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Assimilation of Traditional Architecture Influenced by the Imported Styles ITU A|Z • Vol 15 No 3 • November 2018 • 71-80 Assimilation of traditional architecture influenced by the imported styles Anton A. KIM1, Vera I. LUCHKOVA2 1 [email protected] • Department of Architecture and Urbanistics, Institute of Architecture and Design, Pacific National University, Khabarovsk, Russia [email protected] • Department of Architecture and Urbanistics, Institute of Architecture and Design, Pacific National University, Khabarovsk, Russia Received: July 2016 • Final Acceptance: September 2018 Abstract The article describes the process of transformation of the local architecture under the influence of adscititious styles. The principles of forming assimilative architecture of China at the levels of urban planning, space-planning solutions and architectural elements are determined. The basic analysis is carried out on the example of borrowed European forms in Chinese architecture of the late 19th– early 20th centuries. Furthermore, a similar process in the architecture of Europe is shown. The main trend of orientalism and its local manifestation of chinoiserie (Chinese style) is reflected. This is the example of the usage of oriental themes in the western architecture. Besides, we analyzed the processes of borrowing of the certain techniques of architectural construction at the modern stage of its de- velopment. The conclusions have also been drawn about the necessity of further study of this process as well as the importance of reconstruction, restoration and historical preservation of architecture for future generations. Keywords doi: 10.5505/itujfa.2018.32032 doi: Architecture, Chinoiserie, Eclectic, Sino-western styles, Style formation. 72 1. Introduction considered to be the reminiscence of One of the factors influencing the traditional Chinese culture in Europe- development of architectural styles an art and architecture of 17th–19th along with evolutionary processes was centuries has been studied. The anal- the formation of new movements in ysis of eclectic styles in the interpre- construction by means of accultura- tation of Representatives of different tion and assimilation of the various cultures has shown similarities of bor- national achievements. The source of rowing. such transformations for a long time So as to simplify the analysis of the has been a cultural and technological degree of acculturation of adscititious exchange at the boundaries of civili- styles and assimilation of traditional zations. It is often connected with the elements it was decided to consider changes in the geopolitical world map. architecture separately. It was divid- The resettlement colonization of Ar- ed in three sections: urban planning, chaic Greece and cultural symbiosis in space-planning and design. Such an the formation of Macedonian Empire approach has allowed us to estimate are the typical examples (Boardman the level of penetration of new ele- & Hammond, 1982; Walbank, Astin, ments. More than that, it was taken Frederiksen & Ogilvie, 1984). These into account that the external features phenomena had an impact on Europe, are more subjected to transformation, North and Western Africa and partial- while space-planning and urban plan- ly on South Asia. However, sequential ning features are more conservative. colonization of Europe and the Medi- Finally, an analysis of the problem terranean basin by Roman republic and at the current stage of architectural de- empire had the greatest impact, which velopment has been carried out on the in many ways formed the vector of ar- example of the leading and peripheral chitectural development of the area for schools. As a result, the two main ba- several centuries to go (Walbank, As- sic groups of appearance of “deformed” tin, Frederiksen & Ogilvie, 1989; Alan, styles factors were found. In the first Champlin & Lintott, 1996). instance, it was the purpose of seman- The next integrative stage of Western tics or casual relations of the usage of culture took place in the early modern elements, techniques, structures, etc. period. This stage is associated with the The second reason, which is a deriva- activation of transoceanic colonization tive of the first, relates to the lack of the and formation of Eurocentric world necessary technical and technological in 15th–19th centuries (Potter, 1957; base and, as a result, incomprehension Crawley, 1965). The active expansion of the process of formation of new el- of European nations had a great im- ements. Both of these trends are com- pact on the development of culture mon for modernity and the historical and architecture all over the world. architectural development. Aside from this, the globalization took a universal form by 20th century and 3. Data became one of the patterns in social Literary and internet sources have development on the modern stage. It been analysed for investigation of is clear that this phenomenon affect- the problem. When considering Si- ed stylistic architectural development no-Western architectural styles, the (Bury, 1960; Hinsley, 1962). researches of V. I. Luchkova, Liu Dap- ing, N. Arkaraprasertkul, Zhang Jun, 2. Methodology Su’ning Xu, Chun-kwok Chan, Jiawei The historical examples and modern Gu etc. were taken into consideration. trends have been examined to study Along with that, the photographic, car- the phenomenon of architectural ac- tographic and historiographic materials culturation and assimilation under the have been studied. Full-sized observa- influence of indistinctive stylistic ideas. tion was carried out as well. The stud- The brief analysis of the peculiarities of ies of art historians. dominate among Sino-Western buildings of the middle the works devoted to chinoiserie, such 19th–mid 20th century has been un- as M. A. Neglinskaia, Wu Youfang, G. dertaken. Chinoiserie style, which is Alm, A. Hyatt Mayor L. Ledderose, ITU A|Z • Vol 15 No 3 • November 2018 • A. A. Kim, V. I. Luchkova 73 Figure 1. Sino-western styles: 1) diaolou (Jiangmen, Guangdong province); 2) weilou in sino-western style (Meizhou, Guangdong province); 3) qilou (Haikou, Hainan province), 4) shikumen (Shanghai); 5) Chinese baroque (Harbin, Heilongjiang province). Zhu Ying, etc The fundamental analy- tze River with the city center in Shang- sis was based on cartographic and pho- hai and Guangzhou Bay, presented by tographic materials. The contemporary the city of Guangzhou, Hong Kong and planning stage has been studied with Macau (Luchkova & Kim, 2016). the help of analysis the found trends in A number of new styles have been the works of P. Schumacher, Iu. S. Ian- developed in these areas. The com- kovskaia, L. Sklair, S. P. Pomorov, and mon feature of these new styles that others. The phenomenon of imitation originate from the mutual integration of global trends in design without un- of the two cultures is partial assimila- derstanding or use of their technology tion of traditional Chinese architectur- and methodology has been analyzed al principles and techniques and their on the basis of factual material of edu- replacement by European. The Chi- cational course design and actual plan- nese baroque has developed in Man- ning activity. churia (Levoshko & Kirichkov, 2016; Ivanova & Kradin, 2014; Yu, 2005; Yo, 4. Results 2013; Cao, Dian Zhang, Ying Zhang & 4.1. Sino-western styles Xu, 2012; Qi Li & Daping Liu, 2013), The historical context of the emer- in Shanghai—shikumen (Ren, 2008; gence of China assimilative styles lies Arkaraprasertkul & Williams, 2015; in the development of Sino-Western Liang, 2008; Arkaraprasertkul, 2009, relations, poured out in the Opium Chan, 2014), in the southern provinces Wars (1840–1842, 1856–1860), fol- such styles as trade qilou (Jun Zhang, lowed by the opening of state borders 2015; Ho Yin Li & DiStefano, 2016; Gu, (Twitchett & Mote, 1998; Fairbank, 2014; Yang & Jia, 2010; Quan & Hou, 1978; Fairbank & Kwang-Ching Liu, 2008), fortification diaolou (The State 1980; Zhang & Fan, 2003). This process Administration of Cultural Heritage of predetermined the development of the the People’s Republic China [SACH], international settlement on the territo- 2006; Batto, 2006; Kuah-Pearce & Jin, ry of the Qing Empire which lead to the 2012; Zhou, 2003; Zhao, 2010; Luch- build up of the Western architecture in kova, 2011) and community-based Si- China. As a result, the three main ar- no-Western weilou (Qui, 2001; Jiang, eas of Western influence were marked: 2006; Kim & Luchkova, 2016). The Chinese Eastern Railway with the cen- activation of these processes in south- ter in Harbin, the estuary of the Yang- ern China is conditioned by the high Assimilation of traditional architecture influenced by the imported styles 74 population density of territory and the ly reinforced concrete and metal frame active development of the western set- (Kuah-Pearce & Jin, 2012; Jun Zhang, tlements. 2015). The new construction materials The impact of the Western architec- had the greatest impact on mid-rise ture has not changed radically local ur- and high-rise constructions, primarily ban-planning processes. The most no- diaolou, Chinese baroque and partially ticeable changes took place in Harbin. qilou. More than that, the new materi- In this city quite a chaotic urban-build- als allowed to increase the constructing ing way in the beginning has been re- speed of the objects. placed by Europeanised city blocks. The introduction of Western-style However, such a change is probably oc- floor layout and differentiation in the curred under the direct control of Rus- number of storeys also came up (Luc- sian engineers (Kradin, 2010). Gen- hkova, 2011). However, this trend eral trends contained in a significant manifested itself mostly in Harbin, increase of urban density. Due to this where only the galleries (that had been fact, the traditional structure based on formed along with a common court- hutong and siheyuan has transformed yard) remained from the traditional due to the reduction of the area of the planning structure (Qi Li & Daping courtyard (shikumen) (Arkaraprasert- Liu, 2013). The trend was less com- kul, 2009) or the complete rejection of mon in the other styles and most of it (qilou, diaolou) (Zhang, 2015; Luch- the buildings were based on the trans- kova, 2011).
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