The Sorrow Song Trilogy Timeline
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Thevikingblitzkriegad789-1098.Pdf
2 In memory of Jeffrey Martin Whittock (1927–2013), much-loved and respected father and papa. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of people provided valuable advice which assisted in the preparation of this book; without them, of course, carrying any responsibility for the interpretations offered by the book. We are particularly indebted to our agent Robert Dudley who, as always, offered guidance and support, as did Simon Hamlet and Mark Beynon at The History Press. In addition, Bradford-on-Avon library, and the Wiltshire and the Somerset Library services, provided access to resources through the inter-library loans service. For their help and for this service we are very grateful. Through Hannah’s undergraduate BA studies and then MPhil studies in the department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic (ASNC) at Cambridge University (2008–12), the invaluable input of many brilliant academics has shaped our understanding of this exciting and complex period of history, and its challenging sources of evidence. The resulting familiarity with Old English, Old Norse and Insular Latin has greatly assisted in critical reflection on the written sources. As always, the support and interest provided by close family and friends cannot be measured but is much appreciated. And they have been patient as meal-time conversations have given way to discussions of the achievements of Alfred and Athelstan, the impact of Eric Bloodaxe and the agendas of the compilers of the 4 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 5 CONTENTS Title Dedication Acknowledgements Introduction 1 The Gathering -
English Alliterative Verse: Poetic Tradition and Literary History
ENGLISH ALLITERATIVE VERSE English Alliterative Verse tells the story of the medieval poetic tradition that includes Beowulf, Piers Plowman, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, stretching from the eighth century, when English poetry first appeared in manuscripts, to the sixteenth century, when alliterative poetry ceased to be composed. Eric Weiskott draws on the study of meter to challenge the traditional division of medieval English literary history into ‘Old English’ and ‘Middle English’ periods. The two halves of the alliterative tradition, divided by the Norman Conquest of 1066, have been studied separately since the nineteenth century; this book uses the history of metrical form and its cultural meanings to bring the two halves back together. In combining literary history and metrical description into a new kind of history he calls ‘verse history,’ Weiskott reimagines the historical study of poetics. eric weiskott is Assistant Professor of English at Boston College. In addition to publishing widely on alliterative verse and early English literary history in journals such as Anglo-Saxon England, ELH, Modern Language Quarterly, Modern Philology, Review of English Studies, and Yearbook of Langland Studies, Weiskott is also a practicing poet. Most recently, his poems have appeared in burnt- district, Cricket Online Review, and paper nautilus. His first poetry chapbook was Sharp Fish (2008). With Irina Dumitrescu, he has co- edited a volume of essays with the working title Early English Poetics and the History of Style. cambridge studies -
The French Language and the Common Law 341
The French language and the common law 341 The French language and the common law Ronald Cantlie" THIS ESSAY HAS BEEN PROMPTED by a brief anonymous article in the Manitoba Bar Newsletter Headnotes and Footnotes for October, 1987,1 en- titled "Le Français et la `Cornmon Law' and in particular by two pas- sages therein.2 The first of these passages consists of a single sentence as follows: la 'common law', c'est en effet le système de droit uniforme que Guillaume le Con- quérant, premier roi francophone d'Angleterre instaura dans ce pays au Xle siècle. 1989 CanLIIDocs 164 The second passage reads: Malgré cette interdiction, un auteur britannique pouvait encore ecrire ce qui suit au XIXe siècle: [TRADUCTION] Il n'est guère possible de parler convenablement de droit en anglais et, lorsque l'on tente l'experience, il faut, pour éviter d'être trop maladroit, avoir recours à une langue fortement francisée... Bref, du point de vue historique, la véritable langue du droit anglais, c'est le français! The statements made in the second of these quotations are entirely correct. But the first quotation is equally entirely wrong. William I did not impose a uniform system of law on England. He systematized land tenure, with the result that in time England became the best organized feudal state in Europe, but that is essentially all he did. The statements made in the first quotation are based on a misunderstanding of the na- ture and immediate consequences of the historical event commonly, but somewhat inaccurately, referred to as the Norman Conquest. -
From Footnotes to Narrative
1 INTRODUCTION LANGUISHING IN THE FOOTNOTES: WOMEN AND WELSH MEDIEVAL HISTORIOGRAPHY The era known as the high Middle Ages, in particular the thirteenth century, was an epochal period for Wales. While the high Middle Ages was a period of cultural transformation in all of western Europe, in Wales it was also a time of great upheaval and complete change, which was to have a greater impact on Welsh society than was experienced by most other medieval societies. In fact, for some, the effects of this upheaval and change in Wales may be described as catastrophic. The thirteenth century has been called the ‘age of the Welsh Princes’. Under the leadership of the rulers of the house of Gwynedd, the Welsh achieved some measure of independence from their English overlords during this century. For a time the native Welsh princes were able to mitigate their characteristic unrelenting internal conflict and factionalism and unite against their Anglo-Norman oppressors.1 Fundamental changes which were to have an overwhelming effect on Wales took place in England during this period. For example, the end of the twelfth and beginning of the thirteenth centuries saw the gradual introduction of the English common law into England, much of which is still in use to this day. The ascension to the English throne in 1272 of Edward I, who unlike his two predecessors was a strong king, was another factor in this upheaval and change which took place in Wales. 1 K. Stokes, The Myth of Wales: Constructions of Ethnicity 1100-1300 (Monash: Monash Publications in History: 27, 1999), p.15. -
This Document Consists of 31 Printed Pages. [Turn Over Cambridge
Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge Pre-U Certificate HISTORY (PRINCIPAL) 9769/11 Paper 1A British History Outlines c.300–1547 May/June 2017 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 90 Published This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2017 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®, Cambridge International A and AS Level and Cambridge Pre-U components, and some Cambridge O Level components. ® IGCSE is a registered trademark. This syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 3 Pre-U Certificate. This document consists of 31 printed pages. © UCLES 2017 [Turn over 9769/11 Cambridge Pre-U – Mark Scheme May/June 2017 PUBLISHED Introduction (a) The banding definitions which follow reflect, and should be interpreted within the context of, the following general statement: Examiners will give their highest marks to candidates who show a ready understanding of the relevant material and a disciplined management of the discussion the question provokes. They will be impressed more by critical judgement, careful discrimination and imaginative handling than by a weight of facts. -
'In Me Porto Crucem': a New Light on the Lost St Margaret's Crux Nigra
© The Author(s) 2020. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ‘In me porto crucem’: a new light on the lost St Margaret’s crux nigra Francesco Marzella Abstract St Margaret of Scotland owned a reliquary containing a relic of the True Cross known as crux nigra. Both Turgot, Margaret’s biographer, and Aelred of Rievaulx, who spent some years at the court of Margaret’s son, King David, mention the reliquary without offering sufficient information on its origin. The Black Rood was probably lost or destroyed in the sixteenth century. Some lines written on the margins of a twelfth- century manuscript containing Aelred’s Genealogia regum Anglorum can now shed a new light on this sacred object. The mysterious lines, originally written on the Black Rood or more probably on the casket in which it was contained, claim that the relic once belonged to an Anglo-Saxon king, and at the same time they seem to convey a signifi- cant political message. In his biography of St Margaret of Scotland,1 Turgot († 1115),2 at the time prior of Durham, mentioned an object that was particularly dear to the queen. It was a cross known as crux nigra. In chapter XIII of his Vita sanctae Margaretae, Turgot tells how the queen wanted to see it for the last time when she felt death was imminent: 3 Ipsa quoque illam, quam Nigram Crucem nominare, quamque in maxima semper ven- eratione habere consuevit, sibi afferri præcepit. -
William the Conqueror
William the Conqueror William I (Old Norman: Williame I; c. 1028[1] continental domains, troubles with his eldest son, and – 9 September 1087), usually known as William threatened invasions of England by the Danes. In 1086 the Conqueror and sometimes William the Bas- William ordered the compilation of the Domesday Book, tard,[2][lower-alpha 1] was the first Norman King of Eng- a survey listing all the landholders in England along with land, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087. The their holdings. William died in September 1087 while descendant of Viking raiders, he had been Duke of Nor- leading a campaign in northern France, and was buried in mandy since 1035 under the style William II. After a Caen. His reign in England was marked by the construc- long struggle to establish his power, by 1060 his hold on tion of castles, the settling of a new Norman nobility on Normandy was secure, and he launched the Norman con- the land, and change in the composition of the English quest of England in 1066. The rest of his life was marked clergy. He did not try to integrate his various domains by struggles to consolidate his hold over England and his into one empire, but instead continued to administer each continental lands and by difficulties with his eldest son. part separately. William’s lands were divided after his William was the son of the unmarried Robert I, Duke of death: Normandy went to his eldest son, Robert, and his Normandy, by Robert’s mistress Herleva. His illegitimate second surviving son, William, received England. -
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cover next page > title : The Norwegian Invasion of England in 1066 Warfare in History, 1358-779X author : DeVries, Kelly. publisher : Boydell & Brewer Ltd. isbn10 | asin : 0851157637 print isbn13 : 9780851157634 ebook isbn13 : 9780585372860 language : English subject Harold,--King of England,--1022?-1066, Harald--III Harð ráði,--King of Norway,--1015-1066, Great Britain-- History, Military--449-1066, Stamford Bridge, Battle of, 1066, Great Britain--History--Invasions, Norway--History, Military. publication date : 1999 lcc : DA161.D48 1999eb ddc : 942.02/1 subject : Harold,--King of England,--1022?-1066, Harald--III Harð ráði,--King of Norway,--1015-1066, Great Britain-- History, Military--449-1066, Stamford Bridge, Battle of, 1066, Great Britain--History--Invasions, Norway--History, Military. cover next page > < previous page page_i next page > Page i The Norwegian Invasion of England in 1066 Warfare in History < previous page page_i next page > < previous page page_ii next page > Page ii Warfare in History General Editor: Matthew Bennett ISSN 1358779X Already published The Battle of Hastings: Sources and Interpretations edited and introduced by Stephen Morillo Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century: Discipline, Tactics, and Technology Kelly DeVries The Art of Warfare in Western Europe during the Middle Ages, from the Eighth Century to 1340 (second edition) J. F. Verbruggen Knights and Peasants: The Hundred Years War in the French Countryside Nicholas Wright Society at War: The Experience of England and France during the Hundred Years War edited by Christopher Allmand The Circle of War in the Middle Ages: Essays on Medieval Military and Naval History edited by Donald J. Kagay and L. -
Possessions and People in Medieval Britain
Medieval History and Archaeology General Editors JOHN BLAIR HELENA HAMEROW Gold and Gilt, Pots and Pins MEDIEVAL HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY General Editors John Blair Helena Hamerow The volumes in this series bring together archaeological, historical, and visual methods to offer new approaches to aspects of medieval society, economy, and material culture. The series seeks to present and interpret archaeological evidence in ways readily accessible to historians, while providing a historical perspective and context for the material culture of the period. PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED IN THIS SERIES THE ICONOGRAPHY OF EARLY ANGLO-SAXON COINAGE Anna Gannon EARLY MEDIEVAL SETTLEMENTS The Archaeology of Rural Communities in North-West Europe 400–900 Helena Hamerow GOLD AND GILT, POTS AND PINS Possessions and People in Medieval Britain DAVID A. HINTON 3 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan South Korea Poland Portugal Singapore Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © David A. Hinton 2005 The moral rights of the author(s) have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organizations. -
Ingibiorg = Malcolm III = Margaret (Of Orkney) Canmore (Saint) Sometimes Called the - Canmore Dynasty
Ingibiorg = Malcolm III = Margaret (of Orkney) Canmore (Saint) Sometimes called the - Canmore Dynasty. <><><><><> Duncan II - (c.1060-94) Eldest son by his first wife, Ingibiorg of Orkney. He was hostage to William the Conqueror 1072. Assisted to the throne of Scotland by William II of England 1094, but after six months killed and superseded by his uncle Donald Bane. Buried in Dunfermline Abbey Nave. Edward - (c. 1070-93) Eldest son of Malcolm III and Margaret; mortally wounded when his father was killed. Buried in Dunfermline Abbey Nave. Edmund - Second son – evidently shared the kingdom with Donald Bane 1094-7. Became a monk in England. Buried in Dunfermline Abbey Nave. Ethelred - (c.1075-c. 1100) Son of Malcolm III and Margaret. Abbot of Dunkeld. Buried in Dunfermline Abbey Nave. Edgar - (c. 1070-1107) Fourth son of Malcolm III and Margaret; supported Duncan II 1094; supported by William Rufus from 1095 and established on throne by an English army 1097; gave endowments to churches of Durham Coldingham, Dunfermline and St Andrews. Buried in Dunfermline Abbey Nave. Alexander I - King of Scots (c.1077-1124) Fifth son of Malcolm III and Margaret, succeeded 1107; his brother, Edgar. Founded Augustinian houses at Scone and Inchcolm; refused to allow bishops of St Andrews to acknowledge English supremacy and said to have become known as “The Fierce’ from his suppression of a northern rising: married Sybilla, an illegitimate daughter of Henry I of England and had no legitimate children. Buried in Dunfermline Abbey Nave. David I - (c.1084-1153) youngest son of Malcolm III and Margaret, spent youth In England, was brother-in-law of Henry I and married Maud daughter of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria and widow of Earl of Northampton. -
Edward the Confessor
Edward the Confessor Edward the Confessor[1] (between 1003 and 1005 – 4 or raids and invasions under Sweyn Forkbeard and his son, 5 January 1066), son of Æthelred the Unready and Emma Cnut. Following Sweyn’s seizure of the throne in 1013, of Normandy, was one of the last Anglo-Saxon kings of Emma fled to Normandy, followed by Edward and Al- England and is usually regarded as the last king of the fred, and then by Æthelred. Sweyn died in February House of Wessex, ruling from 1042 to 1066.[2] 1014, and leading Englishmen invited Æthelred back on Edward has traditionally been seen as unworldly and pi- condition that he promised to rule 'more justly' than be- fore. Æthelred agreed, sending Edward back with his ous, and his reign is notable for the disintegration of royal [9] power in England and the advance in power of the God- ambassadors. Æthelred died in April 1016, and he win family. His biographers, Frank Barlow and Peter was succeeded by Edward’s older half brother Edmund Rex, dispute this, picturing him as a successful king, who Ironside, who carried on the fight against Sweyn’s son, was energetic, resourceful and sometimes ruthless, but Cnut. According to Scandinavian tradition, Edward fought alongside Edmund; as Edward was at most thir- whose reputation has been unfairly tarnished by the Nor- [10][11] man conquest shortly after his death.[3][4] Other histori- teen years old at the time, the story is disputed. Ed- ans regard this positive picture as only partly true, and not mund died in November 1016, and Cnut became undis- at all in the later part of his reign. -
Key Dates and Events in Welsh History
clickonwales.org / Wales factfile Key dates and events in Welsh history B.C. 250,000 In Pontnewydd Cave, Clwyd, - First human remains in Wales found near St. Asaph: evidence of a human tooth and bones 15,000 Paviland Cave Burial – First complete human skeleton c. 6,000 Arrival of Neolithic farming communities in Wales c. 3,000 Beginning of construction of megalithic cromlechs and stone circles c. 2,000 Blue stones from the Preseli Hills transported to Stonehenge 900 Llyn Fawr hoard c. 700 First Celtic culture in Britain A.D. 43 Roman invasion of Britain under Emperor Claudius 51 Defeat of Caractacus in Wales 61 Invasion of Anglesey by Suetonius Paulinus, followed by the revolt of the Iceni 72 Conquest of the Silures by Julius Frontinus 74-78 Frontinus, Governor of Britain and author of Aqueducts, founds the base for the II Augustan Legion at Caerleon. 78 Agricola kills druids of Anglesey to complete Roman conquest of Wales 80 Construction of amphitheatre at Roman legionary base at Caerleon 212 Roman citizenship for every freeman in Wales c. 350 Forification of Caerwent 383 Magnus Maximus (Macsen Wledig) leads troops from Wales for invasion of Gaul 383 Roman garrison withdraws and Romans leave Wales 410 Fall of Rome c. 410 Vortigern 429 Allelulia victory of Britons under St. Germanus 500-550 St. David and the Age of the Saints 516 Battle of Mount Badon halts westward expansion by Saxons 547 Death of Maelgwn Gwynedd c. 589 St. David dies 577 Battle of Dyrham, near Bristol secures Anglo-Saxon control of southern clickonwales.org / Wales factfile England driving back the Brythonic Celts to “Wales”.