DOCSLIB.ORG

Possessions and People in Medieval Britain

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Medieval History and Archaeology General Editors JOHN BLAIR HELENA HAMEROW Gold and Gilt, Pots and Pins MEDIEVAL HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY General Editors John Blair Helena Hamerow The volumes in this series bring together archaeological, historical, and visual methods to offer new approaches to aspects of medieval society, economy, and material culture. The series seeks to present and interpret archaeological evidence in ways readily accessible to historians, while providing a historical perspective and context for the material culture of the period. PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED IN THIS SERIES THE ICONOGRAPHY OF EARLY ANGLO-SAXON COINAGE Anna Gannon EARLY MEDIEVAL SETTLEMENTS The Archaeology of Rural Communities in North-West Europe 400–900 Helena Hamerow GOLD AND GILT, POTS AND PINS Possessions and People in Medieval Britain DAVID A. HINTON 3 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan South Korea Poland Portugal Singapore Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © David A. Hinton 2005 The moral rights of the author(s) have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organizations. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available ISBN 0-19-926453-8 13579108642 Typeset by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd. King’s Lynn, Norfolk Preface and Acknowledgements My interest in medieval artefacts began more than forty years ago when I had the good fortune to be accepted by the late Rupert Bruce-Mitford as a tem- porary assistant in the British Museum. Similar luck led to an appointment at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, where I looked after the Alfred Jewel (Hinton 1973). Although it is now thirty years since I left there, I have con- tinued to work on medieval metal objects as opportunities presented them- selves (e.g. Hinton 1990, 1996, 2000). This book therefore draws on long experience, though it will be obvious from the Bibliography how much I owe to the work of others; in most cases, the debt is directly proportional to the number of entries (e.g. J. Cherry, J. Graham-Campbell, and L. Webster), but the endnotes reveal how much I have also drawn from a few authors who have written fundamental books (e.g. G. Egan and R. Lightbown). All those who knew her will understand why I feel it appropriate to record here the contri- bution to studies of medieval material culture made by the late Sue Margeson of Norwich Castle Museum, who was always so generous in sharing her knowledge. The first draft of the book was written in the second half of 2002 and the first half of 2003, during sabbatical leave; I am grateful to the University of Southampton for allowing me to defer one leave entitlement so that I could work on it for a whole year almost without interruption, and for financial help towards the cost of illustrations. The book benefits greatly from the drawings of Nick Griffiths, and it has been a pleasure to resume a collaboration that began at Winchester in the mid-1970s. I have also been fortunate to be able to draw on the excel- lent photographs taken for the Portable Antiquities Scheme for many colour plates, which has enabled me to reproduce images that are less familiar than some. (Similarly, I have tried in the later part of the book when feasible to use documentary examples that have not been quoted by other writers so far as I know.) In selecting pictures, I have found it very difficult to know whether to reproduce images at their actual size, as so many have exquisite detail that deserves detailed enlargement; on the whole, however, I have felt it better to show these things at their real size, even though it may look a little bizarre to see a lead badge looking rather crude at full size when compared to a gold brooch. Some things have had to be reduced, of course, because of the page size, and a few I have decided to enlarge because their detail seemed likely to be lost altogether otherwise. vi Preface and Acknowledgements Copyright permission given for illustrations is acknowledged in the captions, but I have been helped to collect photographs and drawings both by a large number of friends and by people whom I have never met but many of whom I hope that I can now consider friends: Vivien Adams, Kay Ainsworth, John Allan, David Allen, Paul Backhouse, Roger Bland, Thorn Brett, Michael Burden, Louise Bythell, Thomas Cadbury, Bernice Cardy, John Clark, Julie Cochrane, Maggie Cox, Hannah Crowdy, Jan Dunbar, Bruce Eagles, Helen Geake, Mark Hall, Richard Hall, Stephen Harrison, Jill Ivy, Ralph Jackson, David Jennings, Adrian James, Alan Lane, Christopher Loveluck, Arthur MacGregor, Victoria Newton-Davies, Helen Nicholson, Ken Penn, Daniel Pett, Mark Redknap, Paul Robinson, Peter Saunders, Roland Smith, Shovati Smith, Judith Stones, Tracey Walker, Karen Wardley, Leslie Webster, and David Williams. I am also grateful to the publishers of Anglo-Saxon England, Archae- ological Journal, Britannia, and Medieval Archaeology, of the East Anglian Archaeology and the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society mono- graphs, and of the Council for British Archaeology research report series for permission to reproduce illustrations direct from published work. The launch of the Oxford University Press’s ‘Medieval History and Archae- ology’ series provided the opportunity for this book to appear, and I am grate- ful to Ruth Parr for commissioning it, to the joint editors John Blair and Helena Hamerow for sanctioning it, to the referees of the proposal for rec- ommending it, to the two anonymous readers (one of whom remains frus- tratingly unguessed) of the draft for approving it, and to Louisa Lapworth for seeing it through to publication. Contents List of Colour Plates viii List of Figures ix Introduction 1 1. Adapting to Life Without the Legions 7 2. Expressions of the Elites 39 3. Kings and Christianity 75 4. Alfred et al. 108 5. An Epoch of New Dynasties 141 6. Feudal Modes 171 7. Material Culture and Social Display 206 8. The Wars and the Posies 233 Envoi 260 Endnotes 262 Bibliography 369 Index 429 List of Colour Plates between pp. 212 and 213 A.1. Quoit-brooch from Sarre, Kent A.2. Equal-arm brooch from Collingbourne Ducis, Wiltshire B.1. Composite disc-brooch from Sarre, Kent B.2. Composite disc-brooch from Monkton, Kent B.3. Sword-pommel from Aldbrough, Yorkshire B.4. Pyramid stud from near Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk B.5. Seal-ring from near Norwich C.1. Smith’s tools and scrap from Tattershall Thorpe, Lincolnshire C.2 and 3. Gold pendants from Hamwic, Southampton D. Six brooches from Pentney, Norfolk E. Details of the Pentney brooches F.1 and 2. Panels from the St Cuthbert stole and maniple F.3. Disc from Holberrow Green, Worcestershire F.4–6. Finger-rings from South Kyme and West Lindsey, both Lincolnshire, and from Shrewsbury G. Jug from Exeter H.1–3. Posy-rings from Kirk Deighton, Yorkshire, Alkmonkton, Derbyshire, and North Warnborough, Hampshire H.4–5. Iconographic rings from Carisbrooke, Isle of Wight, and Scotton, Lincolnshire H.6. Seal-ring from Raglan, Monmouthshire H.7. Badge from Chiddingly, East Sussex List of Figures 1.1. Late Roman buckle from Stanwick 9 1.2. Traprain Law hoard 10 1.3. Patching hoard objects 11 1.4. Mucking belt-set 14 1.5. Penannular brooch from Caerwent 17 1.6. Mould and reconstruction of penannular brooch from Dunadd 19 1.7. Equal-arm brooch from Collingbourne Ducis 23 1.8. Great square-headed brooch from Pewsey 24 1.9. Great square-headed brooch distribution maps 25 1.10. Button-brooch from Wonston; saucer-brooches from Fairford 26 1.11. Sword and fittings from Pewsey 30 1.12. Claw-beaker from Great Chesterford 37 2.1. Bird-headed penannular brooch moulds from Dunadd 41 2.2. Annular brooch from Llanbedrgoch 42 2.3. Pictish silver chain from Whitecleugh 44 2.4. Norrie’s Law hoard 46 2.5. Motif-piece from Dunadd 47 2.6. The Hunterston brooch 48 2.7. Coin-pendants from Faversham 50 2.8. Balance and weights from Watchfield 52 2.9. The Snape ring 52 2.10. Garnets from Tattershall Thorpe 54 2.11. The Sutton Hoo great gold buckle 55 2.12. Inlaid iron buckle from Monk Sherborne 56 2.13. Hanging-bowl from Loveden Hill 59 2.14. Buckle from Alton 64 2.15. The Finglesham buckle 66 2.16. St Cuthbert’s cross 68 2.17. Woman’s grave and pendant at Lechlade 69 2.18.
Recommended publications
  • Spelling Booklet

    Spelling Booklet

    Spell-ing the act of one who spells words. the way in which a word is spelled. Southern Oregon Regional Spelling Contest STATE OF OREGON REGIONAL SPELLING CONTEST District and County Level For Southern Oregon Contact: Southern Oregon University Pre-College Youth Programs 541-552-7007 Email: [email protected] Sponsored by Southern Oregon University and participating schools in Jackson and Josephine Counties. Made possible through the generous support of Table of Contents Spelling Contest Timeline Page 4 Divisions Page 5 Procedures Page 5 Suggestions for Competition Page 6 Hints for Teachers Page 7 Hints for Students Page 9 PRACTICE LISTS Test words will be provided by SOU Pre-College Youth Programs for the district and county contest levels and are not necessarily on these practice lists. These lists are a sample of the types of words that have been used in past years. Check a dictionary for spelling just in case there may be an error. DIVISION I Grades 1-5 page 10 DIVISION II Grades 6-8 page 14 DIVISION III Grades 9-12 page 18 Spelling Contest Timeline February – April Materials sent to schools by Spelling Contest Coordinator. Practice lists included. Class, school and district competitions held. Southern Oregon University Pre-College Youth Programs will furnish final word lists. April Names of winners in each division are submitted by School Districts to SOU Spelling Coordinator by early April. Contest held at Southern Oregon University at the beginning of May for Jackson and Josephine Counties. Word lists provided by Oregon Spellers. End of May Winner’s names will be submitted to Oregon Spellers in hopes they will be able to compete at the State Competition should it be held.
  • Self-Presentation Tactics in Social Media Han-Yun HUANG

    Self-Presentation Tactics in Social Media Han-Yun HUANG

    2014 International Conference on Social Science (ICSS 2014) Self-presentation Tactics in Social Media Han-Yun HUANG School of Journalism and Communication, Xiamen University, Fujian, China. Keywords: Self-presentation, Social Media, Adolescents Abstract. Social media now are very popular. Many people use them everywhere through mobile phones. One of the most important motives people using social media is for self-presentation. This study focuses on discussing the self-presentation tactics adolescents use in social media. The results show that adolescents mainly use four self-presentation tactics in social media, namely, self-promotion, ingratiation, manipulation and damage control. These four self-presentation tactics will be discussed in details. Introduction Social media are applications that enable people to interact with each other and build social networks that increase social capital (Barnes, 2008). Kaplan and Haenlein (2010) defined social media more theoretically as “a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, which allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content” (p. 64). Spannerworks (2007) gave a similar working definition of social media as new kinds of online media that share most or all of the characteristics of participation, openness, conversation, community and connectedness. Comm (2010) suggested that the “social” part of social media means that “publishing is now about participation” (Comm, 2010, p. 3). Those who use social media sufficiently create not only content, but also conversations, and those conversations combine further to create communities (Comm, 2010). Results from focus groups among adolescents in urban China indicated that IM, SNS, blogs, and microblogs were their four most widely used social media.
  • Beowulf to Ancient Greece: It Is T^E First Great Work of a Nationai Literature

    Beowulf to Ancient Greece: It Is T^E First Great Work of a Nationai Literature

    \eowulf is to England what Hcmer's ///ac/ and Odyssey are Beowulf to ancient Greece: it is t^e first great work of a nationai literature. Becwulf is the mythical and literary record of a formative stage of English civilization; it is also an epic of the heroic sources of English cuitu-e. As such, it uses a host of tra- ditional motifs associated with heroic literature all over the world. Liks most early heroic literature. Beowulf is oral art. it was hanaes down, with changes, and embe'lishrnents. from one min- strel to another. The stories of Beowulf, like those of all oral epics, are traditional ones, familiar to tne audiences who crowded around the harp:st-bards in the communal halls at night. The tales in the Beowulf epic are the stories of dream and legend, of monsters and of god-fashioned weapons, of descents to the underworld and of fights with dragons, of the hero's quest and of a community threat- ened by the powers of evil. Beowulf was composed in Old English, probably in Northumbria in northeast England, sometime between the years 700 and 750. The world it depicts, however, is much older, that of the early sixth century. Much of the material of the poem is based on early folk legends—some Celtic, some Scandinavian. Since the scenery de- scribes tne coast of Northumbna. not of Scandinavia, it has been A Celtic caldron. MKer-plateci assumed that the poet who wrote the version that has come down i Nl ccnlun, B.C.). to us was Northumbrian.
  • The Making of the Book of Kells: Two Masters and Two Campaigns

    The Making of the Book of Kells: Two Masters and Two Campaigns

    The making of the Book of Kells: two Masters and two Campaigns Vol. I - Text and Illustrations Donncha MacGabhann PhD Thesis - 2015 Institute of English Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London 1 Declaration: I hereby declare that this thesis has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at any other university, and that it is entirely my own work. _________________________________ Donncha MacGabhann 2 Abstract This thesis investigates the number of individuals involved in the making of the Book of Kells. It demonstrates that only two individuals, identified as the Scribe-Artist and the Master-Artist, were involved in its creation. It also demonstrates that the script is the work of a single individual - the Scribe-Artist. More specific questions are answered regarding the working relationships between the book’s creators and the sequence of production. This thesis also demonstrates that the manuscript was created over two separate campaigns of work. The comprehensive nature of this study focuses on all aspects of the manuscript including, script, initials, display-lettering, decoration and illumination. The first part of chapter one outlines the main questions addressed in this thesis. This is followed by a summary of the main conclusions and ends with a summary of the chapter- structure. The second part of chapter one presents a literature review and the final section outlines the methodologies used in the research. Chapter two is devoted to the script and illumination of the canon tables. The resolution of a number of problematic issues within this series of tables in Kells is essential to an understanding of the creation of the manuscript and the roles played by the individuals involved.
  • Tactics of Impression Management: Relative Success on Workplace Relationship Dr Rajeshwari Gwal1 ABSTRACT

    Tactics of Impression Management: Relative Success on Workplace Relationship Dr Rajeshwari Gwal1 ABSTRACT

    The International Journal of Indian Psychology ISSN 2348-5396 (e) | ISSN: 2349-3429 (p) Volume 2, Issue 2, Paper ID: B00362V2I22015 http://www.ijip.in | January to March 2015 Tactics of Impression Management: Relative Success on Workplace Relationship Dr Rajeshwari Gwal1 ABSTRACT: Impression Management, the process by which people control the impressions others form of them, plays an important role in inter-personal behavior. All kinds of organizations consist of individuals with variety of personal characteristics; therefore those are important to manage them effectively. Identifying the behavior manner of each of these personal characteristics, interactions among them and interpersonal relations are on the basis of the impressions given and taken. Understanding one of the important determinants of individual’s social relations helps to get a broader insight of human beings. Employees try to sculpture their relationships in organizational settings as well. Impression management turns out to be a continuous activity among newcomers, used in order to be accepted by the organization, and among those who have matured with the organization, used in order to be influential (Demir, 2002). Keywords: Impression Management, Self Promotion, Ingratiation, Exemplification, Intimidation, Supplication INTRODUCTION: When two individuals or parties meet, both form a judgment about each other. Impression Management theorists believe that it is a primary human motive; both inside and outside the organization (Provis,2010) to avoid being evaluated negatively (Jain,2012). Goffman (1959) initially started with the study of impression management by introducing a framework describing the way one presents them and how others might perceive that presentation (Cole, Rozelle, 2011). The first party consciously chooses a behavior to present to the second party in anticipation of a desired effect.
  • Introduction the Waste-Ern Literary Canon in the Waste-Ern Tradition

    Introduction the Waste-Ern Literary Canon in the Waste-Ern Tradition

    Notes Introduction The Waste-ern Literary Canon in the Waste-ern Tradition 1 . Zygmunt Bauman, Wasted Lives: Modernity and Its Outcasts (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004), 26. 2 . M a r y D o u g las, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (London: Routledge, 1966/2002), 2, 44. 3 . S usan Signe Morrison, E xcrement in the Late Middle Ages: Sacred Filth and Chaucer’s Fecopoeticss (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 153–158. The book enacts what Dana Phillips labels “excremental ecocriticism.” “Excremental Ecocriticism and the Global Sanitation Crisis,” in M aterial Ecocriticism , ed. Serenella Iovino and Serpil Oppermann (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2014), 184. 4 . M o r r i s o n , Excrementt , 123. 5 . Dana Phillips and Heather I. Sullivan, “Material Ecocriticism: Dirt, Waste, Bodies, Food, and Other Matter,” Interdisci plinary Studies in Literature and Environment 19.3 (Summer 2012): 447. “Our trash is not ‘away’ in landfills but generating lively streams of chemicals and volatile winds of methane as we speak.” Jane Bennett, Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things (Durham: Duke University Press, 2010), vii. 6 . B e n n e t t , Vibrant Matterr , viii. 7 . I b i d . , vii. 8 . S e e F i gures 1 and 2 in Vincent B. Leitch, Literary Criticism in the 21st Century: Theory Renaissancee (London: Bloomsbury, 2014). 9 . Pippa Marland and John Parham, “Remaindering: The Material Ecology of Junk and Composting,” Green Letters: Studies in Ecocriticism 18.1 (2014): 1. 1 0 . S c o t t S lovic, “Editor’s Note,” Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 20.3 (2013): 456.
  • Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems – Processes and Practices in the High Seas Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems Processes and Practices in the High Seas

    Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems – Processes and Practices in the High Seas Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems Processes and Practices in the High Seas

    ISSN 2070-7010 FAO 595 FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE TECHNICAL PAPER 595 Vulnerable marine ecosystems – Processes and practices in the high seas Vulnerable marine ecosystems Processes and practices in the high seas This publication, Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems: processes and practices in the high seas, provides regional fisheries management bodies, States, and other interested parties with a summary of existing regional measures to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems from significant adverse impacts caused by deep-sea fisheries using bottom contact gears in the high seas. This publication compiles and summarizes information on the processes and practices of the regional fishery management bodies, with mandates to manage deep-sea fisheries in the high seas, to protect vulnerable marine ecosystems. ISBN 978-92-5-109340-5 ISSN 2070-7010 FAO 9 789251 093405 I5952E/2/03.17 Cover photo credits: Photo descriptions clockwise from top-left: Acanthagorgia spp., Paragorgia arborea, Vase sponges (images courtesy of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada); and Callogorgia spp. (image courtesy of Kirsty Kemp, the Zoological Society of London). FAO FISHERIES AND Vulnerable marine ecosystems AQUACULTURE TECHNICAL Processes and practices in the high seas PAPER 595 Edited by Anthony Thompson FAO Consultant Rome, Italy Jessica Sanders Fisheries Officer FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Rome, Italy Merete Tandstad Fisheries Resources Officer FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Rome, Italy Fabio Carocci Fishery Information Assistant FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Rome, Italy and Jessica Fuller FAO Consultant Rome, Italy FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2016 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
  • Of Emergent Personality Disorder Among Adolescents: the Effect

    Of Emergent Personality Disorder Among Adolescents: the Effect

    Developing a ‘Profile’ of Emergent Personality Disorder Among Adolescents: The Effect on Treatment Outcomes in the IMPACT Adolescent Depression Study Katarzyna Mullan D.Clin.Psy Thesis (Volume 1), 2017 University College London Doctorate in Clinical Psychology Declaration Form I confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signature: Name: Katarzyna Mullan Date: 5th October 2017 OVERVIEW PART I is a systematic review of existing research investigating the relationship between peer victimisation in childhood and subsequent emergence of personality disorder (PD) in adolescence or adulthood. The quality of current evidence and key outcomes are considered, while potential mechanisms that could account for a peer victimisation-PD relationship are explored by drawing on theoretical models of PD development. PART II comprises of an empirical study involving secondary analysis of data from the IMPACT Trial (Goodyer et al, 2016). The study focuses on the development of an emergent Personality Disorder ‘profile’ among adolescents with a diagnosis of major depression, and subsequently exploring whether this profile predicts depression treatment outcomes for young people in terms of depression severity, rates of recovery and withdrawal from treatment. PART III is a critical appraisal of the research process overall. The experience of conducting the research is reflected upon, including how the project developed in the context of the author’s professional, intellectual and personal interests. Strengths and limitations of the research are considered as well as ideas for how it could be expanded in future. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank Professor Peter Fonagy for his unfailing support and encouragement, not only throughout the process of writing the thesis but through the entire course of my clinical training.
  • Restorative Justice and Child Sexual Abuse

    Restorative Justice and Child Sexual Abuse

    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Breaking the Silence: Restorative Justice and Child Sexual Abuse A Thesis Presented In Partial Fulfilment Of The Requirements For The Degree Of Doctor of Philosophy In Social Policy At Massey University, Albany, New Zealand. Shirley Jean JLilich (nee Dawson) 2001 Abstract This research investigated the relationship between justice and child sexual abuse from the perspective of adult survivors. Utilising participant observation, unstructured interviews and fo cus groups within a fe minist framework, 21 adult surviv�rs of child sexual abuse (18 women and 3 men) were consulted to identify issues that were problematic fo r them. In addition, 2 jurors, 1 judge and 2 counsellors were interviewed. The findings indicated that child sexual abuse has been shrouded by a conspiracy of silence, caused partly by deeply entrenched structures within society. These fo rces combined with the complexity of recovery, including the possible impacts of Stockholm Syndrome, and the perceived inability of the criminal justice system to meet their needs, have appeared to silence many survivors of child sexual abuse. A review of the economic consequences and an analysis of the subsequent costs of child sexual abuse have indicated the need to implement programmes that would lessen the burden fo r victims, offenders, their families and the broader society. Survivors cautiously suggested that restorative justice might be sufficiently flexible to encourage victims of child sexual abuse to criminally report, thereby breaking the silence.

  • Anthozoa, Scleractinia, Flabellidae), with a Guide to the Literature, and the Description of Two New Species

    A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 562: 1–48 (2016)A key to the genera and species of the transversely-dividing Flabellidae... 1 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.562.7310 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research A key to the genera and species of the transversely- dividing Flabellidae (Anthozoa, Scleractinia, Flabellidae), with a guide to the literature, and the description of two new species Stephen D. Cairns1 1 Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA Corresponding author: Stephen D. Cairns ([email protected]) Academic editor: B.W. Hoeksema | Received 24 November 2015 | Accepted 12 January 2016 | Published 10 February 2016 http://zoobank.org/D11C6C1E-6EE7-4C8D-A560-331E75947EC8 Citation: Cairns SD (2016) A key to the genera and species of the transversely-dividing Flabellidae (Anthozoa, Scleractinia, Flabellidae), with a guide to the literature, and the description of two new species. ZooKeys 562: 1–48. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.562.7310 Abstract The transversely-dividing flabellids consist of five generaTruncatoflabellum ( , Placotrochides, Blastotrochus, Placotrochus, and Falcatoflabellum) and 45 species. A dichotomous key is provided for these five genera as well as the species of the genus Truncatoflabellum and Placotrochides, the other three genera being monotypic. A tabular key is also provided for the 38 species of Truncatoflabellum. Two new combina- tions are suggested (T. gambierense and T. sphenodeum) and two new species are described (T. duncani and T. mozambiquensis). All but one species are illustrated and accompanied by their known distribution and a guide to the pertinent literature for the species.
  • The Tale of Beowulf

    The Tale of Beowulf

    The Tale of Beowulf William Morris The Tale of Beowulf Table of Contents The Tale of Beowulf............................................................................................................................................1 William Morris........................................................................................................................................2 ARGUMENT...........................................................................................................................................4 THE STORY OF BEOWULF.................................................................................................................6 I. AND FIRST OF THE KINDRED OF HROTHGAR.........................................................................7 II. CONCERNING HROTHGAR, AND HOW HE BUILT THE HOUSE CALLED HART. ALSO GRENDEL IS TOLD OF........................................................................................................................9 III. HOW GRENDEL FELL UPON HART AND WASTED IT..........................................................11 IV. NOW COMES BEOWULF ECGTHEOW'S SON TO THE LAND OF THE DANES, AND THE WALL−WARDEN SPEAKETH WITH HIM.............................................................................13 V. HERE BEOWULF MAKES ANSWER TO THE LAND−WARDEN, WHO SHOWETH HIM THE WAY TO THE KING'S ABODE................................................................................................15 VI. BEOWULF AND THE GEATS COME INTO HART...................................................................17
  • Beowulf to Ancient Greece: It Is T^E First Great Work of a Nationai Literature

    Beowulf to Ancient Greece: It Is T^E First Great Work of a Nationai Literature

    \eowulf is to England what Hcmer's ///ac/ and Odyssey are Beowulf to ancient Greece: it is t^e first great work of a nationai literature. Becwulf is the mythical and literary record of a formative stage of English civilization; it is also an epic of the heroic sources of English cuitu-e. As such, it uses a host of tra- ditional motifs associated with heroic literature all over the world. Liks most early heroic literature. Beowulf is oral art. it was hanaes down, with changes, and embe'lishrnents. from one min- strel to another. The stories of Beowulf, like those of all oral epics, are traditional ones, familiar to tne audiences who crowded around the harp:st-bards in the communal halls at night. The tales in the Beowulf epic are the stories of dream and legend, of monsters and of god-fashioned weapons, of descents to the underworld and of fights with dragons, of the hero's quest and of a community threat- ened by the powers of evil. Beowulf was composed in Old English, probably in Northumbria in northeast England, sometime between the years 700 and 750. The world it depicts, however, is much older, that of the early sixth century. Much of the material of the poem is based on early folk legends—some Celtic, some Scandinavian. Since the scenery de- scribes tne coast of Northumbna. not of Scandinavia, it has been A Celtic caldron. MKer-plateci assumed that the poet who wrote the version that has come down i Nl ccnlun, B.C.). to us was Northumbrian.