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Plant Functional Traits and Functional Diversity Across Four Land- Use Systems in Sumatra (Indonesia)

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Plant functional traits and functional diversity across four land- use systems in Sumatra (Indonesia) Submitted by Biplabi Bhattarai Sustainable forest and nature management (SUFONAMA) Matriculation number: 21743906 Supervisor Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft Co-supervisor Dr. Katja Rembold Master‘s thesis at the Faculty of Forest Science and Forest Ecology Georg-August-Universität Göttingen January, 2019 Funktionelle Pflanzenmerkmale und funktionell Diversität in vier Landnutzungssystemen in Sumatra (Indonesien) Eingereicht von Biplabi Bhattarai Sustainable forest and nature management (SUFONAMA) Matrikelnummer: 21743906 Betreuer Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft Zweitbetreuer Dr. Katja Rembold Masterarbeit bei der Fakultät für Forstwissenschaften und Waldökologie Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Januar, 2019 Acknowledgments This master‘s thesis has come to this positive end through the collective efforts of several people and organizations: from rural peasants to highly academic personnel and institutions around the world. Without their mental, physical and financial support this research would not have been possible. I would like to express my gratitude to all of them who were involved directly or indirectly in this endeavor. To all of them, I express my deep appreciation. Firstly, I am thankful to Dr. Katja Rembold for providing me the opportunity to conduct my thesis on this topic. I greatly appreciate my supervisor Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft for providing the vision regarding plant functional traits and functional diversity. My cordial thanks and heartfelt gratitude goes to him whose encouragements, suggestions and comments made this research possible to shape in this form. I am also thankful to Fabian Brambach for his guidance in each and every step of this research. Additionally, I am grateful to the EFForTS project for providing me with an opportunity to conduct my thesis with them. Many thanks to B04 Working group who provided me with their Wood trait data to supplement my dataset. I would also like to thank the B06 field team who collected and scanned all the leaves and traits I worked on. I am thankful to Dr. Dylan Craven, Anas Emad, Maria Leticia Monge González, Bikash Kharel and Thakur Magarati for their support throughout the thesis period. I also want to thank Erasmus Mundus program for providing me with a scholarship for pursuing a master‘s degree in sustainable forest and nature management (SUFONAMA) course. Besides this, I would like to thank all my professors who broadened my knowledge during the period of my study at Göttingen University (Germany) and Bangor University (United Kingdom). At last but not least, I want to pay gratitude to my family members who constantly inspired me during the study. I owe all my success to them. i Summary Land-use intensification modifies the composition of plant communities in an ecosystem which may also result in an alteration in plant functional traits and functional diversity of those plant communities. The alteration in plant functional traits distribution and plant functional diversity will hamper the ecosystem processes related to those traits, thus, impacting key ecosystem functions. In this study, I investigated the difference in plant functional traits between four land-use systems in the lowland of central Sumatra (Indonesia): tropical rainforest, rubber agroforestry, rubber monoculture and oil palm monoculture. This study comprised plant traits measured on 1050 plant individuals belonging to 730 species of which 570 were tree species and 160 were understorey species. Anatomical and morphological plant traits were selected as they represent plant‘s capacity to capture resources. Previous plot-based vegetation surveys and functional trait data collection from the study area provided data on plant species composition of each plot as well as their functional traits. I investigated the consequences of land-use change on functional traits of trees and understorey by using statistical tools such as the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test, and post hoc Wilcoxon rank sum test. I also investigated the effect of land-use change on the functional diversity of trees and understorey in the study area. The relationship between functional and taxonomic diversity was derived by carrying out regression analysis after fitting a linear model on the scatterplots. I found that rainforest had a higher range of plant functional traits compared to monocultures when analyzing the traits on the land-use basis. The difference in plant functional traits was significant between rainforest representing low-intensity land-use system and monocultures representing high-intensity land-use systems. Considering the abundance data together with functional trait data, the community-weighted means of the functional traits in each plot varied significantly between four land-use systems signifying the contribution of plant community as a functional group in ecosystem functioning. ii Overall, the functional diversity indices varied significantly between the four land-use systems. Functional richness was strongly related to species richness. Functional richness was highest in forest and lowest in oil palm, reflecting a decline in species richness with increasing land-use intensity. Forest and jungle rubber differed significantly in species richness but not in functional richness indicating a high level of functional redundancy between these land-use systems. Thus, jungle rubber is the most important system for ecosystem services among the three agricultural systems. The relationship between functional diversity and taxonomic diversity in my study shows that functional diversity of trees at first decreases slowly until ca. two thirds of species are lost. After this point, functional diversity declines sharply. Understorey functional diversity shows a similar pattern with a suddenly sharper decline after about half the taxonomic diversity is lost. This result indicates that we lose plant functional diversity when we lose plant species, but not necessarily at the same rate. iii Zusammenfassung Landnutzungsintensivierung verändert die Zusammensetzung von Pflanzengemeinschaften, was wiederum zu einer Verschiebung von funktionellen Merkmalen und funktioneller Diversität dieser Gemeinschaften führen kann. Die Veränderung der Verteilung funktioneller Mekrmale und der funktionellen Diversität kann Ökosystemprozesse, die mit diesen Merkmalen zusammenhängen, erschweren und so wichtige Ökosystemfunktionen beeinflussen. In dieser Arbeit habe ich die Unterschiede funktioneller Pflanzenmerkmale zwischen vier Landnutzungssystemen im Tiefland von Zentralsumatra (Indonesien) untersucht: tropischer Regenwald, Kautschuk-Agroforestry, Kautschuk-Monokultur und Ölpalm-Monokultur. Die Arbeit umfasst Pflanzenmerkmale von 1050 Pflanzenindividuen von 730 Arten, aufgeteilt in 570 Baumarten und 160 Arten des Unterwuchses. Daten zur Pflanzenartenzusammensetzung und dazugehörigen funktionellen Merkmalen wurden von bereits durchgeführten Plot-basierten Aufnahmen der Vegetation und funktioneller Eigenschaften bereitgestellt. Ich habe die Auswirkungen des Landnutzungswandels auf die funktionellen Merkmale von Bäumen und Unterwuchs mit Hilfe von statistischen Methoden wie dem Shapiro-Wilk-Normalitätstest, Kruskal-Wallis-Test und post hoc Wilcoxon- Rangsummentest untersucht. Zudem habe ich die Auswirkungen des Landnutzungswandels auf die funktionelle Diversität von Bäumen und Unterwuchs untersucht. Der Zusammenhang zwischen funktioneller und taxonomischer Diversität wurde anhand von Regressionsanalysen mit einem linearen Modell erörtert. Basierend auf der Analyse funktioneller Merkmale nach Landnutzungsform zeigte Regenwald im Vergleich zu Monokulturen eine höhere Bandbreite funktioneller Merkmale. Die Merkmale zwischen dem extensiven Nutzungssystem Regenwald und den intensiven Monokulturen waren signifikant. Wenn Abundanzen der Arten zusammen mit den funktionellen Merkmalen berücksichtigt wurden (community-weighted means pro Plot), zeigten die funktionellen Merkmale signifikante Unterschiede zwischen alle vier Landnutzungstypen. iv Insgesamt unterschieden sich auch die funktionellen Diversitätsindizes zwischen den vier Landnutzungsformen; dabei zeigte sich ein starker Zusammenhang zwischen functional richness und Artenreichtum. Die functional richness war am höchsten in Regenwald und am niedrigsten in Ölpalmplantagen, konsistent mit der Abnahme des Artenreichtums mit zunehmender Intensivierung. Regenwald und Kautschuk-Agroforestry unterschieden sich signifikant in ihrem Artenreichtum, nicht jedoch in der functional richness, was auf eine hohe funktionelle Redundanz der Pflanzengemeinschaften beider Systeme hindeutet. Demnach ist Kautschuk- Agroforestry unter den drei Agrarnutzungsformen die wichtigste für den Erhalt von Ökosystemdienstleistungen. Der Zusammenhang zwischen funktioneller und taxonomischer Diversität in meiner Arbeit zeigt, dass die funktionelle Diversität der Bäume bei Abnahme der Artenvielfalt langsam zurückgeht, bis ca. zwei Drittel der Arten verloren wurden. Ab diesem Punkt nimmt die funktionelle Diversität rapide ab. Die funktionelle Diversität des Unterwuchses zeigt ein ähnliches Muster, nur dass bei ca. 50 % des Artenreichtums die funktionelle Diversität plötzlich stärker abnimmt. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bei einem Verlust der Artenvielfalt auch die funktionelle Diversität von Pflanzen abnimmt. Die Geschwindigkeit der Abnahme ist allerdings nicht gleich. v Contents Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................
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