the identification of sources of interference for students of foreign languages. It is also pointed out that some differences between two languages will prove more troublesome to the student than others. The second chapter presents transformational grammar as a theory of language. Basic assumptions and concepts are discussed, among them the central dichotomy of competence vs performance. Chapter three then present the structure of a grammar written in accordance with these assumptions and concepts. The universal base hypothesis is presented and adopted. An innovation is made in the componential structire of a transformational grammar: a lexical component is created, whereas the lexicon has previously been considered as part of the base. Chapter four presents an illustration of how transformational grammars may be used contrastively. After a base is presented for English and German, lexical components and some transformational rules are contrasted. The final chapter returns to contrastive analysis, but discusses it this time from the point of view of linguistic typology in general.
    [Show full text]
  • Binary Tree — up to 3 Related Nodes (List Is Special-Case)
    trees 1 are lists enough? for correctness — sure want to efficiently access items better than linear time to find something want to represent relationships more naturally 2 inter-item relationships in lists 1 2 3 4 5 List: nodes related to predecessor/successor 3 trees trees: allow representing more relationships (but not arbitrary relationships — see graphs later in semester) restriction: single path from root to every node implies single path from every node to every other node (possibly through root) 4 natural trees: phylogenetic tree image: Ivicia Letunic and Mariana Ruiz Villarreal, via the tool iTOL (Interative Tree of Life), via Wikipedia 5 natural trees: phylogenetic tree (zoom) image: Ivicia Letunic and Mariana Ruiz Villarreal, via the tool iTOL (Interative Tree of Life), via Wikipedia 6 natural trees: Indo-European languages INDO-EUROPEAN ANATOLIAN Luwian Hittite Carian Lydian Lycian Palaic Pisidian HELLENIC INDO-IRANIAN DORIAN Mycenaean AEOLIC INDO-ARYAN Doric Attic ACHAEAN Aegean Northwest Greek Ionic Beotian Vedic Sanskrit Classical Greek Arcado Thessalian Tsakonian Koine Greek Epic Greek Cypriot Sanskrit Prakrit Greek Maharashtri Gandhari Shauraseni Magadhi Niya ITALIC INSULAR INDIC Konkani Paisaci Oriya Assamese BIHARI CELTIC Pali Bengali LATINO-FALISCAN SABELLIC Dhivehi Marathi Halbi Chittagonian Bhojpuri CONTINENTAL Sinhalese CENTRAL INDIC Magahi Faliscan Oscan Vedda Maithili Latin Umbrian Celtiberian WESTERN INDIC HINDUSTANI PAHARI INSULAR Galatian Classical Latin Aequian Gaulish NORTH Bhil DARDIC Hindi Urdu CENTRAL EASTERN
    [Show full text]
  • German Grammar Articles Table
    German Grammar Articles Table Is Tedd fornicate when Franky swivelling railingly? Douglis plucks his prefigurations promised saucily, but powerless Elwood never faxes so pronto. Traumatic and unassisted See hydrogenized his gatecrasher retrogrades jewel cross-legged. And the gender is it is important to get if available in german grammar table for each noun is spoken among the german article, we have to tell you to In German there's a lawn more to determining which article to crank than just. German Grammar Indefinite articles Vistawide. And crash the nouns with both definite article in the key below as first. German Grammar Songs Accusative and Dative Prepositions. Experienced German teachers prepared easy articles and simple conversations in German for. German grammar Nouns Verbs Articles Adjectives Pronouns Adverbial phrases Conjugation Sentence structure Declension Modal particles v t e German articles are used similarly to the English articles a crawl the film they are declined. Why by a fresh male a fit female exit a window neutral in German Though these might. Because as these might be already discovered German grammar is. General sites Helpful articles about teaching grammar Animated German Grammar Tutorials. The German definite article d- with growing its forms is getting essential tool. A new wrath of making chart German is easy. German Nominative and Accusative cases audio. How To our Understand The Frustrating Adjective Italki. Contracted Preposition-Determiner Forms in German Tesis. German language Kumarika. German Definite Articles Der Die Das Everything may Need. To give table above certain adjectival pronouns also talking like the background article der. You dig insert a 'k-' in front seven any voyage of 'ein-' in the constant of the against to.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproductions Supplied by EDRS Are the Best That Can Be Made from the Original Document
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 447 692 FL 026 310 AUTHOR Breathnech, Diarmaid, Ed. TITLE Contact Bulletin, 1990-1999. INSTITUTION European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages, Dublin (Ireland). SPONS AGENCY Commission of the European Communities, Brussels (Belgium). PUB DATE 1999-00-00 NOTE 398p.; Published triannually. Volume 13, Number 2 and Volume 14, Number 2 are available from ERIC only in French. PUB TYPE Collected Works Serials (022) LANGUAGE English, French JOURNAL CIT Contact Bulletin; v7-15 Spr 1990-May 1999 EDRS PRICE MF01/PC16 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Ethnic Groups; Irish; *Language Attitudes; *Language Maintenance; *Language Minorities; Second Language Instruction; Second Language Learning; Serbocroatian; *Uncommonly Taught Languages; Welsh IDENTIFIERS Austria; Belgium; Catalan; Czech Republic;-Denmark; *European Union; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Italy; *Language Policy; Luxembourg; Malta; Netherlands; Norway; Portugal; Romania; Slovakia; Spain; Sweden; Ukraine; United Kingdom ABSTRACT This document contains 26 issues (the entire output for the 1990s) of this publication deaicated to the study and preservation of Europe's less spoken languages. Some issues are only in French, and a number are in both French and English. Each issue has articles dealing with minority languages and groups in Europe, with a focus on those in Western, Central, and Southern Europe. (KFT) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. N The European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages CONTACT BULLETIN This publication is funded by the Commission of the European Communities Volumes 7-15 1990-1999 REPRODUCE AND PERMISSION TO U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION MATERIAL HAS Office of Educational Research DISSEMINATE THIS and Improvement BEEN GRANTEDBY EDUCATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has beenreproduced as received from the personor organization Xoriginating it.
    [Show full text]
  • Basic German: a Grammar and Workbook
    BASIC GERMAN: A GRAMMAR AND WORKBOOK Basic German: A Grammar and Workbook comprises an accessible reference grammar and related exercises in a single volume. It introduces German people and culture through the medium of the language used today, covering the core material which students would expect to encounter in their first years of learning German. Each of the 28 units presents one or more related grammar topics, illustrated by examples which serve as models for the exercises that follow. These wide-ranging and varied exercises enable the student to master each grammar point thoroughly. Basic German is suitable for independent study and for class use. Features include: • Clear grammatical explanations with examples in both English and German • Authentic language samples from a range of media • Checklists at the end of each Unit to reinforce key points • Cross-referencing to other grammar chapters • Full exercise answer key • Glossary of grammatical terms Basic German is the ideal reference and practice book for beginners but also for students with some knowledge of the language. Heiner Schenke is Senior Lecturer in German at the University of Westminster and Karen Seago is Course Leader for Applied Translation at the London Metropolitan University. Other titles available in the Grammar Workbooks series are: Basic Cantonese Intermediate Cantonese Basic Chinese Intermediate Chinese Intermediate German Basic Polish Intermediate Polish Basic Russian Intermediate Russian Basic Welsh Intermediate Welsh Titles of related interest published
    [Show full text]
  • Kashubian INDO-IRANIAN IRANIAN INDO-ARYAN WESTERN
    2/27/2018 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/IndoEuropeanTree.svg INDO-EUROPEAN ANATOLIAN Luwian Hittite Carian Lydian Lycian Palaic Pisidian HELLENIC INDO-IRANIAN DORIAN Mycenaean AEOLIC INDO-ARYAN Doric Attic ACHAEAN Aegean Northwest Greek Ionic Beotian Vedic Sanskrit Classical Greek Arcado Thessalian Tsakonian Koine Greek Epic Greek Cypriot Sanskrit Prakrit Greek Maharashtri Gandhari Shauraseni Magadhi Niya ITALIC INSULAR INDIC Konkani Paisaci Oriya Assamese BIHARI CELTIC Pali Bengali LATINO-FALISCAN SABELLIC Dhivehi Marathi Halbi Chittagonian Bhojpuri CONTINENTAL Sinhalese CENTRAL INDIC Magahi Faliscan Oscan Vedda Maithili Latin Umbrian Celtiberian WESTERN INDIC HINDUSTANI PAHARI INSULAR Galatian Classical Latin Aequian Gaulish NORTH Bhil DARDIC Hindi Urdu CENTRAL EASTERN Vulgar Latin Marsian GOIDELIC BRYTHONIC Lepontic Domari Ecclesiastical Latin Volscian Noric Dogri Gujarati Kashmiri Haryanvi Dakhini Garhwali Nepali Irish Common Brittonic Lahnda Rajasthani Nuristani Rekhta Kumaoni Palpa Manx Ivernic Potwari Romani Pashayi Scottish Gaelic Pictish Breton Punjabi Shina Cornish Sindhi IRANIAN ROMANCE Cumbric ITALO-WESTERN Welsh EASTERN Avestan WESTERN Sardinian EASTERN ITALO-DALMATIAN Corsican NORTH SOUTH NORTH Logudorese Aromanian Dalmatian Scythian Sogdian Campidanese Istro-Romanian Istriot Bactrian CASPIAN Megleno-Romanian Italian Khotanese Romanian GALLO-IBERIAN Neapolitan Ossetian Khwarezmian Yaghnobi Deilami Sassarese Saka Gilaki IBERIAN Sicilian Sarmatian Old Persian Mazanderani GALLIC SOUTH Shahmirzadi Alanic
    [Show full text]
  • Component Analysis of Adjectives in Luxembourgish for Detecting Sentiments
    Proceedings of the 1st Joint SLTU and CCURL Workshop (SLTU-CCURL 2020), pages 159–166 Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC 2020), Marseille, 11–16 May 2020 c European Language Resources Association (ELRA), licensed under CC-BY-NC Component Analysis of Adjectives in Luxembourgish for Detecting Sentiments Joshgun Sirajzade1, Daniela Gierschek2, Christoph Schommer1 1MINE Lab, Computer Science, Universite´ du Luxembourg 2Institute of Luxembourgish Linguistics and Literatures, Universite´ du Luxembourg fjoshgun.sirajzade, daniela.gierschek, [email protected] Abstract The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of Luxembourgish adjectives in expressing sentiments in user comments written at the web presence of rtl.lu (RTL is the abbreviation for Radio Television Letzebuerg).¨ Alongside many textual features or representations, adjectives could be used in order to detect sentiment, even on a sentence or comment level. In fact, they are also by themselves one of the best ways to describe a sentiment, despite the fact that other word classes such as nouns, verbs, adverbs or conjunctions can also be utilized for this purpose. The empirical part of this study focuses on a list of adjectives which were extracted from an annotated corpus. The corpus contains the part of speech tags of individual words and sentiment annotation on the adjective, sentence and comment level. Suffixes of Luxembourgish adjectives like -esch,-eg,-lech,-al,-el,-iv,-ent,-los,-bar and the prefix on- were explicitly investigated, especially by paying attention to their role in regards to building a model by applying classical machine learning techniques. We also considered the interaction of adjectives with other grammatical means, especially other part of speeches, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • German Grammar in English for International Students
    German Grammar in English for International Students Version 2.6 Prof. Dr. Russell Block FK 13 – General Studies University of Applied Sciences – München Winter Semester 2013 © 2013 Contents: Introduction: .............................................................8 Chapter 1: The Sound of German ............................................9 1 Standard German .....................................................9 2 The standard dialect ...................................................9 3 Overview of the German consonants .....................................9 3.1 Tense vs. lax .................................................11 3.2 The final devoicing rule .........................................11 3.3 Comments on individual consonants . 11 3.3.1 Vogel-V ...............................................11 3.3.2 The origin of <w> .......................................12 3.3.3 The problem of /h/ .......................................12 3.3.4 Ach-Laut – ich-Laut ......................................12 3.3.5 The pronunciation of final <g> . 12 3.3.6 The strange case of /s/ ....................................13 3.3.7 r-peculiarities ...........................................13 3.3.8 Affricates ..............................................13 3.3.9 Foreign sounds ..........................................13 3.3.10 The Glottal Stop ///......................................14 4 Vowels ............................................................14 5 The German vowels ..................................................15 5.1 Vowel length
    [Show full text]
  • Book of Abstracts
    Book of Abstracts 3rd conference on Contested Languages in the Old World (CLOW3) University of Amsterdam, 3–4 May 2018 CLOW3 Scientific Committee: Federico CLOW3 has received financial support from Gobbo (University of Amsterdam); Marco the research programme ‘Mobility and Tamburelli (Bangor University); Mauro Tosco Inclusion in Multilingual Europe’ (MIME, EC (University of Turin). FP7 grant no. 613334). CLOW3 Local Organizing Committee: Federico Gobbo; Sune Gregersen; Leya Egilmez; Franka Bauwens; Wendy Bliekendaal; Nour Efrat-Kowalsky; Nadine van der Maas; Leanne Staugaard; Emmanouela Tsoumeni; Samuel Witteveen Gómez. Additional support has been provided by John Benjamins Publishing Company. CLOW3 Book of Abstracts edited by Sune Gregersen. Abstracts © The Author(s) 2018. 2 Table of contents Paper presentations Ulrich Ammon (keynote) 4 Andrea Acquarone & Vittorio Dell’Aquila 5 Astrid Adler, Andrea Kleene & Albrecht Plewnia 6 Márton András Baló 7 Guillem Belmar, Nienke Eikens, Daniël de Jong, Willemijn Miedma & Sara Pinho 8 Nicole Dołowy-Rybińska & Cordula Ratajczak 9 Guilherme Fians 10 Sabine Fiedler 11 Federico Gobbo 12 Nanna Haug Hilton 13 Gabriele Iannàccaro & Vittorio Dell’Aquila 14 G. T. Jensma 15 Juan Jiménez-Salcedo 16 Aurelie Joubert 17 Petteri Laihonen 18 Patrick Seán McCrea 19 Leena Niiranen 20 Yair Sapir 21 Claudia Soria 22 Ida Stria 23 Marco Tamburelli & Mauro Tosco 24 Poster presentations Eva J. Daussà, Tilman Lanz & Renée Pera-Ros 25 Vittorio Dell’Aquila, Ida Stria & Marina Pietrocola 26 Sabine Fiedler & Cyril Brosch 27 Daniel Gordo 28 Olga Steriopolo & Olivia Maky 29 References 30 Index of languages 34 3 Keynote: From dialects and languages to contested languages Ulrich Ammon (University of Duisburg-Essen) The presentation begins with the explication of concepts which are fundamental and which have to be defined with sufficient clarity for the following thoughts, because terminology and concepts vary widely in the relevant literature.
    [Show full text]