From Footnotes to Narrative

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

From Footnotes to Narrative 1 INTRODUCTION LANGUISHING IN THE FOOTNOTES: WOMEN AND WELSH MEDIEVAL HISTORIOGRAPHY The era known as the high Middle Ages, in particular the thirteenth century, was an epochal period for Wales. While the high Middle Ages was a period of cultural transformation in all of western Europe, in Wales it was also a time of great upheaval and complete change, which was to have a greater impact on Welsh society than was experienced by most other medieval societies. In fact, for some, the effects of this upheaval and change in Wales may be described as catastrophic. The thirteenth century has been called the ‘age of the Welsh Princes’. Under the leadership of the rulers of the house of Gwynedd, the Welsh achieved some measure of independence from their English overlords during this century. For a time the native Welsh princes were able to mitigate their characteristic unrelenting internal conflict and factionalism and unite against their Anglo-Norman oppressors.1 Fundamental changes which were to have an overwhelming effect on Wales took place in England during this period. For example, the end of the twelfth and beginning of the thirteenth centuries saw the gradual introduction of the English common law into England, much of which is still in use to this day. The ascension to the English throne in 1272 of Edward I, who unlike his two predecessors was a strong king, was another factor in this upheaval and change which took place in Wales. 1 K. Stokes, The Myth of Wales: Constructions of Ethnicity 1100-1300 (Monash: Monash Publications in History: 27, 1999), p.15. 2 The thirteenth century witnessed the rise to power in Gwynedd of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth (later known as Llywelyn Fawr) and his grandson, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, who both ruled much of Wales until its final conquest by the Anglo-Normans, a process which had taken more than two hundred years to complete. The narrative of the history of this period is dramatic, comprised as it is of wars, of heroic deeds, of conquests, bravery and betrayal. In fact the history of Wales in the thirteenth century, as constructed by modern historians, reads like a ‘boys’ own adventure story’. Dynasties rise and fall and the overall impression is of feudal knights galloping about the countryside and of armies and military campaigns. One is struck by the fact, though, that with one or two rare exceptions, women seem to be totally absent from the scene. In a book published in 1998, Robin Frame, while lamenting the fact that the history of Ireland in the thirteenth century has been largely neglected by scholars, has stated that although ‘… Welsh medieval history shares many themes, including conquest and colonization, with Irish; during the last two generations it [Welsh history] has attracted some of the ablest historians, not just in Wales but in Britain generally.’ 2 Among the reasons given by Frame for the fact that Welsh medieval history has received greater attention by historians is the push by the two Llywelyns of Gwynedd for supremacy over the other Welsh rulers and in effect, their efforts to establish a united Wales. Whatever the reason for the increased interest by twentieth-century historians in medieval Welsh history, the fact remains that when these histories have been written, Welsh women were largely ignored, and did not really form part of the history. When they appear at all, they have usually been relegated to the footnotes to the text in modern historical accounts of the period. In his comprehensive history, R.R. Davies acknowledged that he believed that ‘women’s position in Welsh medieval society was not necessarily as inferior or submissive as the legal 2 R. Frame, Ireland and Britain 1170-1450 (London: The Hambledon Press, 1998), p.1. 3 texts suggest’ and that ‘on the contrary, they often acted on their own initiative – for example, founding churches, commissioning translations of devotional works into Welsh, and that through marriage-alliances women played a prominent part in binding families together’.3 Unfortunately, apart from a few footnotes or asides, he failed to actually include women in the 465 pages of this book. This thesis argues that the daughters, wives and mothers of the perpetrators of the action in the history of Wales played a significant part in the outcomes and it is essential they be recognised. It is gratifying to note that the recent mammoth work of J. Beverley Smith, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd:Prince of Wales, does actually include Welsh noblewomen in the text. A full understanding of Welsh medieval history in the thirteenth century demands recognition of the experience of women, particularly Welsh noblewomen, in that history. Women would have constituted at least fifty per cent of the population of Wales, and the figure was probably higher than fifty per cent when one considers the dangers inherent in this militarist society.4 Their absence from the historical narrative is a glaring oversight. In this thesis I have endeavoured to correct this anomaly in the fascinating history of Wales at this particular period. It has been my aim to trace some coeval Welsh noblewomen with a view to documenting their lives and setting down the contribution they made to the events unfolding in Wales during this often turbulent era. Through the process of scanning the footnotes of the narratives of modern historians and closely researching printed primary sources I have become acquainted with the lives of several interesting, and I believe outstanding, Welsh noblewomen and the role they played in the society 3 R.R. Davies, Conquest, Co-existence, and Change: Wales 1063-1415 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987, pp.128-29. 4 R.R. Davies has said that because of a lack of information we may only guess at the population of Wales in the thirteenth century, but he states that Keith Williams-Jones’s estimate of 300,000 for the whole of Wales at the end of the thirteenth century ‘might not be too wide of the mark’. Compare perhaps one million for Scotland and between four and six million for England at the same date. Davies, Conquest, Co-existence, and Change, p.147. 4 of their day. Even though they have been entirely left out of the historical texts so far, they must now be included in the historical discourse. My aim therefore has been to rescue these women from the footnotes and place them firmly into the history of medieval Wales where they belong. History, until quite recently, was largely written by men, and in the words of Gerda Lerner ‘men have defined their experience as history and have left women out’.5 As she also states, ‘women have been … excluded from political power and … from military decision-making’,6 so it is not surprising that when Welsh political history in the medieval period was written from a male perspective in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it took the form of a narrative of male- centred exploits. Men were just as defined by family relationships in the Middle Ages as women. However, it is only men who are portrayed in the political histories as the agents of politically significant action. We are able to look at the men as part of a social and economic network but the women also were significant because of who their father, mother, sisters and brothers were, and whom they married. They also were performers of action. The insertion of women into history has been a highly visible activity for writers of the medieval history of other parts of western Europe for at least the last three decades.7 No such scholarly 5 G. Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), p.158. 6 Lerner, The Majority Finds Its Past, p.154. 7 For examples see S.M. Stuard, ed., Women in Medieval Society (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1976, S.M. Stuard, ed., Women in Medieval History and Historiography (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987), J. Kirshner and S.F. Wemple, eds., Women of the Medieval World, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), J.C. Parsons, ‘Mothers, Daughters, Marriage, Power: Some Plantagenet Evidence, 1150-1500’ in J.C. Parsons, ed., Medieval Queenship (Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1994), J.C. Ward, ‘The English Noblewoman and Her Family in the Later Middle Ages’ in C. Meek and K. Simms, eds., ‘The Fragility of Her Sex? Medieval Irishwomen in Their European Context (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1996), J.A. Green, The Aristocracy of Norman England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), T. Evergates, ed., Aristocratic Women in Medieval France (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), J.C. Ward, Women in Medieval Europe, 1200-1500 (Harlow: Longman/Pearson Education Limited, 2003), L.E. Mitchell, Portraits of 5 endeavours have been forthcoming concerning Wales. Such work is long overdue about this small corner of western Europe. In 1986 Deirdre Beddoes stated that ‘in Wales, as elsewhere, the writing and study of history has for a very long time omitted women’. She observed that ‘things are changing now’, but also that ‘there is a long way to go,’ and I must agree with her that in the twenty-first century there is still an exceedingly long way to go.8 The publication of Women and Gender in Early Modern Wales in the year 2000 was an attempt to redress the gender balance in Early Modern Welsh history. In his introduction to this book Michael Roberts acknowledges the need of Welsh historians to re-examine the part played ‘by ideas about cultural continuity and a traditional way of life’. Moreover, he also states that an emphasis on women and gender ‘needs to be part of their contribution’.9 He notes that this need applies ‘perhaps especially’ to Wales’s more distant past, which would include the thirteenth century.
Recommended publications
  • Just As the Priests Have Their Wives”: Priests and Concubines in England, 1375-1549
    “JUST AS THE PRIESTS HAVE THEIR WIVES”: PRIESTS AND CONCUBINES IN ENGLAND, 1375-1549 Janelle Werner A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2009 Approved by: Advisor: Professor Judith M. Bennett Reader: Professor Stanley Chojnacki Reader: Professor Barbara J. Harris Reader: Cynthia B. Herrup Reader: Brett Whalen © 2009 Janelle Werner ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT JANELLE WERNER: “Just As the Priests Have Their Wives”: Priests and Concubines in England, 1375-1549 (Under the direction of Judith M. Bennett) This project – the first in-depth analysis of clerical concubinage in medieval England – examines cultural perceptions of clerical sexual misbehavior as well as the lived experiences of priests, concubines, and their children. Although much has been written on the imposition of priestly celibacy during the Gregorian Reform and on its rejection during the Reformation, the history of clerical concubinage between these two watersheds has remained largely unstudied. My analysis is based primarily on archival records from Hereford, a diocese in the West Midlands that incorporated both English- and Welsh-speaking parishes and combines the quantitative analysis of documentary evidence with a close reading of pastoral and popular literature. Drawing on an episcopal visitation from 1397, the act books of the consistory court, and bishops’ registers, I argue that clerical concubinage occurred as frequently in England as elsewhere in late medieval Europe and that priests and their concubines were, to some extent, socially and culturally accepted in late medieval England.
    [Show full text]
  • Welsh Genealogy Pdf Free Download
    WELSH GENEALOGY PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Bruce Durie | 288 pages | 01 Feb 2013 | The History Press Ltd | 9780752465999 | English | Stroud, United Kingdom Welsh Genealogy PDF Book Findmypast also has many other Welsh genealogy records including census returns, the Register, trade directories and newspapers. Judaism has quite a long history in Wales, with a Jewish community recorded in Swansea from around Arthfoddw ap Boddw Ceredigion — Approximately one-sixth of the population, some , people, profess no religious faith whatsoever. Wales Wiki Topics. Owen de la Pole — Brochfael ap Elisedd Powys — Cynan ap Hywel Gwynedd — Retrieved 9 May ". Settlers from Wales and later Patagonian Welsh arrived in Newfoundland in the early 19th century, and founded towns in Labrador 's coast region; in , the ship Albion left Cardigan for New Brunswick , carrying Welsh settlers to Canada; on board were 27 Cardigan families, many of whom were farmers. Media Category Templates WikiProject. Flag of Wales. The high cost of translation from English to Welsh has proved controversial. Maelgwn ap Rhys Deheubarth — Goronwy ap Tudur Hen d. A speaker's choice of language can vary according to the subject domain known in linguistics as code-switching. More Wales Genealogy Record Sources. Dafydd ap Gruffydd — By the 19th century, double names Hastings-Bowen were used to distinguish people of the same surname using a hyphenated mother's maiden name or a location. But if not, take heart because the excellent records kept by our English and Welsh forefathers means that record you need is just am 'r 'n gyfnesaf chornela around the next corner. This site contains a collection of stories, photographs and documents donated by the people of Wales.
    [Show full text]
  • The Height of Its Womanhood': Women and Genderin Welsh Nationalism, 1847-1945
    'The height of its womanhood': Women and genderin Welsh nationalism, 1847-1945 Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Kreider, Jodie Alysa Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 04:59:55 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280621 'THE HEIGHT OF ITS WOMANHOOD': WOMEN AND GENDER IN WELSH NATIONALISM, 1847-1945 by Jodie Alysa Kreider Copyright © Jodie Alysa Kreider 2004 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partia' Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2004 UMI Number: 3145085 Copyright 2004 by Kreider, Jodie Alysa All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3145085 Copyright 2004 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code.
    [Show full text]
  • Hen Wrych Llanddulas Road, Abergele LL22 8EU
    Gwynt y Mor Project Hen Wrych Llanddulas Road, Abergele LL22 8EU !" #$%&%'(%$$(!%!)&%&*'(!*&#+%,(+%#+*-(%' (!%+%*&'*&&*'('./(!%#+#%+(*%& !)&%!*&(+.+%&%+,! 0 " 0" 0 " 123 1 Contents page 1. Building Description 2 2. Early Background History 4 3. 16th Century 8 4. 17th Century 9 5. 18th Century 12 6. 19th Century 14 7. 20th Century 21 8. 21st Century 29 Appendix 1 The Morgans of Golden Grove 30 Appendix 2 The Royal House of Cunedda 31 Appendix 3 The Lloyd family 32 Appendix 4 John Lloyd 1670 Inventory 34 Appendix 5 John Lloyd 1726 Inventory 38 Appendix 6 The Hesketh Family of Gwrych 40 Appendix 7 The Family of Felicity Hemans 42 Acknowledgements With thanks for the support received from the Gwynt y Mor Community Investment Fund. 1 Building Description Hen Wrych , Llanddulas Road, Abergele, LL22 8EU Grade II listed NPRN 308540 OS map ref. SH97NW Grid Reference SH9279178052 www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk Interior Early C19 stick-baluster, single-flight stair to entrance hall with swept pine rail. Stopped-chamfered beamed ceilings to ground and basement floor rooms, that to former hall framed in three ways, that to basement room at L with broach stops and wall corbelling. Corbelling to the front-facing wall of this room relates to a lateral fireplace in the room above. This has a square-headed, ovolo-moulded C17 sandstone surround; a box-framed oak partition to the L is contemporary, the C17 ovolo- moulded doorcase to which has been removed (for storage) by the present owner (5/97). Wide lateral fireplace to hall (rear range) with primary corbelling supporting a C19 plastered brick arch.
    [Show full text]
  • Let's Electrify Scranton with Welsh Pride Festival Registrations
    Periodicals Postage PAID at Basking Ridge, NJ The North American Welsh Newspaper® Papur Bro Cymry Gogledd America™ Incorporating Y DRYCH™ © 2011 NINNAU Publications, 11 Post Terrace, Basking Ridge, NJ 07920-2498 Vol. 37, No. 4 July-August 2012 NAFOW Mildred Bangert is Honored Festival Registrations Demand by NINNAU & Y DRYCH Mildred Bangert has dedicated a lifetime to promote Calls for Additional Facilities Welsh culture and to serve her local community. Now that she is retiring from her long held position as Curator of the By Will Fanning Welsh-American Heritage Museum she was instrumental SpringHill Suites by Marriott has been selected as in creating, this newspaper recognizes her public service additional Overflow Hotel for the 2012 North by designating her Recipient of the 2012 NINNAU American Festival of Wales (NAFOW) in Scranton, CITATION. Read below about her accomplishments. Pennsylvania. (Picture on page 3.) This brand new Marriott property, opening mid-June, is located in the nearby Montage Mountain area and just Welsh-American Heritage 10 minutes by car or shuttle bus (5 miles via Interstate 81) from the Hilton Scranton and Conference Center, the Museum Curator Retires Festival Headquarters Hotel. By Jeanne Jones Jindra Modern, comfortable guest suites, with sleeping, work- ing and sitting areas, offer a seamless blend of style and After serving as curator of the function along with luxurious bedding, a microwave, Welsh-American Heritage for mini-fridge, large work desk, free high-speed Internet nearly forty years, Mildred access and spa-like bathroom. Jenkins Bangert has announced Guest suites are $129 per night (plus tax) and are avail- her retirement.
    [Show full text]
  • Princes of Gwynedd Guidebook
    Princes of Gwynedd Guidebook Discover the legends of the mighty princes of Gwynedd in the awe-inspiring landscape of North Wales PRINCES OF GWYNEDD GUIDEBOOK Front Cover: Criccieth Castle2 © Princes of Gwynedd 2013 of © Princes © Cadw, Welsh Government (Crown Copyright) This page: Dolwyddelan Castle © Conwy County Borough Council PRINCES OF GWYNEDD GUIDEBOOK 3 Dolwyddelan Castle Inside this book Step into the dramatic, historic landscapes of Wales and discover the story of the princes of Gwynedd, Wales’ most successful medieval dynasty. These remarkable leaders were formidable warriors, shrewd politicians and generous patrons of literature and architecture. Their lives and times, spanning over 900 years, have shaped the country that we know today and left an enduring mark on the modern landscape. This guidebook will show you where to find striking castles, lost palaces and peaceful churches from the age of the princes. www.snowdoniaheritage.info/princes 4 THE PRINCES OF GWYNEDD TOUR © Sarah McCarthy © Sarah Castell y Bere The princes of Gwynedd, at a glance Here are some of our top recommendations: PRINCES OF GWYNEDD GUIDEBOOK 5 Why not start your journey at the ruins of Deganwy Castle? It is poised on the twin rocky hilltops overlooking the mouth of the River Conwy, where the powerful 6th-century ruler of Gwynedd, Maelgwn ‘the Tall’, once held court. For more information, see page 15 © Princes of Gwynedd of © Princes If it’s a photo opportunity you’re after, then Criccieth Castle, a much contested fortress located high on a headland above Tremadog Bay, is a must. For more information, see page 15 © Princes of Gwynedd of © Princes If you prefer a remote, more contemplative landscape, make your way to Cymer Abbey, the Cistercian monastery where monks bred fine horses for Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, known as Llywelyn ‘the Great’.
    [Show full text]
  • Consultation on the Establishment of a New All-Age School for Pupils Aged 4-18 in Llanfair Caereinion
    1 Establishment of a new all-age school for pupils aged 4-18 in Llanfair Caereinion Objection Report 1 Consultation on the establishment of a new all-age school for pupils aged 4-18 in Llanfair Caereinion Objection Report Contents 1. OVERVIEW OF THE CONSULTATION .............................................................. 3 2. OBJECTIONS RECEIVED .................................................................................. 3 3. ISSUES RAISED DURING THE OBJECTION PERIOD ..................................... 5 If you require a copy of the document in a different format, please contact the Transforming Education Team on 01597 826618, or e-mail [email protected]. 2 Consultation on the establishment of a new all-age school for pupils aged 4-18 in Llanfair Caereinion Objection Report 1. BACKGROUND Powys County Council consulted on proposals to establish a new all-age school for pupils aged 4-18 in Llanfair Caereinion. The consultation took place from the 13th October 2020 to the 24th November 2020. The Council published a consultation report outlining the findings of the consultation exercise. On 16th February 2021, the Council’s Cabinet agreed to proceed with the proposal, and Statutory Notices were published from the 23rd February 2021 to the 23rd March 2021. The proposals were as follows: From 31 August 2022: i) The Council proposes to discontinue the following two schools which are maintained by Powys County Council: Llanfair Caereinion Community Primary School/Ysgol Gynradd Llanfair Caereinion, Llanfair Caereinion, Welshpool, Powys, SY21 0SF (“Llanfair Caereinion C.P. School”); Caereinion High School, Llanfair Caereinion, Welshpool, Powys, SY21 0HW. From 1 September 2022: i) The Council proposes to establish a new bilingual community school maintained by Powys County Council for boys and girls aged 4-18 years old, that will operate on the current sites of Llanfair Caereinion C.P.
    [Show full text]
  • Community No
    FINAL PROPOSALS Community No. M25 - LLANFIHANGEL Introduction 1. The present community of Llanfihangel lies in the Montgomeryshire hill country, where the terrain rarely rises above 1,000 feet. A number of watercourses and their valleys criss-cross the community: to the south the upper reaches of the river Efyrnwy and its small tributaries the nentydd Dolwar and Llwydiarth, and in the north the valley of the nant Alan. Likewise, a number of routes criss-cross the landscape: the B4382, B4395 and the B4393 being the main, with all but the latter, which leads to Lake Vyrnwy, being of little more than local importance. Llanfihangel and Dolanog are defined as small villages in the Powys Unitary Development Plan. The remainder of the population of this community lives in scattered farms and dwellings and in the rural settlement of Pont Llogel (Llwydiarth). 2. The community has a population of 516, an electorate of 410 (2005) and a council of 8 members. The precept required for 2005 is £3,200, representing a Council Tax Band D equivalent of £12.81. 3. In the 1986 Review the Local Government Boundary Commission for Wales redrew the southern boundary of this community to include the settlement of Dolanog and its surrounding area within the new community of Llanfihangel. This entailed a number of transfers of areas to the new community: an area to the south of the settlement and including Gwaenynog, Tirdu and Gartheilin from the then communities of Llanfair Caereinion and Llangyniew, an area to the west of the settlement at Penisacyffin and taking in the wall of the Efynrnwy valley from the then communities of Llanerfyl and Llangadfan, and an area to the east of the settlement at Wern-y-wig and Glan-yr-afon-uchaf from the then community of Llangyniew.
    [Show full text]
  • Llywelyn the Last
    LLYWELYN THE LAST KEY STAGE 3 Medieval Wales was a place of warring kings who often met violent deaths, sometimes at the hands of members of their own family! These struggles were usually over local power and influence. All these rulers thought of themselves as Welsh, but their main concern was usually their own small kingdom (and staying alive long enough to help it flourish). The fortunes of these different Welsh kingdoms had risen and fallen over time, but in the thirteenth century the land of Gwynedd in north-west Wales became particularly powerful under the leadership of Llywelyn Fawr (‘Llywelyn the Great’). A skilled military leader, he defeated many rival Welsh rulers and at his death controlled much of Wales. Gwynedd’s power would reach its height, however, under Llywelyn Fawr’s grandson, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (‘Llywelyn the Last’). Llywelyn ap Gruffudd conquered several Welsh kingdoms, and soon claimed to be ruler over the whole of Wales, calling himself ‘Prince of Wales’. Many Welsh leaders swore loyalty to Llywelyn and recognised his authority, although even now some Welsh lords opposed him. The troubles experienced by a weakened English crown at this time saw Henry III sign the Treaty of Montgomery in 1267 which recognised Llywelyn’s title as Prince of Wales and ensured it would be passed on to his successors. ‘Wales’ now had a leader and a hereditary office he could occupy. Llywelyn had squeezed concessions out of Henry III who was a relatively ineffective English king, but the next king, Edward, was a different prospect. Edward I came to the throne in 1272.
    [Show full text]
  • A Welsh Classical Dictionary
    A WELSH CLASSICAL DICTIONARY DACHUN, saint of Bodmin. See s.n. Credan. He has been wrongly identified with an Irish saint Dagan in LBS II.281, 285. G.H.Doble seems to have been misled in the same way (The Saints of Cornwall, IV. 156). DAGAN or DANOG, abbot of Llancarfan. He appears as Danoc in one of the ‘Llancarfan Charters’ appended to the Life of St.Cadog (§62 in VSB p.130). Here he is a clerical witness with Sulien (presumably abbot) and king Morgan [ab Athrwys]. He appears as abbot of Llancarfan in five charters in the Book of Llandaf, where he is called Danoc abbas Carbani Uallis (BLD 179c), and Dagan(us) abbas Carbani Uallis (BLD 158, 175, 186b, 195). In these five charters he is contemporary with bishop Berthwyn and Ithel ap Morgan, king of Glywysing. He succeeded Sulien as abbot and was succeeded by Paul. See Trans.Cym., 1948 pp.291-2, (but ignore the dates), and compare Wendy Davies, LlCh p.55 where Danog and Dagan are distinguished. Wendy Davies dates the BLD charters c.A.D.722 to 740 (ibid., pp.102 - 114). DALLDAF ail CUNIN COF. (Legendary). He is included in the tale of ‘Culhwch and Olwen’ as one of the warriors of Arthur's Court: Dalldaf eil Kimin Cof (WM 460, RM 106). In a triad (TYP no.73) he is called Dalldaf eil Cunyn Cof, one of the ‘Three Peers’ of Arthur's Court. In another triad (TYP no.41) we are told that Fferlas (Grey Fetlock), the horse of Dalldaf eil Cunin Cof, was one of the ‘Three Lovers' Horses’ (or perhaps ‘Beloved Horses’).
    [Show full text]
  • The National and Community Averages Being 228 And
    19 . 5 . 75 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 128/231 COUNCIL DIRECTIVE of 28 April 1975 concerning the Community list of less-favoured farming areas within the meaning of Directive No 75/268/EEC (United Kingdom ) (75/276/EEC ) THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, 75% of the national average (£ 1 072 and £ 1 436 respectively); Having regard to the Treaty establishing the Euro­ pean Economic Community ; Whereas the index relating to the low population density referred to in Article 3 ( 4) ( c ) of Directive Having regard to Council Directive No 75/268/ No 75/268/EEC does not exceed 36 inhabitants per EEC (*) of 28 April 1975 on mountain and hill square kilometre ( the national and Community farming and farming in certain less-favoured areas , averages being 228 and 168 inhabitants per square and in particular Article 2 ( 2 ) thereof ; kilometre respectively ; whereas the minimum propor­ tion of the working population engaged in agriculture as a percentage of the total working population is Having regard to the proposal from the Commission ; 19% ( the national and Community averages being 3-08 and 9-58 % respectively); Having regard to the Opinion of the European Parliament ; "Whereas the nature and level of the abovementioned indices, utilized by the Government of the United Having regard to the Opinion of the Economic and Kingdom to define the areas notified to the Commis­ Social Committee ( 2 ); sion , corresponds to the characteristics of less favoured farming areas referred to in Article 3 (4) of Whereas the United
    [Show full text]
  • Bangor University DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY Image and Reality In
    Bangor University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Image and Reality in Medieval Weaponry and Warfare: Wales c.1100 – c.1450 Colcough, Samantha Award date: 2015 Awarding institution: Bangor University Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 24. Sep. 2021 BANGOR UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF HISTORY, WELSH HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY Note: Some of the images in this digital version of the thesis have been removed due to Copyright restrictions Image and Reality in Medieval Weaponry and Warfare: Wales c.1100 – c.1450 Samantha Jane Colclough Note: Some of the images in this digital version of the thesis have been removed due to Copyright restrictions [i] Summary The established image of the art of war in medieval Wales is based on the analysis of historical documents, the majority of which have been written by foreign hands, most notably those associated with the English court.
    [Show full text]