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Chinese Traditions Folk Art, Festivals and Symbolism International Journal of Research e-ISSN: 2348-6848 p-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at https://pen2print.org/index.php/ijr/ Volume 06 Issue 1 January 2019 Chinese Traditions Folk Art, Festivals and Symbolism Muhammad Asif & Majid Ali 1PhD Candidate School of Journalism and Communication, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu China Email: [email protected] CONTACT: +8613003033821 2Master Degree Candidate School of Law, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu China Email:[email protected] Abstract China is the most populous nation in the world, Introduction with close to 1.3 billion people. The majority of Chinese civilization is one of the oldest known Chinese people belong to the Han group (about cultures in the world. Chinese history extends 92%), but there are also 55 ethnic minority almost 5000 years, for most of which there is a groups that live mostly in the west and along the written record. Until the 20th century China southern border. Symbols may be seen in was organized according to dynasties and pictures, words, art, architecture, and common imperial rulers. China was united for the first household items. Symbols are another way of time during the Qin dynasty (pronounced communicating the thoughts, meanings, and “Chin”) in the 2nd century BC. The massive hopes of a particular cultural group. Great Wall was constructed in this era to keep Symbolism representing luck, prosperity, long out enemies from the north. The Chinese life, happiness, and wealth are all important writing system was also standardized during aspects in Chinese culture. Symbols this time. The written characters that make up representing these virtues are often seen in the Chinese language are pictographs, which everyday life and appear during holidays and were created to look like pictures of things in festivals. There are also deities that represent daily life. The Chinese language influenced the some of these virtues: The God of Luck, the God development of symbolism. Chinese is a tonal of Prosperity, and the God of Longevity, to language, therefore, depending on how a word name a few. Many Chinese hope to increase is pronounced it could mean several different good fortune in their lives by surrounding things. For example, the words for good fortune themselves with items that represent these lucky and bat are pronounced the same way although signs. they are written with different characters. As a Keywords：Chinese Traditions, Heritage, the result, bats symbolize happiness and good luck arts, Festivals, Language, and Symbols in China. When five bats are seen together, they are said to represent the five blessings: health, Available online: https://pen2print.org/index.php/ijr/ P a g e | 1 International Journal of Research e-ISSN: 2348-6848 p-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at https://pen2print.org/index.php/ijr/ Volume 06 Issue 1 January 2019 long life, wealth, love of goodness, and death Beijing, which is in the northeast part of the by natural causes. country. China is a country of great geographical contrasts. There are grasslands in Chinese folk arts are not only beautiful, but also Inner Mongolia, snowy mountains in Tibet, and important to Chinese religion and beliefs in the wide plains in the Gobi Desert. China is the countryside. Many items show pictures of gods most populous nation in the world, with close and spirits along with heaven and earth. In to 1.3 billion people. The majority of Chinese China people believe that pictures have a lot of people belong to the Han group (about 92%), power to change events in life. Folk arts are but there are also 55 ethnic minority groups that used both to decorate homes and to wish for live mostly in the west and along the southern good fortune in all aspects of life. Throughout border. The official language is Mandarin China’s long textile history, embroidery has Chinese, though people tend to speak been as important as the arts of weaving and Cantonese in the south and in Hong Kong. dyeing. Pieces of cloth with stitched designs have been found in China as far back as 2500 Chinese civilization is one of the oldest known years ago. During this early time some popular cultures in the world. Chinese history extends embroidery designs included: plants, flowers, almost 5000 years, for most of which there is a animals, dragons, mountains, and the moon and written record. Until the 20th century China stars. Each year Chinese people celebrate the was organized according to dynasties and Lunar New Year Festival (Xinnian). This is an imperial rulers. China was united for the first exciting and cheerful time of year and everyone time during the Qin dynasty (pronounced greatly looks forward to this celebration. It “Chin”) in the 2nd century BC. The massive occurs annually on the first day of the first new Great Wall was constructed in this era to keep moon, and often lasts up to two weeks. Chinese out enemies from the north. The Chinese people celebrate January 1st as the official New writing system was also standardized during Year Day, but traditional New Year festivities this time. The written characters that make up follow the lunar calendar. the Chinese language are pictographs, which were created to look like pictures of things in Chinese Folk Art, Festivals, and Symbolism daily life. in Everyday Life Other notable dynasties are the Han (206 BC– The People’s Republic of China is the third AD 220), when Buddhism began to flourish, the largest country in the world, after Russia and Tang (618–907), commonly regarded as the Canada. It is slightly larger than the United most glorious period of Chinese history, the States and includes Hong Kong and Macau. Song (960–1279), during which Marco Polo China is located in East Asia. The capital city is visited China, and the Ming (1368–1644), when Available online: https://pen2print.org/index.php/ijr/ P a g e | 2 International Journal of Research e-ISSN: 2348-6848 p-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at https://pen2print.org/index.php/ijr/ Volume 06 Issue 1 January 2019 Beijing became the capital of the country. cultural group. Symbolism representing luck, China is a country with many religions. For prosperity, long life, happiness, and wealth are thousands of years China was an agricultural all important aspects in Chinese culture (Hann, society based around ancestor worship. Even M. 2013). Symbols representing these virtues today, Chinese people believe that ancestors are often seen in everyday life and appear have a close relationship with the living. The during holidays and festivals. There are also two most common religions are Buddhism and deities that represent some of these virtues: The Daoism. Many Chinese practice a combination God of Luck, the God of Prosperity, and the of Buddhism, Daoism, and ancestor worship. God of Longevity, to name a few. Many Throughout different time periods in China’s Chinese hope to increase good fortune in their history, many Chinese have emigrated from lives by surrounding themselves with items that China to other parts of the world due to various represent these lucky signs. economic or political circumstances. Today, The Chinese language influenced the Chinese populations exist in North America, development of symbolism. Chinese is a tonal Southeast Asia, Europe, South America, Africa, language, therefore, depending on how a word Australia, and New Zealand, and Russia. Over is pronounced it could mean several different 1.6 million Chinese live in the United States, things. For example, the words for good fortune making it the largest Chinese population and bat are pronounced the same way although outside of Asia. they are written with different characters. As a SYMBOLISM result, bats symbolize happiness and good luck in China. When five bats are seen together, they Symbolism is present throughout all cultures. are said to represent the five blessings: health, Symbols may be seen in pictures, words, art, long life, wealth, love of goodness, and death architecture, and common household items. by natural causes. Symbols are another way of communicating the thoughts, meanings, and hopes of a particular Available online: https://pen2print.org/index.php/ijr/ P a g e | 3 International Journal of Research e-ISSN: 2348-6848 p-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at https://pen2print.org/index.php/ijr/ Volume 06 Issue 1 January 2019 When five bats are pictured with the character resemblance to the character for upside for longevity as seen above, it combines to form down dao. The character dao can mean a strong and potent symbol for long life and both 倒 dǎo upside good fortune. 9–15907 down or fall and 到 dào arrive only differing in One of the most widely seen Chinese characters tone. Combining the meaning of dao and fu gives the idea of good fortune in China is fú 福 the character for good fortune raining down from the heavens. So or luck. You see it painted as a decoration placing fu upside down is increasing the everywhere: on wind chimes, paintings, possibility of good fortune. It may also have lanterns, pots and posters. A look at its origin something to do with bats (see following) that gives a feel of the complexity and longevity of hang upside down. This is somewhat similar to symbols in Chinese culture. It also represents the European custom of lucky horseshoes; it is the God of Fortune (Fu) who is part of the good a symbol for good luck one way up but if placed luck trinity of Fu, Lu and Shou. The character upside down is an ill omen as the luck falls out for good fortune consists of the radical of the horseshoe. for auspicious or heaven sent to the left.
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