DOCSLIB.ORG

'In Me Porto Crucem': a New Light on the Lost St Margaret's Crux Nigra

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
'In Me Porto Crucem': a New Light on the Lost St Margaret's Crux Nigra © The Author(s) 2020. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ‘In me porto crucem’: a new light on the lost St Margaret’s crux nigra Francesco Marzella Abstract St Margaret of Scotland owned a reliquary containing a relic of the True Cross known as crux nigra. Both Turgot, Margaret’s biographer, and Aelred of Rievaulx, who spent some years at the court of Margaret’s son, King David, mention the reliquary without offering sufficient information on its origin. The Black Rood was probably lost or destroyed in the sixteenth century. Some lines written on the margins of a twelfth- century manuscript containing Aelred’s Genealogia regum Anglorum can now shed a new light on this sacred object. The mysterious lines, originally written on the Black Rood or more probably on the casket in which it was contained, claim that the relic once belonged to an Anglo-Saxon king, and at the same time they seem to convey a signifi- cant political message. In his biography of St Margaret of Scotland,1 Turgot († 1115),2 at the time prior of Durham, mentioned an object that was particularly dear to the queen. It was a cross known as crux nigra. In chapter XIII of his Vita sanctae Margaretae, Turgot tells how the queen wanted to see it for the last time when she felt death was imminent: 3 Ipsa quoque illam, quam Nigram Crucem nominare, quamque in maxima semper ven- eratione habere consuevit, sibi afferri præcepit. Sed cum loculus, in quo fuerat inclusa, citius aperiri non posset, regina graviter ingemiscens, ait: ‘O nos miseros! O culpabiles! ulterius sanctæ crucis non merebimur aspectum.’ Quandoque tamen de loculo pro- latam, eique allatam cum reverentia suscepit, complecti, deosculari, oculos, faciem illa significare crebrius studuit. Jamque, frigescente toto corpore, nihilominus tamen ipsa semper orabat; et quinquagesimum Psalmum ex ordine decantans, crucem interim sibi ante oculos statuens, utraque manu tenebat.4 1 On St Margaret of Scotland, see C. Keene, Saint Margaret, Queen of the Scots: a Life in Perspective (New York, 2013). See also R. Rushforth, St Margaret’s Gospel-Book: the Favourite Book of an Eleventh-Century Queen of Scots (Oxford, 2007). 2 On Turgot’s life and career, see e.g. A W. M. Aird, St Cuthbert and the Normans: the Church of Durham 1071–1153 (Woodbridge, 1998), pp. 249–51. 3 Latin text from Symeonis Dunelmensis Opera et Collectanea, ed. J. Hodgson Hinde, Surtees Soc. 51 (Durham, 1868), I, 252–3. 4 ‘Moreover, she asked that a cross, called the Black Cross, which she always held in the greatest veneration, should be brought to her. There was some delay in opening the chest in which it 351 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.58, on 28 Sep 2021 at 20:38:37, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263675119000103 Francesco Marzella Turgot does not tell much about the relic and the reliquary. For example, he does not explain why it was called nigra crux, even though we can easily suppose it was due to the dark colour of its wood. What we learn from Turgot is that Margaret had a great devotion towards it – as demonstrated by her final will to see and touch the relic before dying, as an extreme act of veneration for the cross – and that the cross was kept in a loculus,5 a casket, that could be opened to extract the relic and venerate it. It is worth mentioning that in the abridg- ment of the Life of St Margaret in John of Tynemouth’s Sanctilogium Angliae, Walliae, Scotiae et Hiberniae (also known as Nova legenda Anglie)6 the reliquary is called Crucem Scotie nigram,7 the Black Rood of Scotland, and this suggests that the personal devotion of the saintly queen for this relic, as much prestigious as mysterious, was at some point so widely spread that the relic itself became a national symbol. Nevertheless, although stressing the importance of this holy object, Turgot – who being the chaplain of Queen Margaret surely had the chance to see the reliquary – does not add any information about its aspect and, most of all, its provenance and origin. A later text offers us more details. In the part of the Genealogia Regum Anglorum devoted to the pious life of Margaret’s son, David of Scotland, now known as De uita David regis,8 in paragraph X, Aelred tells how David imitated his mother when he was about to die. As the queen did, when his sickness got worse David wanted to be brought to the oratory to attend his last mass, and then asked to see the reliquary. This is how Aelred described the sacred object: 9 Igitur clericorum atque militum manibus in oratorium deportatus, post missarum sol- lemnia, uenerandam sibi crucem, quam nigram uocant, produci sibi petiit adorandam. Est autem crux illa longitudinem habens palme de auro purissimo mirabili opere fabri- cata, que in modum thece clauditur et aperitur. Cernitur in ea quedam dominice crucis was kept, during which the queen, sighing deeply, exclaimed, “O unhappy that we are! O guilty that we are! Shall we not be permitted once more to look upon the Holy Cross!” When at last it was got out of the chest and brought to her, she received it with reverence, and did her best to embrace it and kiss it, and several times she signed herself with it. Although every part of her body was now growing cold, still as long as the warmth of life throbbed at her heart she continued steadfast in prayer. She repeated the whole of the Fiftieth Psalm, and placing the cross before her eyes, she held it there with both her hands.’ See W. Forbes-Leith, The Life of St Margaret, Queen of Scotland by Turgot, Bishop of St Andrews (Dunfermline, 1980), p. 25. 5 The same word is used in the Itinerarium Egeriae (37, 1) to describe the casket containing the lignum crucis: ‘affertur loculus argenteus deauratus, in quo est lignum sanctum crucis, aperitur et profertur, ponitur in mensa tam lignum crucis quam titulus’. 6 See Nova Legenda Anglie: as collected by John of Tynemouth, John Capgrave, and others, ed. C. Horstman (Oxford, 1901), vol. 2, p. 174. 7 See also the apparatus of Hinde’s edition on p. 252. 8 See Aelredi Rievallensis Opera hagiographica et historica, ed. D. Pezzini, CCCM 3 (Turnhout, 2017), 78*–91*. 9 Latin text ibid. pp. 16–17. 352 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.58, on 28 Sep 2021 at 20:38:37, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263675119000103 ‘In me porto crucem’: a new light on the lost St Margaret’s crux nigra portio, sicut sepe multorum miraculorum argumento probatum est, Saluatoris nostri imaginem habens de ebore decentissime sculptam, et aureis distinctionibus mirabiliter decoratam. Hanc religiosa regina Margareta, huius regis mater, que de semine regio Anglorum et Hungariorum extitit oriunda, allatam in Scotiam, quasi munus heredi- tarium transmisit ad filios. Hanc igitur crucem, omni Scotorum genti non minus terri- bilem quam amabilem, cum rex deuotissime adorasset, cum multis lacrimis peccatorum confessionum premissa, exitum suum celestium mysteriorum perceptione muniuit.10 Aelred makes a distinction between the golden cross, the uenerandam crucem etc., and the relic in it. Strictly speaking, in this passage the name nigra crux seems to apply to the cross-shaped reliquary only – uenerandam (...) crucem (...) est autem crux illa (...) cernitur in ea all grammatically refer to the first cross, called nigra, namely the reliquary – but Aelred here is quite ambiguous and it seems more than plausible that the name designates the whole object (the reliquary and relic kept inside). After all, the firstueneranda crux is golden, so why should it be called nigra? We can suppose the name initially designated the relic and then also the reliquary contain- ing it.11 Nevertheless, there is much we learn from Aelred’s description. Dimensions. The reliquary was the length of a palm, that means approximately 7.5 cm.12 A small measure, much smaller than that of comparable examples coming from Britain, like the Anglo-Saxon reliquary cross kept in the Victoria and Albert Museum (height: 18.5 cm) or the Brussels cross (46.5 cm) attributed to a certain Drahmal. Too small to be a processional cross, it was not even a hanging cross: both Turgot and Aelred suggest that the precious object was occasionally held in its owner’s hands to be venerated. 10 ‘He was therefore carried to the oratory on the hands of the clerics and soldiers, and after the solemnity of the mass he asked that the venerable cross that people call “black” be brought for him to adore. This cross, the length of the palm of the hand, was made with surpassing skill out of pure gold; it opens and closes like a box. In it can be seen a portion of the Lord’s cross, as has been often proved by the evidence of the many miracles. It bears the image of our Saviour carved from the most beautiful ivory and is marvellously adorned with golden ornaments. The devout Queen Margaret, the king’s mother, who sprang from the royal seed of the English and Hungarians, passed on to her sons as a hereditary gift this cross that she had brought to Scotland.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thevikingblitzkriegad789-1098.Pdf
    2 In memory of Jeffrey Martin Whittock (1927–2013), much-loved and respected father and papa. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of people provided valuable advice which assisted in the preparation of this book; without them, of course, carrying any responsibility for the interpretations offered by the book. We are particularly indebted to our agent Robert Dudley who, as always, offered guidance and support, as did Simon Hamlet and Mark Beynon at The History Press. In addition, Bradford-on-Avon library, and the Wiltshire and the Somerset Library services, provided access to resources through the inter-library loans service. For their help and for this service we are very grateful. Through Hannah’s undergraduate BA studies and then MPhil studies in the department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic (ASNC) at Cambridge University (2008–12), the invaluable input of many brilliant academics has shaped our understanding of this exciting and complex period of history, and its challenging sources of evidence. The resulting familiarity with Old English, Old Norse and Insular Latin has greatly assisted in critical reflection on the written sources. As always, the support and interest provided by close family and friends cannot be measured but is much appreciated. And they have been patient as meal-time conversations have given way to discussions of the achievements of Alfred and Athelstan, the impact of Eric Bloodaxe and the agendas of the compilers of the 4 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 5 CONTENTS Title Dedication Acknowledgements Introduction 1 The Gathering
    [Show full text]
  • English Alliterative Verse: Poetic Tradition and Literary History
    ENGLISH ALLITERATIVE VERSE English Alliterative Verse tells the story of the medieval poetic tradition that includes Beowulf, Piers Plowman, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, stretching from the eighth century, when English poetry first appeared in manuscripts, to the sixteenth century, when alliterative poetry ceased to be composed. Eric Weiskott draws on the study of meter to challenge the traditional division of medieval English literary history into ‘Old English’ and ‘Middle English’ periods. The two halves of the alliterative tradition, divided by the Norman Conquest of 1066, have been studied separately since the nineteenth century; this book uses the history of metrical form and its cultural meanings to bring the two halves back together. In combining literary history and metrical description into a new kind of history he calls ‘verse history,’ Weiskott reimagines the historical study of poetics. eric weiskott is Assistant Professor of English at Boston College. In addition to publishing widely on alliterative verse and early English literary history in journals such as Anglo-Saxon England, ELH, Modern Language Quarterly, Modern Philology, Review of English Studies, and Yearbook of Langland Studies, Weiskott is also a practicing poet. Most recently, his poems have appeared in burnt- district, Cricket Online Review, and paper nautilus. His first poetry chapbook was Sharp Fish (2008). With Irina Dumitrescu, he has co- edited a volume of essays with the working title Early English Poetics and the History of Style. cambridge studies
    [Show full text]
  • The French Language and the Common Law 341
    The French language and the common law 341 The French language and the common law Ronald Cantlie" THIS ESSAY HAS BEEN PROMPTED by a brief anonymous article in the Manitoba Bar Newsletter Headnotes and Footnotes for October, 1987,1 en- titled "Le Français et la `Cornmon Law' and in particular by two pas- sages therein.2 The first of these passages consists of a single sentence as follows: la 'common law', c'est en effet le système de droit uniforme que Guillaume le Con- quérant, premier roi francophone d'Angleterre instaura dans ce pays au Xle siècle. 1989 CanLIIDocs 164 The second passage reads: Malgré cette interdiction, un auteur britannique pouvait encore ecrire ce qui suit au XIXe siècle: [TRADUCTION] Il n'est guère possible de parler convenablement de droit en anglais et, lorsque l'on tente l'experience, il faut, pour éviter d'être trop maladroit, avoir recours à une langue fortement francisée... Bref, du point de vue historique, la véritable langue du droit anglais, c'est le français! The statements made in the second of these quotations are entirely correct. But the first quotation is equally entirely wrong. William I did not impose a uniform system of law on England. He systematized land tenure, with the result that in time England became the best organized feudal state in Europe, but that is essentially all he did. The statements made in the first quotation are based on a misunderstanding of the na- ture and immediate consequences of the historical event commonly, but somewhat inaccurately, referred to as the Norman Conquest.
    [Show full text]
  • William the Conqueror
    William the Conqueror William I (Old Norman: Williame I; c. 1028[1] continental domains, troubles with his eldest son, and – 9 September 1087), usually known as William threatened invasions of England by the Danes. In 1086 the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bas- William ordered the compilation of the Domesday Book, tard,[2][lower-alpha 1] was the first Norman King of Eng- a survey listing all the landholders in England along with land, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087. The their holdings. William died in September 1087 while descendant of Viking raiders, he had been Duke of Nor- leading a campaign in northern France, and was buried in mandy since 1035 under the style William II. After a Caen. His reign in England was marked by the construc- long struggle to establish his power, by 1060 his hold on tion of castles, the settling of a new Norman nobility on Normandy was secure, and he launched the Norman con- the land, and change in the composition of the English quest of England in 1066. The rest of his life was marked clergy. He did not try to integrate his various domains by struggles to consolidate his hold over England and his into one empire, but instead continued to administer each continental lands and by difficulties with his eldest son. part separately. William’s lands were divided after his William was the son of the unmarried Robert I, Duke of death: Normandy went to his eldest son, Robert, and his Normandy, by Robert’s mistress Herleva. His illegitimate second surviving son, William, received England.
    [Show full text]
  • Ingibiorg = Malcolm III = Margaret (Of Orkney) Canmore (Saint) Sometimes Called the - Canmore Dynasty
    Ingibiorg = Malcolm III = Margaret (of Orkney) Canmore (Saint) Sometimes called the - Canmore Dynasty. <><><><><> Duncan II - (c.1060-94) Eldest son by his first wife, Ingibiorg of Orkney. He was hostage to William the Conqueror 1072. Assisted to the throne of Scotland by William II of England 1094, but after six months killed and superseded by his uncle Donald Bane. Buried in Dunfermline Abbey Nave. Edward - (c. 1070-93) Eldest son of Malcolm III and Margaret; mortally wounded when his father was killed. Buried in Dunfermline Abbey Nave. Edmund - Second son – evidently shared the kingdom with Donald Bane 1094-7. Became a monk in England. Buried in Dunfermline Abbey Nave. Ethelred - (c.1075-c. 1100) Son of Malcolm III and Margaret. Abbot of Dunkeld. Buried in Dunfermline Abbey Nave. Edgar - (c. 1070-1107) Fourth son of Malcolm III and Margaret; supported Duncan II 1094; supported by William Rufus from 1095 and established on throne by an English army 1097; gave endowments to churches of Durham Coldingham, Dunfermline and St Andrews. Buried in Dunfermline Abbey Nave. Alexander I - King of Scots (c.1077-1124) Fifth son of Malcolm III and Margaret, succeeded 1107; his brother, Edgar. Founded Augustinian houses at Scone and Inchcolm; refused to allow bishops of St Andrews to acknowledge English supremacy and said to have become known as “The Fierce’ from his suppression of a northern rising: married Sybilla, an illegitimate daughter of Henry I of England and had no legitimate children. Buried in Dunfermline Abbey Nave. David I - (c.1084-1153) youngest son of Malcolm III and Margaret, spent youth In England, was brother-in-law of Henry I and married Maud daughter of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria and widow of Earl of Northampton.
    [Show full text]
  • Agafia Iaroslavna
    Agafia Iaroslavna For years scholars have debated the identity of Agatha, wife of Prince Edward the Exile of England, who was son of Edmund II Ironside, king of England. This mystery, to my mind, has reached a conclusion in recent years with the argu- ments of René Jetté and Norman Ingham.1 These two scholars make the con- vincing argument, following the primary sources, that Agatha was another daughter of Iaroslav Mudryi and that she was married to Edward during his ex- ile in Rus’. This was clearly a dynastic marriage of the sort made by Iaroslav with other exiled princes in the middle third of the eleventh century, and thus deserves to be discussed in this chapter. In late 1016 Edmund Ironside was poisoned and Knud, who came to control nearly the entire Baltic and North Sea region, became king of England.2 Adam of Bremen records that Edmund’s young sons, Edmund and Edward, were sent into exile in Rus’.3 Their path there was actually more circuitous than Adam describes; they first went to Olof Skötkonnung in Sweden, only moving on to Rus’ after Knud deposed Olof in 1028.4 An exiled prince in Rus’ was not an un- common occurrence, coming through Rus’ in this time period were exiles from Sweden, including Olof Skötkonnung; from Norway, St. Olaf, and his son Mag- nus, and Olaf’s brother Harald Hardrada; and from Hungary, Andrew and his brother Levente. Iaroslav took advantage of the majority of these opportunities to build relations with these princes and expand the reach of Rus’.
    [Show full text]
  • Harold Godwinson
    Harold Godwinson “Harold II” redirects here. For other uses, see Harald II. ing to secure the English throne for Edward the Confes- sor. In 1045, Godwin was at the height of his power, when his daughter Edith was married to the king.[8] Harold II (or Harold Godwinson)(Old English: Harold Godƿinson; c. 1022 – 14 October 1066) was the last Godwin and Gytha had several children. The sons were Anglo-Saxon King of England.[lower-alpha 1] Harold reigned Sweyn, Harold, Tostig, Gyrth, Leofwine and Wulfnoth. from 6 January 1066[1] until his death at the Battle of There were also three daughters: Edith of Wessex, origi- Hastings on 14 October, fighting the Norman invaders led nally named Gytha but renamed Ealdgyth (or Edith) when by William the Conqueror during the Norman conquest she married King Edward the Confessor; Gunhild; and of England. His death marked the end of Anglo-Saxon Ælfgifu. The birthdates of the children are unknown, but rule over England. Sweyn was the eldest and Harold was the second son.[9] Harold was aged about 25 in 1045, which makes his birth Harold was a powerful earl and member of a promi- [10] nent Anglo-Saxon family with ties to King Cnut. Upon date around 1020. the death of Edward the Confessor in January 1066, the Witenagemot convened and chose Harold to succeed; he was crowned in Westminster Abbey. In late Septem- ber he successfully repelled an invasion by rival claimant 2 Powerful nobleman Harald Hardrada of Norway, before marching his army back south to meet William the Conqueror at Hastings Edith married Edward on 23 January 1045, and around some two weeks later.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    A ABBO OF FLEURY (d. 1004) was one of the great computus to his English pupils, and the impact of scholars of tenth-century Europe, who spent two this teaching is reflected in Byrhtferth’s own compu- years (985–7) at the abbey of *Ramsey, and exerted tistical writings. It was also probably at Ramsey that considerable influence on English learning, both he composed his Passio S. Eadmundi (BHL 2392), an through books and disciplines which he brought account of the murder of King *Edmund of East with him, and through students whom he trained at Anglia by the Danes in 869. Other compositions Ramsey, notably *Byrhtferth. Abbo was born in the which date to his stay in England include a small vicinity of Orléans; the precise date of his birth is corpus of *acrostic poems. While in England he vis- unknown (c.945–50), but he is known to have stud- ited *Dunstan and *Oswald, as well as influential ied at Paris, Rheims and Orléans, as a result of which secular persons such as King *Æthelred. he became a many-sided scholar, expert in subjects When the abbacy of Fleury became vacant in 987, of both the trivium and the quadrivium, and has left Abbo returned to take up the position, and was abbot writings on *computus, logic, *grammar, and *canon of Fleury from 988 until his death. After returning to law, as well as historical and hagiographical works. Fleury he composed his Quaestiones grammaticales, Together with Gerbert of Aurillac, with whom he a detailed treatise on the scansion of Latin verse, at studied at Rheims, he was one of the first scholars in the request of his former students at Ramsey.
    [Show full text]
  • Anglo-Saxon Society (Pre-Norman)
    ANGLO-SAXON SOCIETY (PRE-NORMAN) The Anglo-Saxons came from Denmark, Germany and the England had been ruled by Edward the Confessor since 1042, he was an Anglo-Saxon Netherlands; they were warrior-farmers who invaded England king. There were around 2 million people living in England, but few people lived in because they wanted control and land. These fearsome warriors the northern and western parts of the country. England was divided into areas ruled rowed across the North Sea in wooden boats to England and forced by earls. The main towns were London, York, Winchester and Oxford. London was the tribes in Britain to flee their homes. There were three groups of the biggest town, but it only had 10,000 inhabitants! Life was hard and life people who settled in Britain, which collectively are called the Anglo- expectancy was low. The population was organised into a hierarchy. The king was the Saxons. These three groups were the Jutes, Angles and Saxons. Within most important, followed by the church and the earls, then the nobility (rich people a few centuries, the land they had invaded was known as England, who supported the king) and the peasants at the bottom with slaves below them. named after the Angles. The Angles and the Saxon tribes were the Family of the king were known as ‘athelings’. The king’s government was called the largest of the three attacking tribes and so we often know them as Witan, this was made up of the nobility and the king’s advisors. The king and the Anglo-Saxons.
    [Show full text]
  • Literary Portrayals of King Malcolm III Canmore (R
    From reformed barbarian to “saint-king”: literary portrayals of King Malcolm III Canmore (r. 1058-93) in Scottish historical narratives, c. 1100- 1449 by Marian Toledo Candelaria A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Marian Toledo Candelaria, May, 2018 ABSTRACT From reformed barbarian to “saint-king”: literary portrayals of King Malcolm III Canmore (r. 1058-93) in Scottish historical narratives, c. 1100- 1449 Marian Toledo Candelaria Advisor: University of Guelph, 2018 Professor Elizabeth Ewan This dissertation examines the historiographical evolution of the literary portrayal of King Malcolm III Canmore (r. 1058-93) in the main historical narratives produced in Scotland between c. 1100 and 1449. The study considers how fundamental King Malcolm’s portrayal was to new and developing notions of Scottish kingship, sovereignty and identity, focusing on the underlying political developments that caused his portrayal to be manipulated and amended during the central and late medieval periods. It examines how King Malcolm went from being considered a barbaric king of Scots reformed by the influence of his second wife, Saint Margaret of Scotland (d. 1093), to the Scottish prince exiled in England by Macbeth (r. 1040-1057/8). It identifies three key developmental stages in the portrayal of King Malcolm and ties their development to contemporary political and dynastic circumstances. King Malcolm’s portrayal evolved because of a need to assert the sovereignty of the Scottish crown in light of internal threats to dynastic hegemony and external threats against regnal independence.
    [Show full text]
  • WILLIAM the CONQUEROR (Davin C
    WARREN 1 DE WARRENNE Bibliogr2 ~ hy of Sources: AUGUSTAN SOCIETY (Vol X, Pgs 211 & 212) PEDIGREES OF SOME OF THE EMPEROR CHARLEMAGNE'!> DE SCENDANTS (Buck, BMrd & C:.ib~niss) A.t.fERI CANS OF GENTLE BIRTH (Pittman) GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO DOMESDAY BOOK ( Vol I, sir Henry Ellis) SONS OF THE CONQUEROR (Leslie G. 'Pine) WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR (Davin C. Douglas) MAGNA CHARTA (John S. Wurts) PRECEDING THE MAYFLOWER (James P. Leynse) ENGLISH ANCESTRY OF THE PILGRIM FATHERS (Banks) CAPE COD SERIES (Vol II, Hills) COLONIAL FAMILIES OF THE US OF A (MAcKenzie) GENEALOGY OF MARY WENTWORTH (Mrs 'Perle Lee) WITCHCRAFT AND HERALDRY (Forebears Vol 16) TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF ENGLISH EMIGRANTS TO NEW ENGLAND (Banks) l?ARI SH MA 0 OF MIDDLESEX COUNTY GENERAL ARMORY (Burke) LINEAGE CHARTS ,... __ -~· .,... :·\ ;::. i. L 1-\ . _-:,_ t \.~ ·,,.,.. .::... 1. : 'o; .~ · '~·. I. •'-• ( ..." ;,, .;,. ·(., ".,,.. /,:-, ,1':'•".: .• " -~-·~·. 1!be kugustan, Vol. X, No, 5, J"une-July, 1967 Page 211 · THE CONQ,UESr OF ENGLAND, NINE CENTURIES ~GO By Luis Leon de le Barra, F.A.s. The commemoration of this event bas been held in all of Great Britain and of l course with special splendour at · Hastings and other pl aces uhere the events of 1066 ..i ..: and 1067 were enacted; and it is s ince then that the English nation we kncv.r was for med, following the merging of the civilizations of the Saxons and the Normans• lfith the natural intermarriages and the living in common during so long e period of time. Also. it was for this country the lest occasion to be invaded by foreign forces.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sorrow Song Trilogy Timeline
    The Sorrow Song Trilogy Timeline Year Month Day Event Location 1003 King Edward born 1015 Harald Hadrada born 1021 Sweyn Godwinson born 1022 Harold Godwinson born 1026 Tostig Godwinson born 1027 Guillaume of Normandy born 1031 1032 Gyrth Godwinson born Alliance between England and France 1033 England/France against the Vikings 1035 Leofwine Godwinson born 1038 Mildryth born 1040 Wulfnoth Godwinson born 1042 June 8 Accession of Edward the Confessor Winchester 1043 April 3 Coronation of Edward the Confessor Cathedral Sweyn Godwinson made Eorl of 1043 Hereford 1045 January 23 Marriage of Edward to Edith Godwine Harold Gowineson made Eorl of East 1045 Anglia 1046 Edwin Eorl of Mercia born (?) Sweyn Godwinson supports King Grufydd Ap Llwellyn and invades 1046 Dehuebarth. On his return he kidnaps Eadgifu, Abbess of Leominster Harold Godwinson takes to wife 1046 Ealdgyth Swannesha - they are not actually married by clergy 1047 Sweyn Godwinson exiled 1049 Morcar Eorl of Northumbria born (?) Sweyn Godwinson expelled from Denmark and returns to England to 1049 plead for clemency. Murders his cousin Beorn. Exiled again and classed as a nithing, man with no honour. Sweyn Godwinson pardoned and 1050 returned to Eorldom of Hereford French Abbot Robert of Jumieges 1050 England made Archbishop of Canterbury Harold rebuilds Waltham Abbey as a 1050 England college of secular cannons 1051 King Edward abolishes Military Tax England 1 Eorl Godwine ordered to sack Dover, 1051 refuses and is exiled, Sweyn is exiled for life. Godwine returns from exile and forces 1052 Edward to reinstate his family 1052 Sweyn Godwinson killed Robert of Jumiege flees England for Normandy, believed to have abducted Wulfnoth & Harkon Godwinson.
    [Show full text]