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The Spreading of Christianity and the Introduction of Modern Architecture in Shannxi, China (1840-1949)

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The Spreading of Christianity and the Introduction of Modern Architecture in Shannxi, China (1840-1949) Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid Programa de doctorado en Concervación y Restauración del Patrimonio Architectónico The Spreading of Christianity and the introduction of Modern Architecture in Shannxi, China (1840-1949) Christian churches and traditional Chinese architecture Author: Shan HUANG (Architect) Director: Antonio LOPERA (Doctor, Arquitecto) 2014 Tribunal nombrado por el Magfco. y Excmo. Sr. Rector de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, el día de de 20 . Presidente: Vocal: Vocal: Vocal: Secretario: Suplente: Suplente: Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de la Tesis el día de de 20 en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid. Calificación:………………………………. El PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL SECRETARIO Index Index Abstract Resumen Introduction General Background........................................................................................... 1 A) Definition of the Concepts ................................................................ 3 B) Research Background........................................................................ 4 C) Significance and Objects of the Study .......................................... 6 D) Research Methodology ...................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Chinese traditional architecture 1.1 The concept of traditional Chinese architecture ......................... 13 1.2 Main characteristics of the traditional Chinese architecture .... 14 1.2.1 Wood was used as the main construction materials ........ 14 1.2.2 Maintain the framework principles and the spatial arrangement is flexible ...................................................................... 18 1.2.3 Use of bracket set (斗栱 dǒu gǒng)..................................... 20 1.2.4 Roof .............................................................................................. 24 1.2.5 Single building’s standardization ........................................... 50 1.2.6 Attach importance to the layout of the architecture group ................................................................................................................ 51 1.3 Historical stages .................................................................................... 52 1.3.1 Fuedal Society ........................................................................... 52 1.4 Urban construction .............................................................................. 82 1.4.1 The capital cities from Han (202B.C.—220) to Ming (1386-1644) and Qing Dynasties (1644-1911) ................................ 93 1.4.2 The construction of local cities ............................................. 127 1.5 Residential construction ................................................................... 137 1.5.1 The evolution of the residential formation ......................... 139 1.5.2 The residential building types ............................................... 146 1.5.3 Examples ................................................................................... 161 1.6 Religion architectures ....................................................................... 175 1.6.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 175 1.6.2 Buddhist temples ..................................................................... 182 CHAPTER 2 Christianity and Shaanxi Province 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................... 203 2.2 Christianity in China ........................................................................... 203 2.2.1 Tang Dynasty ............................................................................ 203 2.2.2 Yuan Dynasty ........................................................................... 205 2.2.3 Ming and Qing Dynasties ...................................................... 205 Index 2.2.4 End of Qing, since 1840 to 1949 ........................................... 206 2.3 Christianity in Shaanxi Province....................................................... 207 2.3.1 the preach of Catholicism in central part of Shaanxi Province .............................................................................................. 209 2.3.2 the preach of Catholicism in northern part of Shaanxi Province .............................................................................................. 218 2.3.3 the preach of Catholicism in southern part of Shaanxi Province .............................................................................................. 226 2.3.4 the preach of Protestant in Shaanxi Province .................. 232 CHAPTER 3 Analysis of Christian Churches in Shaanxi Province 3.1 Catholic churches ............................................................................. 239 3.1.1 The Catholic churches in central Shaanxi ......................... 239 3.1.2 The Catholic churches in northern Shaanxi....................... 254 3.1.3 The Catholic churches in south Shaanxi .......................... 273 3.2 Protestant churches ........................................................................ 280 3.2.1 Protestant churches in central Shaanxi .............................. 281 CHAPTER 4 Christian Churches in Other Cities of China 4.1 Christian churches in Macau before 1949 ................................... 294 4.1.1 St. Paul’s Church ...................................................................... 296 4.1.2 St. Dominic’s Church .............................................................. 298 4.2 The Christian churches in Beijing built between 1840 and 1949 ...................................................................................................................... 300 4.2.1 The Xuanwu Gate Catholic Church ................................... 304 4.3 The Christian churches in Qingdao in the period of 1840-1949 ...................................................................................................................... 312 4.3.1 The development of city Qingdao during 1840 and 1949 .............................................................................................................. 312 4.3.2 Jiangsu Street Protestant Church (Evangelische Kirche für Tsingtau) .............................................................................................. 315 4.4 The Christian churches in Shanghai built since 1840 to 1949.... 321 4.4.1 Holy Trinity Church ................................................................... 324 4.4.2 Dongjiadu Catholic Church ................................................. 330 CHAPTER 5 Comparisons 5.1 The historical development and the locations of the five cities ...................................................................................................................... 339 5.2 The time when the Christianity was first introduced in to the five cities ............................................................................................................. 340 5.3 The architectural characteristics .................................................... 341 5.3.1 Location and general layout ............................................... 341 Index 5.3.2 The Plan ..................................................................................... 343 5.3.3 The façade and roofs ............................................................ 344 5.3.4 Constructive materials and structures ................................ 345 5.4 The conservation condition ............................................................. 346 List ................................................................................................................. 347 Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 353 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................... 365 Appendix............................................................................................................ 371 Index Abstract Abstract The Chinese architecture has gone through great changes during the long process of history. The tremendous changing period was the named Modern Times of China when, for the very first time, the western architecture was introduced into China and became to influence majorly on the traditional Chinese architecture. Before that, the traditional Chinese architecture which has its own, yet totally different system from the occidental architecture system was the only architectural style could be found in China. Although, due to many historical, conceptual and architectural characteristic reasons, large amount of the ancient Chinese architecture built in the feudal China was not preserved, there are a lot of buildings of semi-feudal China that was well constructed and conserved. The most important architectural type of the semi-feudal China is the Christian Churches. It was not only the first western architectural form that was brought into and well developed in China, but also was the beginner of the modernization process of Chinese architecture. Because of the deep root of the 2000-year traditional Chinese architecture, all the Christian Churches built in China during the semi-colonial society has a combined style of both the traditional Chinese architecture and the classic western churches. They are a priceless asset of the Chinese architectural history. Recently, more and more attention had been paid on the Chinese Modern Times architecture, however, the
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