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Belimbing Darah (Baccaurea Angulata Merr.), Buah Keluarga Menteng Endemik Kalimantan Dan Kerabatnya

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Belimbing Darah (Baccaurea Angulata Merr.), Buah Keluarga Menteng Endemik Kalimantan Dan Kerabatnya Warta Kebun Raya 16 (1), Mei 2018 Belimbing Darah (Baccaurea angulata Merr.), Buah Keluarga Menteng Endemik Kalimantan dan Kerabatnya Sudarmono Pusat Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya – LIPI email: [email protected] Foto: Wisnu H.A. ABSTRACT Baccaurea angulata Merr. Red angle tampoi or scientific name Baccaurea angulata Merr. (Phyllantaceae) is an endemic plant of Borneo island. The other potential is not only as an exotic fruit but also contains antocyanin and antioxidant compounds which are high. The results also reveal the potential of red angle tampoi as a source of natural ingredients for the treatment of cancer and also has antimicrobial activity. Their close relatives besides menteng (Baccaurea racemosa) and tampoi (B. macrocarpa) also have B. dulcis (kupa), B. motleyana (rambai). The types of plants are generally dioceous so sometimes there should be a tree with its own male flowers and also there is a tree that flowering female itself. Grown in lowland (less than 800 meters above sea level) also in riparian areas of river or close to swamp areas. Propagation is most easily by seeds, cuttings and graft. Experiments with cuttings can grow leaves up to 3 months in the hood as well as graft within 3 months. PENDAHULUAN Sambas, Kalimantan Barat. Alam Kalimantan menyimpan potensi buah alam yang dapat diolah Buah merupakan bagian penting dari tumbuhan menjadi bahan pangan dan obat-obatan. Salah yang menghasilkan bahan pangan. Jenis durian- satu diantaranya adalah belimbing darah, dari durianan (Durio spp.), menteng-mentengan Kabupaten Sambas, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat (Baccaurea spp.) dan nangka-nangkaan yang menjadi fokus dalam tulisan ini. Di (Artocarpus spp.) sebagaimana dilaporkan Kalimantan Barat, belimbing darah banyak Siregar dkk (2001) merupakan buah-buahan yang ditemukan di daerah Kabupaten Sanggau, banyak ditemukan di hutan Kalimantan. Tiga Kabupaten Sekadau, Kabupaten Sintang dan puluh empat jenis diantaranya dapat ditemukan di Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu. Menarik karena tidak 55 Warta Kebun Raya 16 (1), Mei 2018 Warta Kebun Raya 16 (1), Mei 2018 menyebutkan angka sejumlah 43 spesies, Malpighiales, Famili atau Suku Phyllantaceae, dengan 5 spesies diantaranya masih Bangsa Antidesmeae, Subbangsa Scepinae dan meragukan. Klasifikasi secara tata nama Genus atau Marga Baccaurea Lour. t u m b u h a n p a d a t i n g k a t a n D i v i s i Magnoliophyta, Kelas Magniolopsida, Ordo A B Gambar 1. Pohon Belimbing Darah (Baccaurea angulata Merr.; Suku Phyllantaceae) dan buahnya. hanya berasal dari hutan alam, tetapi mereka sebagai belimbing merah, asam ketiak, Gambar 2. Penyebaran belimbing darah sebagaiD tumbuhan endemik di Borneo sangat eksotik. belimbing bukit, gerumin bereh (bahasa Suku (Sumber : Anonim 2013) Dayak Bidayuh), tampoi merah, uchong (Dayak Berikut ini adalah daftar spesies Baccaurea wilayah tersebut, dengan 3 spesies tambahan Belimbing darah, saat masih belum matang Iban), belimbing hutan, pidau (Indonesia); yang populer di masyarakat (Haegens 2000), di Semenanjung Malaya, 4 spesies di Sumatra bentuknya seperti kelopak bunga rosella, merah embaling (Sabah) dan embaling bobou (Brunei). dengan tambahan informasi menurut Uji (termasuk 1 spesies endemik Sumatra dan 1 tua. Saat matang, warnanya berubah menjadi Belimbing darah tidak berkerabat dekat dengan (1991), Jansen dkk. (1991) serta Heyne (1987). endemik Simeulue) dan 8 spesies di Kalimantan oranye muda kecokelatan, dengan buah putih belimbing manis (Averrhoa carambola- Penyebaran marga ini agaknya terpusat di (4 spesies endemik Kalimantan). Yang menarik, bersekat seperti manggis. Rasa buahnya asam Oxalidaceae). Belimbing darah termasuk suku sekitar wilayah Malesia bagian barat, yakni terdapat 4 spesies yang penyebarannya segar. Belimbing darah diberi sebutan demikian menteng (Phyllantaceae). Hubungan dekat S e m e n a n j u n g M a l a y a , S u m a t r a d a n terbatas di sekitar Papua Nugini. karena bentuknya mirip dengan buah belimbing justru dengan jenis menteng (Baccaurea Kalimantan. Sebanyak 18 spesies tersebar di dan warnanya merah (Gambar 1). Untuk racemosa) dan tampoi (Baccaurea macrocarpa). mengenal lebih dekat, kita bisa menelusurinya Tabel 1. Beberapa spesies Baccaurea spp. yang merupakan buah populer dan kerabat terdekat dari daunnya yang berbeda dengan daun buah Baccaurea adalah nama marga tumbuhan belimbing darah belimbing biasa. Selain itu perlu dikenal pula berbunga anggota dari suku Phyllanthaceae. Nama ilmiah Sinonim Penyebaran Nama-nama lokal* kerabat dekat dari sisi ilmiahnya. Marga ini terutama dikenal sebagai penghasil buah-buahan, dengan beberapa contoh jenisnya Sum.: Berat mata, tampui kaka. Bangka: Klasifikasi dan Kerabat Dekat Belimbing Darah yang populer seperti Baccaurea dulcis (kupa), B. Kelempa. Klm.: Kapul pugi nentalon, pugi motleyana (rambai), dan B. racemosa ranau, tampoi paya, pangal (Brunei, Kedayan); Baccaurea Thailand, puak, puak burong, pugi barong (Iban); depot Belimbing darah memiliki nama ilmiah (menteng). Oleh sebab itu bagian dalam B. crassifolia bracteata Semenanjung Malaya, kayu masam (Mili); kelibon (Murut); jemating, Baccaurea angulata Merr. (Phyllantaceae). buahnya terlihat kemiripannnya. Banyak pula J.J.Sm. Müll.Arg. (1866) Sumatra, Kalimantan selantikan, tampoi hutan, tampoi-tampoi Belimbing ini endemik pulau Borneo. Jenis ini anggota marga ini yang menghasilkan kayu- hutan, tampoi munyit, terai rapak. Maly.: terdapat di Pulau Kalimantan wilayah Indonesia, kayuan, meskipun jarang yang berukuran besar. rambai hutan, tampoi bunga, tampoi kera paya bagian Utara wilayah Malaysia (Sabah dan Tersebar di India, Asia Tenggara dan kawasan Thai: Khao-rang. Serawak) serta negara Brunei Darussalam Indomalaya hingga Pasifik. Para ahli berbeda (Gambar 2). Nama Inggrisnya yaitu red angle pendapat mengenai jumlah spesies marga tampoi. Masyarakat mengenal nama lainnya Baccaurea. Kajian yang terbaru (Haegens, 2000) 56 57 Warta Kebun Raya 16 (1), Mei 2018 Warta Kebun Raya 16 (1), Mei 2018 menyebutkan angka sejumlah 43 spesies, Malpighiales, Famili atau Suku Phyllantaceae, dengan 5 spesies diantaranya masih Bangsa Antidesmeae, Subbangsa Scepinae dan meragukan. Klasifikasi secara tata nama Genus atau Marga Baccaurea Lour. t u m b u h a n p a d a t i n g k a t a n D i v i s i Magnoliophyta, Kelas Magniolopsida, Ordo A B Gambar 1. Pohon Belimbing Darah (Baccaurea angulata Merr.; Suku Phyllantaceae) dan buahnya. hanya berasal dari hutan alam, tetapi mereka sebagai belimbing merah, asam ketiak, Gambar 2. Penyebaran belimbing darah sebagaiD tumbuhan endemik di Borneo sangat eksotik. belimbing bukit, gerumin bereh (bahasa Suku (Sumber : Anonim 2013) Dayak Bidayuh), tampoi merah, uchong (Dayak Berikut ini adalah daftar spesies Baccaurea wilayah tersebut, dengan 3 spesies tambahan Belimbing darah, saat masih belum matang Iban), belimbing hutan, pidau (Indonesia); yang populer di masyarakat (Haegens 2000), di Semenanjung Malaya, 4 spesies di Sumatra bentuknya seperti kelopak bunga rosella, merah embaling (Sabah) dan embaling bobou (Brunei). dengan tambahan informasi menurut Uji (termasuk 1 spesies endemik Sumatra dan 1 tua. Saat matang, warnanya berubah menjadi Belimbing darah tidak berkerabat dekat dengan (1991), Jansen dkk. (1991) serta Heyne (1987). endemik Simeulue) dan 8 spesies di Kalimantan oranye muda kecokelatan, dengan buah putih belimbing manis (Averrhoa carambola- Penyebaran marga ini agaknya terpusat di (4 spesies endemik Kalimantan). Yang menarik, bersekat seperti manggis. Rasa buahnya asam Oxalidaceae). Belimbing darah termasuk suku sekitar wilayah Malesia bagian barat, yakni terdapat 4 spesies yang penyebarannya segar. Belimbing darah diberi sebutan demikian menteng (Phyllantaceae). Hubungan dekat S e m e n a n j u n g M a l a y a , S u m a t r a d a n terbatas di sekitar Papua Nugini. karena bentuknya mirip dengan buah belimbing justru dengan jenis menteng (Baccaurea Kalimantan. Sebanyak 18 spesies tersebar di dan warnanya merah (Gambar 1). Untuk racemosa) dan tampoi (Baccaurea macrocarpa). mengenal lebih dekat, kita bisa menelusurinya Tabel 1. Beberapa spesies Baccaurea spp. yang merupakan buah populer dan kerabat terdekat dari daunnya yang berbeda dengan daun buah Baccaurea adalah nama marga tumbuhan belimbing darah belimbing biasa. Selain itu perlu dikenal pula berbunga anggota dari suku Phyllanthaceae. Nama ilmiah Sinonim Penyebaran Nama-nama lokal* kerabat dekat dari sisi ilmiahnya. Marga ini terutama dikenal sebagai penghasil buah-buahan, dengan beberapa contoh jenisnya Sum.: Berat mata, tampui kaka. Bangka: Klasifikasi dan Kerabat Dekat Belimbing Darah yang populer seperti Baccaurea dulcis (kupa), B. Kelempa. Klm.: Kapul pugi nentalon, pugi motleyana (rambai), dan B. racemosa ranau, tampoi paya, pangal (Brunei, Kedayan); Baccaurea Thailand, puak, puak burong, pugi barong (Iban); depot Belimbing darah memiliki nama ilmiah (menteng). Oleh sebab itu bagian dalam B. crassifolia bracteata Semenanjung Malaya, kayu masam (Mili); kelibon (Murut); jemating, Baccaurea angulata Merr. (Phyllantaceae). buahnya terlihat kemiripannnya. Banyak pula J.J.Sm. Müll.Arg. (1866) Sumatra, Kalimantan selantikan, tampoi hutan, tampoi-tampoi Belimbing ini endemik pulau Borneo. Jenis ini anggota marga ini yang menghasilkan kayu- hutan, tampoi munyit, terai rapak. Maly.: terdapat di Pulau Kalimantan wilayah Indonesia, kayuan, meskipun jarang yang berukuran besar. rambai hutan, tampoi bunga, tampoi kera paya bagian Utara wilayah Malaysia (Sabah dan Tersebar di India, Asia Tenggara dan kawasan Thai: Khao-rang. Serawak) serta negara Brunei
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