After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities

Report

International conference

Friday 25 May 2012 Palais d’Egmont, Brussels

With the support of The views expressed in this report are personal opinions of the speakers and not necessarily those of the organisations they represent, nor of the Security & Defence Agenda, its members or partners.

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A Security & Defence Agenda Report Rapporteur: Jonathan Dowdall Photos: Philippe Molitor Publisher: Geert Cami

Table of contents

Foreword 2

Programme and speakers 4

Report 9

2012 Security Jam 18

10th Anniversary Presidents’ Dinner 28

List of participants 30

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities 1

Foreword

The SDA’s annual NATO conference once again gave us an opportunity to gather stakeholders from the defence and security sectors for an open and valuable discussion. This SDA conference followed hard on the heels of NATO’s Chicago summit, which made it plain that the challenges facing the Alliance remain numerous and complex, with the question marks over NATO’s post-Cold War raison d’être yet to be satisfactorily answered. Profound shifts in the geopolitical balance, in particular the economic and military rise of Asian powers is being paralleled by global financial turmoil. This report aims to provide food for thought for NATO and national leaders, for it still remains to be seen whether the alliance’s political leaders will find the courage needed to resolve the security and defence issues that confront us all.

Giles Merritt Director Security & Defence Agenda

2 After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities SDA CO-PRESIDENTS Jaap De Hoop Scheffer former NATO Secretary General Javier Solana former EU High Representative for CFSP The issues changing global security The SDA’s cyber-security initiative is challenging many of the security and defence communities’ most deeply held beliefs. The SDA is the only regular forum in Brussels devoted to analysing and debating the future of defence and security policies. It brings clarity and new ideas to the rapidly changing security and defence policy scene through its regular roundtables, debates, reports, international conferences and press dinners.

Gábor Iklódy Heli Tiirmaa-Klaar NATO Assistant Secretary General for Cyber Security Policy Advisor, Emerging Security Challenges European External Action Service Public-private cooperation in cyber-security, International cooperation on January 2012 cyber-security, May 2012

Christopher M. Painter Neelie Kroes Coordinator for Cyber Issues, EC Vice-president for the Digital Agenda US Department of State Public-private cooperation in cyber-security, International cooperation on cy- January 2012 ber-security, May 2012

Cecilia Malmström, Troels Oerting EU Home Affairs Commissioner EUROPOL Assistant Director of Operations Defining cyber-security, November 2011 International cooperation on cyber-security, May 2012

Recent activities: • International cooperation on cyber-security • Public-private cooperation on cyber-security • Global governance • Report “Cyber-security: The vexed question of global rules” • Developing Europe’s cyber-defences • Defining cyber-security

More information at www.securitydefenceagenda.org

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities

Co-chaired by :

Javier Solana Giles Merritt Co-President Director Security & Defence Security & Defence Agenda Agenda

Introductory remarks

Stefan Gehrold Director of the Brussels Office

Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung

Session I — Adjusting to the “Asian century” The transatlantic security pact that was long so central to NATO has become subtly adapted to a role defending “Western” security interests. The shift eastwards in focus has spanned the Balkans, North Africa and Afghanistan, raising fresh questions about NATO’s eventual concern with Asian security. Will the alliance’s Chicago summit mark a new stage in its development as a global peacekeeper and guarantor of stability? What commitments do NATO member governments need to make if the alliance is to achieve the worldwide credibility a more global role would call for?

Alejandro Alvargonzález San Martin Secretary General for Defence Policy Ministry of Defence, Spain

Admiral Giampaolo Di Paola Minister of Defence Italy

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Claus Grube Permanent Secretary of State Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark

Hüseyin Diriöz Assistant Secretary General for Defence Policy and Planning North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

James L. Townsend Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for European and NATO Policy United States Department of Defense (DOD)

The Security Jam 2012: impressions and comments

Harry van Dorenmalen Chairman IBM Corporation Europe

The conference provided a platform for the formal release of the 2012 Security Jam report. This year’s Jam was an overwhelming success; it focused the brain power of thousands of experts around the world on key security issues. Over the course of 4 days we saw 17,000 logins from some 3,000 participants spanning 116 countries.

Global leaders received the Jam’s initial results ahead of the NATO and G8 summits in Chicago in May 2012. The final report, including the ten most acclaimed recommendations, was sent to thousands of high-level policymakers around the world. We very much hope that NATO’s and the EU’s political leaders will take note of these recommendations and will further increase the use of new technologies to enlarge the involvement of citizens and stakeholders in the security policy debate.

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities 5

Session II — Shifting “Smart Defence” from slogan to reality The notion of Smart Defence has caught on quickly, no doubt because it offers a welcome solution to the intractable problems of capability shortcomings and defence cutbacks on both sides of the Atlantic. But what in practical terms does Smart Defence constitute, and how should it be benchmarked? Should NATO planners be creating a matrix that gives an at-a-glance guide to each member states’ capabilities in areas ranging from heavy airlift to tactical troop transport, UAVs to helicopters and battlefield communications to cyber- security? Above all, will smart defence be the making of a new eve in transatlantic defence cooperation with NATO, or the breaking of it?

Murad Bayar Undersecretary for Defence Industries Ministry of Defence, Republic of Turkey

Chad L. Fulgham Vice President Lockheed Martin

E. J. Herold Deputy Assistant Secretary General for Defence Investment NATO Markus Hellenthal Senior Advisor Huawei Technologies

6 After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities

“The international work of the political foundations is valuable for our country, as it contributes significantly to gain insights into foreign countries and cultures and to complete and enrich the image which diplomats and trade delegations transport. In fact, the political foundations abroad have another access and mostly a more direct access to the local people than diplomatic missions ever could have. (...) The political foundations not only contribute to learning processes abroad; but they also make the people learn – learn about the values and principles, which our community in Germany is based upon, and learn about our beliefs for which we Germans stand.” Former Federal President HORST KÖHLER

The Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) The KAS is related to the Christian Democratic movement and is guided by the same principles that inspired Adenauer's work.

The KAS offers civic education, conducts academic research and political consulting, grants scholarships to talented students, covers research on the history of Christian Democracy in Germany and Europe. KAS supports and encourages European unification, transatlantic relations, international understanding, and development-policy cooperation.

The international work is of outstanding importance for the KAS. With its international commitment the KAS promotes political, economic and social systems based on the model of liberal democracy and social market economy and strengthens Christian Democratic Policy on a global scale. The work in Europe and the USA focuses on deepening the transatlantic partnership and European Integration.

In the field of development cooperation the KAS is committed to fostering democracy, the rule of law and social market economy as well as to promoting human rights. Currently, the KAS hosts more than 200 projects in over 120 countries on four continents with 79 representations.

The Brussels’ Office has become a third “pillar” of the Stiftung. It was opened in 1978 and has since then been extended continuously. The Office’s work focuses in a European perspective on institutional developments of the EU, foreign and security policy, transatlantic relations, social and economic issues as well as interreligious dialogue. A special emphasis is also given to a Multinational Development Dialogue. The European Office also takes care of the bilateral relations with the BeNeLux-countries.

(: +32-2-743.07.46 2: +32-2-743.07.49 :: http://www.eukas.eu

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities 7 A dmiral Giampaolo Di Paola

8 After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities

This year’s annual Security & Defence The European response to Agenda NATO conference gathered Washington’s ‘pivot’ experts from across national, EU, NATO and private sectors to discuss The impact of the U.S. the top policy priorities for the announcement in its 2011 defence Alliance following review that the the recent “If the centre of gravity shifts to world’s largest Chicago summit. military the Asia-Pacific, it matters to us, establishment Stefan Gehrold, not just the U.S.” intends to re- Director of the Admiral Giampaolo Di Paola focus its posture Konrad-Adenauer- on the Asia-Pacific Stiftung’s Brussels Office, explained region was one of the defining that the recent summit was “more moments of the last year. then a mere follow-up to the 2010 Lisbon Summit – it dealt with the As Javier Solana, SDA Co-President crucial questions of NATO’s future and former EU High role.” Representative for CFSP queried in his opening remarks, “what conditions or Reflecting this, topics covered in this elements for European NATO policy conference included the perceived do these new power shifts to the ‘pivot’ of U.S. foreign policy to the Pacific mean for an Atlantic-centred Asia-Pacific region, the reform alliance?” challenges posed by the “Smart Defence” military equipment agenda To tackle this question, panellist and themes of financial austerity Admiral Giampalo Di Paola, Italian facing Europe. Defence Minister, cautioned participants that “whilst Asia is “What we need is a fresh start”, becoming a centre of strategic Gehrold added. “That’s what we’ll interests, the balance of power is still discuss in the coming panels”. in flux.” Noting that despite a booming economy and rising regional defence expenditure, Asia-Pacific nations lack a codified security

architecture to rely on in times of crisis, Di Paola felt it was inevitable that the U.S. would focus on the

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities 9 Alejandro Alvargonzalez San Martin

10 After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities region. Alejandro Alvargonzalez San Martin, Secretary General for Defence Policy “If the centre of gravity shifts to the for the Spanish Ministry of Defence, Asia-Pacific, it matters to us, not just reflected on his own diplomatic the U.S.”, he added. postings in the Asia-Pacific region, and the tumultuous power changes This need to remain engaged was the that will impact U.S. and NATO heart of Di Paola’s security ambitions. message to “Values are not a trivial mat- participants, as he For Alvargonzalez argued that the ter, the democratic ideal is at San Martin, the key Alliance will retain a risk” stakes in the rise of responsibility to Asian powers such Alejandro Alvargonzalez San Martin operations beyond as China relates to its borders for the foreseeable future. value systems. “The continuity of “Even if we are not the global police, values like democracy, rule of law, we are open to global challenges - equality, market economies, these that requires defence commitment.” have much to do with our prosperity, and much to do with the way out of “The fundamental mistake we have this crisis”, he said. to avoid is retrenchment”, he continued, “to look at the Alliance Yet with China’s economic clout, when Afghanistan is over [in 2014], European nations’ say on such and say ‘let’s go back home’.” The matters in the region is at risk. Minister outlined that such an “Values are not a trivial matter”, he outlook for Europe and NATO, no warned. “The democratic ideal is at matter how severe the financial risk, yet right now, only one extra- constraints, “does not reflect the European power [the U.S] is really security challenges that we face, and interested and willing to exert its will the international engagement that is and provide a substantial effort to necessary at this time.” safeguard it in Asia.”

Faced with this challenge, the need to Alvargonzalez San Martin opined that share military equipment through such a position for European allies NATO’s Smart Defence initiative was was not sustainable, and praised the clear to the Italian official. “We need focus of NATO’s Chicago Summit on to decide in which form we will do getting global security cooperation this, but more European defence, back on track. engagement and possibility, that’s the clear answer.” “We illustrated solidarity and

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities 11

determination, the will to prevail as a participants were unwilling to declare group, eager to ensure its survival.” the situation as terminal. Claus He also warned against the rivalries Grube, Danish Permanent Secretary or “high political pettiness” that of State for Foreign Affairs, noted that might conspire to derail programmes “many are calling this coming of age like Smart Defence. “An the “Asian Century” — and there is unsatisfactory outcome would be certainly no reason to deny that with very significant.” rising economic power comes geo- strategic importance.” The Spanish Secretary General for Defence Policy closed on one final However, he continued, “some observation — a people talk NATO into perceived the grave — they will incoherence “We should recognise that be disappointed. Both between the EU and the rise of Asia carries NATO and the new NATO as the principal enormous opportunities, Asian powers are here articulations of as well as to stay. There is room European security challenges” for both, and ambitions. “Brussels Claus Grube developing a is like a city where partnership on two elephants are running around security challenges is our next step.” without ever meeting,” he explained. “When Spain sits in the EU, it is told Highlighting that which many to ‘save save save’; when it sits in doomsayers predict as a “sad NATO, it hears, ‘spend spend spend’ Western decline” might instead be on defence.” viewed as an increase in relative parity on the economic and Such contradictions are not helpful diplomatic world stage, Grube for policymakers, Alvargonzalez San contended that European nations Martin concluded. would retain relative influence for years to come. Moreover, the Asia- “In the end, the people sitting in each Pacific region’s patchwork of group are to a certain extent the democracies, authoritarian regimes same nations — it gives me a and border tensions highlights a key schizophrenic feeling.” ace in NATO’s hand — soft power.

Reflections on NATO’s relevance “When we talk about Asia, there is no common platform based on shared While the impact of such incoherence values, nor therefore a common and financial pressures are obvious, outlook or vision of the future”,

12 After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities

Grube explained. NATO’s shared Department of Defense, set to vision is thus an attractive option on address some common the global stage — one that will draw misperceptions about the U.S. ‘pivot’ international actors to engage with to Asia. the Alliance. “This was never a question of the role In this context, partnerships will be of Europe and NATO”, Townsend said, key, especially with China. arguing that the conclusion that a ‘pivot’ implied a reduced focus on the “We should recognise that the rise of latter was incorrect. Asia carries enormous opportunities, as well as challenges. One such Instead, the ‘pivot’ was actually challenge will be to encourage China about re-balancing internally. “We to communicate its vision of its place had to deal with military budget cuts, in global security – we should make and the end of wars in Iraq and sure NATO is still a relevant security Afghanistan; issues that so shaped partner here.” our everyday, that we could not see what to do next without a strategic Taking up these themes, James L. rethink”, he explained. Townsend, Deputy Assistant Secretary for European and NATO So where does NATO sit in this ‘re- Policy at the United States balancing’ towards Asia?

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities 13 James L. Townsend

14 After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities

“Here it’s about the architecture “Their relations with Asia all face a theme”, Townsend said. “It’s not just large and complex re-balancing act.” about the classic approach of making sure we are ready to mutually defend Acknowledging that fiscal austerity ourselves, but how can we work with will of course put a premium on these nations on a military-to-military resources for this kind of diplmoatic basis.” investment, Townsend added that new thinking, and Such projects could include security not necessarily new spending, could sector reform, cyber-security be the key. cooperation and maritime exercises, the “We are not talking about another beat "We have to U.S. official for the global policeman to walk - realise that continued. we are not “There are a it is a case of thinking of new ways to talking about number of ways engage" another beat NATO can play a James L. Townsend for the global role here.” policeman to walk - it is a case of thinking of new Such engagement will of course ways to engage." In this context, the require some technical resources, a prudent re-commitment of existing “scary commitment” in a time of resources, mechanisms and austerity. Yet it will also require a new capabilities could well prove diplomatic and political focus. “It has sufficient. to be more about situational He concluded that avoiding awareness and engagement in that retrenchment was a key requirement part of the world… it must be an for an Alliance with clear common avoidance of retrenchment, however interests in a stable Asia-Pacific. tempting both intellectually and physically.” Alongside this, the Alliance will need Sustaining commitment to out-of- to be humble about its overall area operations position. "When you think about this, we have to keep in mind it is not only Of course, as much as Chicago a NATO show - it is a sub-set of a focused on the future of NATO’s role broader re-balancing by Europe as in Asia, one major element of NATO a community, as represented by the security is very much an ongoing EU, and as individual nations”, concern — Afghanistan. Hüseyin Townsend continued. Diriöz, NATO Assistant Secretary

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities 15

General for Defence Policy and tempo will decrease after Planning outlined the affirmation of Afghanistan in 2014, so we will need commitment to Afghan security to retain and build on the inter- made at Chicago, and reflected on operability achieved in theatre, which the impact of out-of-area operations will be directly relevant for future for the Alliance. operations.”

Despite much negative reactions by An important programme here will the public in Alliance member states be turning the relevant “lessons to the decade-long war in learnt” from Afghanistan and Libya Afghanistan, Diriöz was clear that into training objectives. “We intend NATO out-of-area deployments are to practice more regularly on here to stay. demanding field exercises — this is “The last decade has “The Alliance’s focus is on integral for shown that NATO’s security, not geography” maintaining the same potential geographic level of cooperation scope has lost its with global partners Hüseyin Diriöz sensitivity — put as we have today”. simply, the imperative has been about achieving “The Alliance’s focus is on security, security, wherever that objective may not geography”, he concluded. “Only occur.” Whether it be counter-piracy cooperative security through off the coast of Somalia to air partnerships will provide us with the operations over Libya, “we will retain capabilities we need.” the capacity to undertake operations at a strategic distance”, he said. China’s influence on the wider Asian area - and beyond To achieve this, “in Chicago we underlined our determination to Questions from the floor focused on retain the capabilities needed to fulfil the wider Asian security situation, these ambitions.” Smart Defence’s with participants cautioning that a demand of a “new culture of diplomacy focused on China could cooperation” was one such challenge. come at the expense of other “Our work will be dominated by important regional security these goals”, Diriöz said. flashpoints, such as the vital Malacca Another key goal will be to retain the Straits trade route, or the tense operational ties fostered in the last border regions between nations such decade between Alliance member as Cambodia and Vietnam. and global partners. “The operational “Asia is about more than Beijing”, said one participant.

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Di Paola agreed that a wider vision “When we see the way its economy is was required. “We need to move out developing, we should be thinking from our inward viewpoint, and about its effects worldwide”, he engage more broadly both continued. economically and militarily”, he said. “In the next few weeks I am going to Noting that investments in the rare both Japan and the Philippines — materials sector by China have “no why? Not because Italy will make a political demands” attached, he huge difference in those regions, but warned that in places such as Africa, because engagement together is Chinese industrial development important”, the Minister opined. “contributes to creating tendencies or structures that might not be the best Karel Kovanda, Governor and EU ones for a safe political Representative at the Asia-Europe environment.” Foundation, citing recent diplomatic travel in the region, agreed that “The reality is that China is there, engagement was important. something will have to be done”, he “Everywhere I went and lectured on concluded, and supported the idea NATO and Europe, they asked me, raised by the 2012 Security Jam of ‘how can we establish a closer forming a ‘NATO-China Council’ to relationship?’. There is willingness kick-start such engagement. there, it exists,” he said. Indeed, the theme of engagement, Yet Alvargonzalez San Martin and avoiding retrenchment in all its defended a more direct focus on forms, was the panel’s final message. China for European, and by extension “Engagement is the real thing we NATO, diplomatic action. “We cannot need”, Solana said. “Our inter- avoid the fact that China is dependence with Asia makes it a strategically situated at a point where necessity. We must not just talk we are witnessing tensions — from about change, but act.” the South China Sea to North Korea”, he said.

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities 17

2012 Security Jam report

The conference was used to formally present the 2012 Security Jam report.

As Harry van Dorenmalen, Chairman of IBM Corporation Europe, explained, this year’s experiment in open-source defence and security discussion was the largest yet. Over the course of four days, the Jam’s eight forums and life-chat debates saw 17,000 logins from some 3,000 participants, spanning 116 countries.

The Jam was moderated by experts from leading think-tanks across the world: Atlantic Council of the United States, Chatham House, Centro de Estudios y Documentación Internacionales de Barcelona (CIDOB), Fondation pur la Recherche Stratégique, The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies, Konrad- Adenauer-Stiftung, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP) and Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).

As Van Dorenmalen explained, the and I am very enthusiastic about value of the Security Jam is the these recommendations – we hope collaboration it brings. “We found out such ideas will form the basis of what that when you talk amongst different we at NATO will be doing in this post- groups and experts, there is always a Chicago summit period.” solution: a technical solution, a policy Danish Permanent Secretary of State solution, a working solution -It’s just for Foreign Affairs Claus Grube voiced about getting the right people views very much in line with the Jam together.” recommendation of forming a NATO- Other participants at the conference China Council. “We should recognise were strongly supportive of the ideas that the rise of Asia carries enormous and future targets presented in the opportunities, as well as challenges. report. One such challenge will be to E.J Herold, NATO’s Deputy Assistant encourage China to communicate its Secretary General for Defence vision of its place in global security – Investment, said that “this year’s we should make sure NATO is still a report is even better than the first, relevant security partner here.”

18 After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities

2012 Security Jam: top ten recommendations

Spanish representative Alvargonzalez China is a very different power, San Martin agreed. “Let’s go for a emerging amongst difficult political NATO-China council, taking into ac- realities.” count our fiscal realities on the one Find the report on hand, and on the other, the real chal- www.securitydefenceagenda.org lenge it will pose.

1. NATO should formalize a maritime 6. A cross-sectoral international domain policy, to support the ‘coalition of the willing’ of cyber- development of new common naval security professionals should systems and platforms. coordinate confidence building measures for cyber global 2. NATO should create a NATO-China governance.

Council. 7. ‘White hat’ hacker recruitment should be incorporated into public 3. The EU’s Defence Industrial Policy cyber-security policy. should be updated, with a focus on pooling R&D, restricting sensitive 8. The EU should launch a career exports and developing a new scheme for training crisis generation of military equipment. management professionals and create a pool of commonly funded 4. NATO should launch a programme crisis management equipment.

dedicated to fostering a ‘Smart 9. Crisis management stakeholders Defence Mindset’ amongst military should create an online community personnel, national politicians and and knowledge hub for informing other stakeholders. operational staff.

5. Deployed nations in Afghanistan 10. Western allies should establish a should establish a country-wide more comprehensive authorization public education programme, to process and doctrine for planning foster regional development post- and launching ‘responsibility to 2014. protect’-based military interventions.

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities 19

Implementing Smart Defence programme, it can become inherently

competitive between industries — The second panel turned its attention that brings some management to the technical and industrial issues complexities.” that underpin the Chicago summit’s

commitment to Smart Defence. Bayar went on to identify an

“inconsistency” in European Murad Bayar, Undersecretary for governments’ statements on Smart Defence Industries at the Turkish Defence when compared to the Ministry of Defence explained that as European Union’s articulations on its a key player in both the Joint Strike Defence Industrial policy. Fighter (F-35) and A400M strategic

lift aircraft programmes, Ankara has The Turkish official expressed concern an informed perspective on the about the suggestion, as aired in the demands of multilateral equipment 2012 Security Jam Report, that EU procurement. policy should restrict the export of

sensitive military technology, in an “The value created was huge,” Bayar effort to boost domestic investment. said, but cautioned, “We are trying to “I cannot suggest make these these collaborative collaborative programmes have “You need to join up the projects through been examples of expertise of government and Smart Defence, to efficiency — they industry” address common are not.” equipment needs, Murad Bayar and right in the For Bayar, the middle of this, we have these lessons of such programmes — from restrictive, protectionist statements.” cost overrun to poorly articulated “For collaborative programmes, that capability requirements — are that is not smart”, he added. you need to “join up the expertise of

government and industry”. However, Such questions are uniquely he acknowledged that doing so could challenging for Turkey, which as a cause some controversy at a time of member of NATO but not the EU, can economic downturn, when nations only sit on one side of the debate are looking to protect their domestic about Smart Defence and its EU workforce and tax base through job equivalent of ‘pooling and sharing’. creation.

“When you have multiple However, Bayar concluded that governments trying to handle a Turkey’s direct role in key

20 After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities collaborative programmes would must encourage individual allies to guarantee it would have a voice. “We consult with NATO before making are contributing to missile defence serious alterations to their defence and to operations in Afghanistan — structure — uncoordinated defence Turkey can help articulate direct realignments risk gaps in our overall operational equipment needs from capabilities”, he warned. these experiences”, he said. The alternative to this vision, Herold Weighing in from the NATO side, further cautioned, is “reduced Ernest J. Herold, Deputy Assistant budgets, reduced capabilities and lost Secretary General for Defence technical competences.” Such Investment, conditions, the affirmed that NATO official “implementing “Implementing Smart Defence cautioned, could smart defence will will be challenging, and lead to a situation be challenging, and require strong political will where NATO’s require strong European Allies by all of us” political will by all of amount to 26 un- us.” Ernest J. Herold connected, un- coordinated and Herold described the mandate individually weak national forces. agreed at Chicago for NATO to act as a “clearing house” for Allies to move “We must embrace and endorse forwards in cooperative capability Smart Defence to ensure NATO is development. properly equipped to address this.”

“We have to explore further the The industrial perspective challenging issues of Smart Defence — such as the availability of From the side of the technology capabilities, making better use of provider, Chad L. Fulgham, Vice NATO collaborative funding, President of Lockheed Martin, agreed maintaining high levels of with the message of the 2012 interoperability in Afghanistan, and Security Jam’s call for a Smart further improving defence planning Defence “mindset”. processes,” he said. “When I think about Smart Defence, I A key requirement here is not only think of a holistic approach, which is new projects, but making sure the about more than just war fighters - I decommissioning of old capabilities is see it going all the way to diplomatic done in a collaborative way. “We staff, politicians, logistics and other

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities 21

supporting infrastructures of management, research, defence”, the US industry development, delivery”, he explained. representative explained. For common projects, such cost savings can be leveraged “It will be difficult to move forward immediately. without some hard decisions in these areas,” he cautioned. One approach Europe should focus on “introducing could be to focus central and shared on the “best of ICT capabilities breed” practices based on cost from both industry “When I think about Smart sharing mechanisms and government Defence, I think of a holistic — at least for those partners on approach” who are willing to collaborative do so”, he opined. projects. Chad L. Fulgham Information security of the supply chain Fulgham also advocated for is also a potential area in need of procurement management modernisation — especially for cross- efficiencies that can be gained by border projects where the critical using new ICT solutions. “This is national security capabilities of many about capitalising on efficiencies — nations are being handled under one by standardising and centralising how programme. “A secure supply-chain, we do business.” comprising companies both inside “The move to the new NATO HQ in and outside supplier nations, must be 2016 is a unique opportunity to established”, Hellenthal said. capitalize on this strategy”, he added. Ultimately, the industrial challenge to NATO was to adopt the “short term Markus Hellenthal, a Senior Advisor discomfort” of changing their at Chinese telecommunications firm procurement mechanisms, to reap Huawei Technologies, agreed that the long term benefits efficiency can new mechanisms, based on bring. optimising and adapting the use of procurement resources, offers a Only then can such services “balance powerful tool to European Allies to the economic equation between implement Smart Defence. input and output, and secure more ‘bang for your buck’”. “ICT is the most relevant technical means here — it can enable an Questions from the floor followed, organisation to create new with Paul Flaherty, former UK efficiencies in how it operates for Permanent Deputy Representative to

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NATO, asking how Allies could ensure noted that smaller formations of like- they pursued new and innovative minded and capable states could mechanisms in defence procurement. have more chance of success. Haydar Berk, Turkish Ambassador to NATO, agreed that as an “inherently “A recognition that a group of nations bureaucratic” can provide process, Smart important Defence would capabilities, which likely face some “ Supply chain security will can then translate resistance in its balance the economic into a continuity of implementation. equation between input and concepts on a large “National output, and secure more scale”, is needed, he protectionism of ‘bang for your buck” said. “Collaborative industry is not defence going anywhere”, Markus Hellenthal procurement is he explained. “I lengthy, complex, think we need some sort of realism often detailed; and it may not always here about what we can achieve — be agile enough to provide the we have to work on both sides of the capabilities we need in a timely aisle, funding both national and enough fashion”, he also cautioned. collective capabilities.” SDA Director Giles Merritt later asked Herold agreed that some about the lessons of Libya. “Is it a procurement programmes were template for the sort of security simply too expensive or technically problems we are going to face in the complex to feasibly share across foreseeable future, and if so, in borders between a large group – but actual, specific terms, what is it that

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities 23

European NATO members don’t are fragmented”, he said, noting that have?” he asked. European nations have just 42 air-to- air refuelling tankers, but that they Townsend was optimistic here, consist of ten different designs. pointing out that the key details of Libya were not technical, but political “It’s not just inventories, it’s concepts – specifically, that the Alliance too – when you are building a worked. “It was started off as a small multinational expeditionary force, if coalition, and NATO went through a you don’t share concepts, you will political process that was hard, but fail”, the EDA official said. As one important, and very quickly came to example, the official referenced an operational ammunition, decision.” which most European nations “We could never have been “It showed what certify and store the allies were deployed in Bosnia in 1995 if we according to their able of doing had waited for a theory or concept own operational that”, he said. to be prepared” concepts.

Against this Javier Solana “They are not backdrop, some able to procure clear equipment needs were together, or transfer munitions. nonetheless identified, alongside the Sometimes, it gets to the point of not broader realisation that U.S. even being able to transport and leadership on all NATO missions is no stock together in theatre”, the officer longer guaranteed. “These include a said. Faced with such challenges, the shortage of munitions, air-to-air political decision to decide on an refuelling and dynamic targeting”, operational “what and where” is Townsend said. useless – “you’ll still have to work on the how”, he lamented. “These have now come to fore, and directly informed the Chicago Throwing Europe into the deep end? package”, he added. Bringing the conference to a close, Yet Mario Karnstedt, a Project Officer Solana took up this distinction at the European Defence Agency between the ‘what’ of political responsible for pooling & sharing objective, ‘where’ of geographic policy, argued that the lessons of location and the ‘how’ of military Libya were not about capability gaps, equipment. but fragmentation. “Our inventories

24 After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities Javier Solana

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities 25

“It sometimes seems to me that in a crisis, we always take a ‘cosmological’ approach — we find a grand concept or theory, which embraces tremendous amounts of issues that are hard to solve”, he explained.

Yet as historical examples such as Bosnia, Kosovo and now Libya demonstrate, the ‘what and where’ of policy is often thrust upon the international community both unexpectedly and inevitably. When it does, grand or ideal theories are rarely fully developed in advance. “We could never have been deployed in Bosnia in 1995 if we had waited for a theory or concept to be prepared”,

Solana pointed out.

The message for NATO and Europe is thus perhaps to view Smart Defence and equipment sharing through a more pragmatic lens, and to expect to be surprised by events beyond Europe’s direct control. “If you throw yourself into the swimming pool, very likely, you’ll float. And sometimes it takes such a test to make things work faster, and better.”

26 After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities 27

SDA 10th Anniversary — Presidents’ dinner

On the eve of the conference, SDA governments and international co-presidents Jaap de Hoop Scheffer agencies, included Belgian Defence and Javier Solana welcomed General Minister Pieter de Crem, Huseyin James L. Jones, former US National Diröz, NATO Assistant Secretary Security Advisor to President Obama General for Defence Policy and at a gala dinner to mark the SDA’s Planning, Gabor Iklody, Assistant 10th anniversary as Brussels’ leading Secretary General for Emerging security and defence think-tank. Security Challenges, Pierre Vimont, Senior participants from EU EEAS Executive Secretary General, institutions, NATO, national Claude-France Arnould, EDA Chief

28 After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities

Thursday, May 24th — Palais d’Egmont

Executive, Daniel Calleja-Crespo, the Lithuanian Prime Minister, and Director General for Enterprise and Michael Hange, President of the Industry, Philip Lowe, Director German Federal Information Office General for Industry, Rudolf and some 120 top security and Strohmeier, Deputy Director for defence VIPs from across Europe. Research & Innovation, Tomaz Lovrencic, Director of the EU Satellite Centre, Ilkka Salmi, Director of the Joint Situation Centre, Olof Skoog, PSC Chair, Ioana Mircea Pascu, Vice-Chair of the EP’s Foreign Affairs Committee, Linas Linkevicius, Advisor to

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities 29

30 After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities

List of participants

Emanuel Adam Lt. Col. Didier Audenaert Assistant Lieutenant Colonel The Transatlantic Business Dialogue (TABD) Ministry of Defence, Belgium

Hassan Al-Hammadi Azamat Ayap Second Secretary Counsellor Embassy of Qatar to Belgium Embassy of Kazakhstan to Belgium

Atif Ali Eda Aygen Student Project Assistant Univerity of Linköping Security & Defence Agenda

Berrak Alkan Mohamed-Raja'l Barakat Project Manager Independent Economic Expert European Organisation for Security (EOS) Nicole Baromska-Glab Ali Bin Jassim Al-Thani Assistant Ambassador European Commission, Legal Service Embassy of Qatar to Belgium Florian Bauernfeind Alejandro Alvargonzález San Martin Programme Assistant Secretary General for Defence Policy Atlantic Treaty Association (ATA) Ministry of Defence, Spain Gregory Baumans Manuel Amarilla Mena Independent Researcher and Writer Director and EU/UN/OSCE Expert on Electoral Security Murad Bayar Inessys - Peace Workers Network Undersecretary for Defence Industries Ministry of National Defence, Turkey Col. (Ret.) Michael Anderson Director, J9 Interagency Partnering Directorate Robert G. Bell US European Command (USEUCOM) Secretary of Defense Representative, Europe & Defence Advisor Krister Andrén United States Mission to NATO Advisor to the Chairman European External Action Service (EEAS) Khalid Benhamou Managing Director Victor Angelo Sahara Wind International Affairs Strategist & Columnist Visao Magazine Andreas Berding Event Coordinator Col. Antonello Arabia European Security Round Table Chief, Force Planning Office Delegation of Italy to NATO Haydar Berk Ambassador Carlos Arnott Delegation of Turkey to NATO Assistant European Network of NGOs in Afghanistan (ENNA)

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities 31 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Agnieszka Bielińska Hanne Carlé Assistant Counsellor, Justice & Home Affairs Permanent Representation of Poland to the EU Ministry of the Interior, Belgium

Sergey Bludnov Martin Cauchi Inglott Second Secretary Military Representative to the EUMC Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation Permanent Representation of Malta to the EU to NATO Michelle Cayford Gunnar Borch Policy Planning Unit General Manager North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Antonella Cerasino Gabriele Borla Head of NATO Countries Section, Public Head of Unit, Infrastructure Diplomacy Division European Defence Agency (EDA) North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

Lt. Gen. Jürgen Bornemann Pavel Chervonobab Director General First Secretary North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to NATO Henry Borzi Journalist Alina Christova Zeroemission Researcher, Educational Development Unit Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Barbara A. Brown Military Liaison, South Carolina Cooperative Tudor Churov Extension Ambassador Clemson University Delegation of Bulgaria to NATO

Inder Bugarin Cdr. Jeffrey Cima EU Correspondent Executive Officer Reforma United States Mission to NATO

Ryan A. F. Bulthuis Brig. Gen. Jo Coelmont Student Senior Associate Fellow, Europe in the World University of Leiden programme EGMONT, Royal Institute for International Vytautas Butrimas Relations Chief Advisor for Cyber Security Ministry of Defence, Lithuania Lucia Coerman Student Geert Cami University of Leiden Co-Founder & Director Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) Cecilia Costa Geographic-coordinator, Co-Desk Afghanistan Patrice Cardot and Mongolia Political Adviser European Commission, Development and Ministry of Defence and Veterans Affairs, Cooperation - EuropeAid (DEVCO) France

32 After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities 33 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Andrew Cox Hylke Dijkstra Vice President, Business Development, EU and Post-doctoral researcher NATO Maastricht University Lockheed Martin Global, Inc. Huseyin Dirioz David Cronin Assistant Secretary General for Defence Policy Brussels Correspondent and Planning Inter Press Service Belgium North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

Grégoire Dal Laurent Donnet Analyst Assistant Capability Manager, Manoeuvre North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) European Defence Agency (EDA)

Grant Day Jonathan Dowdall Political Officer Policy Analyst & Market Development Embassy of the United States of America to Security Europe Belgium Francois Ducrotté Sibille de Cartier Programme Manager Policy Planning Officer International Security Information Service Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Belgium Europe (ISIS Europe)

Antonio De Palmas Laura Dumbraveanu President, EU & NATO Relations Second Secretary, Political Section Boeing, Belgium Delegation of Romania to NATO

Laetitia de Radigues Ruben Dunsbergen Parliamentary Assistant Student Chamber of Representatives, Belgium University of Leiden

Ludivine Dupont Nicola de Santis Assistant Producer Head MD & ICI Countries Section, Political NTV Turkey Affairs and Security Policy Division

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Radmila Edererova

Counsellor Joan Delaney Permanent Representation of the Czech Independent Consultant Republic to the EU

Gen. Eric Dell'Aria Elina Eloranta Chargé de Mission de l'IHEDN Researcher Permanent Representation of France to the EU University of Tampere

Adm. Giampaolo Di Paola Capt. Sandro Fabiani Latini Minister Chief, NATO Permanent Liaison Team to the EU Ministry of Defence, Italy Military Staff North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Cecilia Diemont Student Theresa Fallon University of Leiden Senior Associate European Institute for Asian Studies (EIAS)

34 After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities 35 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

VAdm. Lutz Feldt Vesko Garcevic Member Ambassador Wise Pens Group Mission of Montenegro to NATO

Maria Fialho Igor Garcia-Tapia Special Advisor Transatlantic Relations Project Manager European Parliament Security & Defence Agenda (SDA)

Maria Fihl Michel Gari Political Advisor Manager European External Action Service (EEAS) DMG Consult sprl

Paul Flaherty Stefan Gehrold Former Deputy Permanent Representative of Director the UK to NATO Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS)

Christian Forstner Antoine Gérard Director Head of Office Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) Jean Fournet Former Assistant to the Secretary General Andrea Ghianda North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Project Manager Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) Anna-Karin Friis Freelance Journalist Erin Giandonato

Fred S. Frederickson Business Development Analyst Director, Nuclear Policy Directorate Lockheed Martin North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Bill Giles Octávia Frota Director General Europe Independent Consultant BAE Systems

Andres Ginestet Lisa Froukje van't Groenwout Researcher and specialist in general and system Student theory of violence University of Leiden Complexity Balanced World United-Institute

(COBAWU-Institute) Chad L. Fulgham

Vice President Daniela Gioffre Lockheed Martin Corporation Public Affairs Assistant, Chairman's Office Cristina Gallach North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Head of Unit, Communications Council of the European Union Lt. Gen. (Rtd) Jo Godderij Vice President Government Affairs Europe and Cdr. Giovanni Galoforo Africa Deputy Public Affairs and Strategic Atos

Communications Advisor to the CMC and the Guillaume Goessens IMS Student North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL)

36 After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities 37 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Hadrien-Laurent Goffinet Col. Marco Hekkens Independent Consultant Ambassador ICHEC Brussels Management School African Maritime Safety and Security Agency (AMSSA) Didier Gondallier De Tugny EU / NATO Affairs Director Markus Hellenthal MBDA Senior Advisor Huawei Technologies Lt. Col. Patrick Goovaerts Deputy Director High Studies for Defence Jessica Henderson Royal Higher Institute for Defence, Belgium Senior Account Manager Fleishman-Hillard Tony Graziano Vice President, Public Affairs and Amaia Hernáez Communication Assistant Huawei Technologies Council of the European Union

Claus Grube Ernest J. Herold Permanent Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Deputy Assistant Secretary General Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark for Defence Investment North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Peter Grunditz Brigadier (retired), Swedish Armed Forces Radm. Michiel Bart Hijmans Deputy Head of Mission Sedat Güldogan Permanent Representation of the Netherlands Deputy Undersecretary to the EU for Defence Industries Ministry of National Defence, Turkey Martin Hill Vice President, Defence Vugar Gurbanov Thales Second Secretary Mission of Azerbaijan to NATO Anke Holstein Policy Coordination Division - Foreign Affairs Julian Hale Councils Correspondent European External Action Service (EEAS) Defense News Ela Horoszko Edward Hanlon Consultant President PA Europe Raytheon Brig. Gen. Heinz Huber Tomas Hartman Military Representative Deputy Director Mission of Switzerland to NATO Czech Business Representation (CEBRE) Micaela Iancu Capt. Denis Heimferte Third Secretary, Magreb Mashrek and Middle International Staff, Deputy Head, Strategic East Analysis Permanent Representation of Romania to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) EU

38 After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities L IST OF PARTICIPANTS

Kestutis Jankauskas Nestan Kirtadze Ambassador President Delegation of Lithuania to NATO Georgian-Ossetian and Georgian-Abkhazian House Bessarion Jghenti First Counsellor Albert W. Klein Jr. Mission of Georgia to NATO Attorney Advisor United States Mission to NATO Roy Johansson Military Advisor Denis Kolokoltsev Mission of Sweden to NATO First Secretary Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation Alexandre Jully to NATO Assistant, Policy and Communication International Committee of the Red Cross Maj. Matthew Kopetski (ICRC) Judge Advocate United States Department of Defense (DOD) Arnold H. Kammel Secretary General Viktor Korendovych Austria Institute for European and Security Deputy Head of Mission - Military Issues Policy (AIES) Mission of Ukraine to NATO

Constantine Kapanadze Rem Korteweg First Secretary Policy Analyst Mission of Georgia to the EU The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies

Lt. Cdr. Ahmet Kapici Timo Koster Staff Officer, NATO Permanent Liaison Team to Defence Counsellor the EU Military Staff Delegation of the Netherlands to NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Grigorios Koutsogiannis Mario Karnstedt Business Development Manager, NATO & Project Officer European Defence European Defence Agency (EDA) Lockheed Martin Corporation

Ulrich Karock Karel Kovanda Policy Advisor Governor for European Union European Parliament Asia-Europe Foundation

Barbara Kaudel Helmut Kranzmaier Second Secretary, External Relations Partner Permanent Representation of Austria to the EU Communications & Network Consulting (CNC)

Teimuraz Kekelidze Maj. Gen. Borys Kremenetskyi Deputy Head of Mission Defence and Military Adviser Mission of Georgia to NATO Mission of Ukraine to the EU

Mehmet Kinaci Marek Kuberski Strategic Analyst, Energy Security Operations Minister Counsellor North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Embassy of Poland to Belgium

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities 39 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Jan Kuderjavy Rear Adm. Giorgio Lazio Ambassador Head of Military Policy Department Embassy of Slovak Republic to Belgium Ministry of Defence, Italy

Ralf Kuhne IGA Jean-René Le Goff Francis Vals Scholarship, Foreign, Affairs, Armament Counsellor Security and Defence Permanent Representation of France to the EU European Parliament Stephan Lehmann Geertruida Maria Kuipers Head of Office Student Result Group University of Leiden Pablo Lépez Yury Kukharenko Assistant, Economical Promotion First Secretary Mission of Mexico to the EU Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to NATO Annick Leys Desk Officer Julia Kulakovska Permanent Representation of France to the EU Second Secretary Mission of Ukraine to NATO Tjien-Khoen Liem Principal Scientific Officer, Security Research Anaïs Laigle and Development Programme Assistant European Commission, Enterprise and Industry The German Marshall Fund of the United States Tomaz Lovrencic Tamas Landesz Director Director, Corporate Services European Union Satellite Centre European Defence Agency (EDA) Utimia Madaleno Col. Lance Landrum Research & Technology Assistant Director Military assistant European Defence Agency (EDA) United States Mission to NATO Laura Maglia Timothy Lannan Assistant Legal Adviser Strategic Planner North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Frank Majoor Vincent Laporte Ambassador Academic Assistant, EU International Relations Delegation of the Netherlands to NATO and Diplomacy Studies Department College of Europe Silvia Maretti Staff Officer, Crisis Response Systems, Plans & lars been Exercises Section Student North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) University of Leiden Col. Juan José Martin Martin Ivars Lasis Defence Counsellor Counsellor Delegation of Spain to NATO Delegation of Latvia to NATO

40 After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities L IST OF PARTICIPANTS

Giacomo Martinotti Raphaël Metais Head of European Affairs Academic Assistant, EU International Relations Avio and Diplomacy Studies Department College of Europe Zoltán Martinusz Principal Advisor to the President on External Stanislava Mladenova Relations Business Analyst European Council North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

Pauline Massart Gabriel Moldoveanu Senior Manager Counsellor Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) Delegation of Romania to NATO

Ellis Mathews Annalisa Monaco Deputy Head of Division, US & Canada Director EU and NATO Relations European External Action Service (EEAS) Boeing, Belgium

Phyleen Mattaar Giulia Vittoria Monti Student Project Assistant University of Leiden Security & Defence Agenda (SDA)

Alexander Mattelaer Brian Moran Assistant Director Director of Northern Europe Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Boeing

Michael Matthiessen James Moseman Director, European Parliament and National Director, Europe and NATO Parliaments Northrop Grumman International European External Action Service (EEAS)

John Mattiussi Maged Mosleh Principal Officer, Industry and Market Counsellor Directorate Mission of Egypt to the EU European Defence Agency (EDA) Col. Otto Naderer Col. Michael McLaughlin Counsellor, Military Affairs Air Attaché Mission of Austria to NATO Embassy of the United States of America to Belgium Sergiy Nemesh Counsellor Natalia Melnyk Mission of Ukraine to NATO Second Secretary Mission of Ukraine to NATO George Vlad Niculescu

Thomas Mergenthaler Director of Research and Affiliated Expert on Third Secretary Black Sea Security Permanent Representation of Germany to the European Geopolitical Forum EU Mihai Nitoi Giles Merritt Counsellor Director Permanent Representation of Romania Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) to the EU

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities 41 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Qudsia Noori Ana Pisonero Third secretary Journalist Embassy of Afghanistan to Belgium Europa Press

Arif Havas Oegroseno Andreea Lorena Plesea Ambassador President Executive Mission of Indonesia to the EU European Project Environment

Andrey Ognev Andrea Pontiroli Diplomat Representative to the EU Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation Médecins Sans Frontières to NATO Eric Povel Pavel Ogorodnikov Strategic Communications Coordinator Second Secretary North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to NATO Mohammad Naeem Poyesh Counsellor Abeda Osman Embassy of Afghanistan to Belgium Counsellor Mission of Afghanistan to the EU Axana Pozdnyakova President Tryphon Paraskevopoulos Young EU- Russia Ambassador Delegation of Greece to NATO Vykintas Pugaciauskas Minister counsellor Ruth Parker Permanent Representation of Lithuania External Relations CSDP to the EU Permanent Representation of the United Kingdom to the EU Detlef Puhl Senior Advisor, Strategic Communications Patryk Pawlak North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Research Fellow European Union Institute for Security Studies Simon Put (EUISS) Defence Policy Advisor Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie (N-VA) Vivien Pertusot Head of Office Fritz Rademacher Institut français des relations internationales Deputy Political Advisor (IFRI) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Thi Kim Anh Pham François Raffenne Deputy Head of Mission Manager for European Defense & Security Embassy of Vietnam to Belgium Affairs EADS Astrium Göknur Pilli Regional Expert Mati Raidma Ministry of National Defence, Turkey Chairman National Parliament, Estonia

42 After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities L IST OF PARTICIPANTS

Fabrizio Ravoni Thomas Schouten Spokesperson Student Ministry of Defence, Italy University of Leiden

Kyriakos Revelas Patrick Schünemann Senior Security Policy Analyst Assistant European External Action Service (EEAS) Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP)

Caroline Ricketts Pierre Seailles Assistant to Geoffrey Van Orden MEP Desk Officer, EU-NATO relations European Parliament European External Action Service (EEAS)

Adm. Xavier Rolin José Antonio Segura Corporate Defence Adviser, Navy Counsellor Thales Group Embassy of Spain to Belgium

Col. Fernand Rouvroi Velizar Shalamanov Counsellor Director Sponsor Account NATO & Nations Maison Militaire du Roi, Belgium North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Gen. Pascal Roux Mari Skaare Director Concepts and Capabilities Deputy Permanent Representative European External Action Service (EEAS) Delegation of Norway to NATO

Arlinda Rrustemi Javier Solana Madariaga Research and Education Assistant Co-President University of Leiden Security & Defence Agenda (SDA)

Col. Philippe Rutz Dinos Stasinopoulos Officer, Pooling & Sharing Former EC official European Defence Agency (EDA) Michel Stavaux Michael C. Ryan Lecturer Deputy Director of Security, Cooperation and European Communication School Office of Defense Cooperation (ODC) operations US European Command (USEUCOM) Joseph P. Stein Deputy Defence Advisor Lailuma Sadid United States Mission to NATO

Second Secretary Calin Stoica Embassy of Afghanistan to Belgium Head, Political Affairs and Security Policy

Division (NAMA/PASP) Mulyanto Sastrowiranu North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Third Secretary

Mission of Indonesia to the EU Martin Stoussavljewitsch

Principal Armaments Officer Fabio Schlee European Defence Agency (EDA) Member of the executive board

Young European Federalists (JEF), Netherlands Monica Suciu

Assistant

Delegation of Romania to NATO

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities 43 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Nicoline Swinkels Alfonso Valles Consultant Defence Counsellor North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Delegation of Spain to NATO

Zeenat Syed Leendert van Bochoven Political-Military Officer NATO and European Defence Leader Embassy of the United States of America to IBM Belgium Lt. Col. Serge Van Camp Col. Janos Szonyegi Military Advisor, EU Desk, Strategy Department Branch Head Ministry of Defence, Belgium North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Luc van de Winckel Francesca Tardioli Senior Manager, Business Development Deputy Assistant Secretary General for Lockheed Martin Global, Inc. Operations (PLAN)

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Jules van der Sneppen

Student Bryony Taylor University of Leiden Action Officer

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Harry van Dorenmalen

Chairman IBM Europe & Country General Liliana Terranova Manager Netherlands International Business Development IBM Ministry of Economy and Finance, Italy

Annabelle Thibault Joris van Esch Legal Consultant Strategic Analyst North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies

James J. Townsend Marijke Van Hemeldonck Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Honorary MEP European and NATO Policy European Parliament United States Department of Defense (DOD) Anouk van Loo John Treddenick Student Professor of Economics and Chairman University of Leiden George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies Fien van Rossum Student Martin Trenevski University of Leiden Head of Mission Mission of the former Yugoslav Republic of Virág Szonja Varadi Macedonia to NATO Defence Counsellor Permanent Representation of Hungary to the Laura Trimajova EU Assistant European Parliament Yaroslav Vasilyev First Secretary Lt. Col. Pierre Truillet Embassy of Belarus to Belgium Military Advisor Ministry of Defence, Belgium

44 After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities L IST OF PARTICIPANTS

Zuzana Vaskova Maj. Gen. Wolfgang Wosolsobe Project Assistant Austrian Military Representative to EUMC and Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) EAPMC Mission of Austria to NATO Henrik Vassallo Vice President & Head of EU Affairs Anna Wrobel SAAB Journalist Polish Press Agency Eva Vergles Special Advisor to Deputy Chief of Staff, Manharsinh Yadav Strategic Plans and Policy Second Secretary North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Mission of India to the EU

Hans Verheggen Li Yao Director Assistant to Defence Advisor PricewaterhouseCoopers Mission of the People's Republic of China to the EU Dragana Vesovic First Secretary Anna Zakharchenko Mission of Montenegro to NATO Second Secretary Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation Henk Jan Vink to NATO Director TNO Defence, Security and Safety Julia Zalutskaja Assistant to the Secretary for External Relations Wolf-Heinrich von Leipzig European People's Party (EPP) Foreign News and Defence Editor Das Luxemburger Wort Dick Zandee Senior Research Associate Kostyantyn Voytovsky Netherlands Institute of International Relations Counsellor (Clingendael) Mission of Ukraine to NATO Maj. Gen. Roberto Zappa Peiran Wang Defence Counselor Visiting Scholar Delegation of Italy to NATO Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Rear Adm. Stanislaw Zarychta Aria T.M. Wibisono Commander Third Secretary Polish Navy Mission of Indonesia to the EU Wei Zhang Olaf Wientzek Correspondent Research Associate Xinhua News Agency

Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) Dmitry Zorin

Counsellor Capt. Jan Wind Mission of Belarus to NATO Director Wiser Consultancy

Col. Markus Wohlhauser Deputy Military Representative Mission of Switzerland to NATO

After Chicago: Re-evaluating NATO’s priorities 45

The Security & Defence Agenda (SDA) would like to thank its members and partners for their support

INTERPOL

The SDA gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the following governments: Belgium | Czech Republic | Finland | France |Georgia| Italy | Netherlands Poland | Qatar | Romania | Russia | Sweden | Turkey | United States | United Kingdom

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