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Baccaurea Macrocarpa F1000Research 2018, 7:1977 Last updated: 24 APR 2020 RESEARCH ARTICLE Phytochemical and antioxidant activity evaluation of the bark of Tampoi (Baccaurea macrocarpa) [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] Erwin Erwin 1, Widar Ristiyani Pusparohmana1, Indah Permata Sari1, Rita Hairani1, Usman Usman2 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, 75123, Indonesia 2Study Program of Chemical Education, Faculty of Teacher Trainer and Education, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, 75242, Indonesia First published: 24 Dec 2018, 7:1977 Open Peer Review v1 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16643.1 Latest published: 12 Dec 2019, 7:1977 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16643.2 Reviewer Status Abstract Invited Reviewers Background: Tampoi (Baccaurea macrocarpa) is a tropical rainforest plant 1 2 3 4 that produces edible fruit and is native to Southeast Asia, especially East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Previous research showed that Tampoi potentially version 2 can be developed as a drug. It was reported that the extract of Tampoi fruit (revision) report report report displayed antioxidant activity, which was correlated with its phenolic and 12 Dec 2019 flavonoid substances. There is no information about the antioxidant activity of other parts of this plant, such as the bark, which might also have this kind of activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the version 1 phytochemical, toxicity, and antioxidant activity of the bark of Tampoi. 24 Dec 2018 report report report report Methods: The bark of Tampoi was extracted with methanol and concentrated using rotary evaporator to obtain the methanol extract of the bark. Secondary metabolites of this extract was determined using Chinnadurai Immanuel Selvaraj , VIT phytochemical analysis. Afterward, the methanol extract was tested for its 1 toxicity using brine shrimp lethality test and antioxidant activity using the University, Vellore, India 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. Natthida Weerapreeyakul, Khon Kaen Results: Phytochemical evaluation results showed that the methanol 2 extract of bark of this plant contains several secondary metabolites University, Khon Kaen, Thailand including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, steroids, and triterpenoids. The 3 Agustono Wibowo , Universiti Teknologi toxicity test displayed no toxic property due to a LC50 value above 1000 MARA Pahang Branch, Jengka Campus, ppm. For antioxidant activity, the result exhibited that the methanol extract Pahang Darul Makmur, Malaysia of bark of this plant could be categorized as an active extract with IC50 value of 11.15 ppm. Moreover, based on gas chromatography-mass 4 Chanya Chaicharoenpong, Chulalongkorn spectrometer analysis, there are 37 isolated compounds from the bark, one University, Bangkok, Thailand of which is methylparaben, a phenolic predicted to act as an antioxidant. Conclusion: The results obtained in this research demonstrated that the Any reports and responses or comments on the bark of Tampoi (B. macrocarpa) has potential as an antioxidant. article can be found at the end of the article. Keywords Tampoi, Baccaurea macrocarpa, toxicity, BSLT, antioxidant, DPPH Page 1 of 17 F1000Research 2018, 7:1977 Last updated: 24 APR 2020 This article is included in the ICTROPS 2018 collection. Corresponding author: Erwin Erwin ([email protected]) Author roles: Erwin E: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation; Pusparohmana WR: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology; Sari IP: Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology; Hairani R: Investigation, Methodology, Writing – Original Draft Preparation; Usman U: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The authors acknowledge funding from the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) project in the frame of Hibah Penelitian PIU IDB for Lecturer Mulawarman University 2018 Number: 2248/UN17.11/PL/2018. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2018 Erwin E et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Data associated with the article are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication). How to cite this article: Erwin E, Pusparohmana WR, Sari IP et al. Phytochemical and antioxidant activity evaluation of the bark of Tampoi ( Baccaurea macrocarpa) [version 1; peer review: 3 approved with reservations, 1 not approved] F1000Research 2018, 7:1977 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16643.1 First published: 24 Dec 2018, 7:1977 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.16643.1 Page 2 of 17 F1000Research 2018, 7:1977 Last updated: 24 APR 2020 Introduction into the mixture. The formation of orange on filter paper indicated Indonesia is a mega-diverse country in terms of biodiversity the presence of alkaloids. that is flanked by the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Indonesia’s biodiversity encompasses the diversity of living things both Flavonoids. 1 mg of extract was inserted into a test tube and on land and sea1. Indonesia, especially East Kalimantan, has diluted in 1 mL methanol. A few 2 mg of Magnesium powder very extensive tropical rainforest, which is a habitat for much was added followed by a few drops of concentrated HCl. The biodiversity. Various types of plants have long been utilized by presence of flavonoids was identified by the formation of pink or the community as traditional medicines. The utilization of natural red color. products as an alternative medicine is increasing because natu- ral ingredients are believed to be safer than synthetic substances, Phenolics. 1 mg of extract was introduced into a test tube and i.e. do not contain chemicals that only can be found in dissolved in methanol. Then a few drops of 1% FeCl3 were modern medicines, which are linked to toxicity2. inserted. The formation of green, red, purple, dark blue or black indicated the presence of phenolics. Among plants, the genus of Baccaurea have interesting biologi- cal activities. For example, B. angulata has been reported as a Steroids and triterpenoids. 1 mL of methanol and 1 mg of potential functional food with effective antioxidant3, anti-inflam- extract were inserted into a test tube, stirred until homogene- matory, anti-atherogenic, and hypocholesteromia activities4. Other ous, then 2 drops of anhydride acetate and 1 drop of H2SO4 were research has also investigated the biological activity of other added (Liebermann Burchard reagent). The formation of green species of this genus, i.e. B. lanceolata and B. macrocarpa. It was or purple precipitation showed a sample containing steroids, reported that the fruits of B. macrocarpa exhibited the highest and red precipitation displayed the presence of terpenoids. antioxidant activity compared with B. lanceolata, which signifi- 5 cantly correlated with the phenolic and flavonoid contents . Saponins. 1 mg extract was put into a test tube and then dissolved in distilled water, and shaken strongly. The presence of saponins B. macrocarpa is one of the typical plants of East Kalimantan, is characterized by the formation of durable foam on the surface Indonesia and the edible fruits is a source of additional nutri- of the liquid. Foam that remains stable after the addition of a ents and known as Tampoi. Until now, the information about the few drops of concentrated HCl indicated the presence of saponins. antioxidant activity of other parts of this plant such as the bark of Tampoi has not been reported yet. Hence, the present Toxicity test research was conducted to investigate the phytochemical, toxicity, The toxicity test of extract was performed using brine shrimp and antioxidant activity of the bark of Tampoi (B. macrocarpa). lethality test (BSLT), as described previously8. Methanol extract Furthermore, the gas chromatography-mass spectrometer of bark of Tampoi (B. macrocarpa) (1 mg) was dissolved using (GC-MS) analysis was performed to obtain information about the 100 µL of 1% DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) and homogenized. kinds of isolated compounds contained. The samples were diluted using 150 µL of distilled water until the total of volume reached 250 µL, and then pipetted 200 µL Methods and diluted again using 600 µL of distilled water until the total Extraction of volume was 800 µL, so that the sample concentration was Extraction was carried out as described previously by Erwin 1000 ppm. Samples with a concentration of 500, 250, 125, 62.5, et al. (2014)6. The bark of Tampoi (B. macrocarpa) was dried 31.2, 15.6, and 7.8 ppm were made from sample dilutions of a for 1 week at room temperature and ground to a powder. The concentration of 1000 ppm. The control solution was made with powder was extracted using a maceration method by soaking in the same treatment as the sample without the addition of extract. methanol for 24 hours at room temperature, which was repeated three times. Afterwards, the extract solution was filtered by filter The toxicity test was carried out using several standard micro paper and the solvent was evaporated under vacuum using a rotary plates. About 100 µL seawater containing 8-13 shrimp larvae evaporator
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