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The Height of Its Womanhood': Women and Genderin Welsh Nationalism, 1847-1945

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The Height of Its Womanhood': Women and Genderin Welsh Nationalism, 1847-1945 'The height of its womanhood': Women and genderin Welsh nationalism, 1847-1945 Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Kreider, Jodie Alysa Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 04:59:55 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280621 'THE HEIGHT OF ITS WOMANHOOD': WOMEN AND GENDER IN WELSH NATIONALISM, 1847-1945 by Jodie Alysa Kreider Copyright © Jodie Alysa Kreider 2004 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partia' Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2004 UMI Number: 3145085 Copyright 2004 by Kreider, Jodie Alysa All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3145085 Copyright 2004 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ~) The University of Arizona ® Graduate College As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by .Inriie Alysa Kreirier entitled "'The Height of its Womanhood': Women and Gender in Welsh Nationalism. 1S47 -1945" and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy * (JXAjJk- jdAugust asdV Laura Tabili. Ph.D. dM i«! i C^de^/V—^ RichartKCosgfove Ph.D. dateHnr* 0 U'f-tf —X-d-cft Alison Futrelf, Ph.D. date date date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ' /a u<s / jpd y Dissertation Director: Laura Tabili, PfuD 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation is the culmination of over a decade of study at the University of Arizona. The mentoring and guidance received from a number of people helped guide this project to completion and made my graduate school experiences both challenging and enjoyable. The Department of History at the University of Arizona provided wide- ranging forms of support for this project. Financial support including a number of Travel grants, the Hesketh Scholarship and the Turville Dissertation Completion Grant from the Department of History allowed me to complete my research in Britain and my writing in Arizona. Donna Watson, Pat Alger, Gina Wasson, Cynthia Malbrough and the rest of the office staff have always offered help, guidance, and enjoyable conversation upon request. The faculty of the Department of History have always been supportive. Professor Richard Cc ;grove provided me with excellent opportunities to develop my skills as both a Teaching Assistant, lecturer, and scholar, as well as stepping in to teach my class during an extended family crisis. He and his wife Loretta graciously welcomed me into their home on any number of occasions. Professor Alison Futrell as an instructor challenged me to extend my knowledge both geographically and back into the historical record. She has provided a model of scholarship, teaching, and service, and I aspire to master her balancing of the demands of academia with travel, recreation, and the ability to enjoy her life. Finally I must wholeheartedly thank my mentor and advisor, Professor Laura Tabili. Her unflagging energy, dedication, and challenging support of my work and my career have made my tenure at the University of Arizona a joy to experience I hope to be as excellent a mentor, scholar, and teacher as she in my own career. I must also thank the British Federation of Women Graduates for their Theodora Bosanquet Bursary which supplied me with housing in London, and the Phi Alpha Theta national organization for their Doctoral Scholarship. The staffs at the British Library, Public Record Office, the Newspaper Library-Colindale, and National Library of Wales provided me with wonderful service during my research in their institutions. John and Sheila Rowlands provided housing, support, and colleagues to discuss Welsh matters during my stay in Aberystwyth. Finally Karl Davies of Plaid Cymru-The Nationalist Party of Wales granted me access to the Plaid Cymru Archive at the National Library of Wales. Finally I must thank my family, friends and colleagues who have supported me in any number of ways over the past years. My colleagues Meghan Winchell, Jerry Pierce. Laura Shelton, H. Michael Gelfand, Michelle Berry, Sharon Bailey-Glasco, Jeff Glasco and Charles Bccm all provided challenging feedback during classes and support in our dissertators group. My fellow students attended innumerable happy hours at my request where I learned as much from them as I ever did in classes. 1 thank them all for helping me enjoy my graduate career. My family has been incredibly supportive and understanding, especially my mother Nancy, who did not see this project completed. The rest of my family has made the completion of this project a true memorial to her, and I thank my brother Scot, father Marlin, Uncles, Aunts and cousins for helping me celebrate. For my mother, Nancy Wenger Kreider Teacher, feminist, athlete, collector, and traveler Who always encouraged me to have adventures and showed me how it was done 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 7 INTRODUCTION 8 CHAPTER ONE: 'Ill-educated, dirty, unchaste and potentially Rebellious The Blue Book Book Reports of 1847, Welsh masculinity, and the silenced Welsh woman 25 CHAPTER TWO: Good Wives, Welsh Flannel, and the tall peaked hat: YGymraes and Welsh nationalist ideology 63 CHAPTER THREE: 'Daughters of Cambria, Mothers of GwaliaWelsh masculinity and womanhood in Welsh Nationalist Periodicals. 1880-1914 90 CHAPTER FOUR: 'The Backbone of the NationWomen and Gender in Plaid Cymru.1925-1945 159 CONCLUSION: 191 REFERENCES: 197 7 ABSTRACT This dissertation places gender at the center of multiple articulations of power that constituted the imperial relationship between Wales and England, as well as the self- fashioning development of Welsh nationalism between 1847 and 1945. Research in both Welsh and English language sources and the materials of Plaid Cymru: he Nationalist Party of Wales reveals that Welsh women, as both ideological symbols and actors, played crucial roles in the formation of Welsh nationalism. This dissertation challenges the notion of a homogenous 'British' identity during the nineteenth century, placing Welsh nationalism firmly within a larger comparative framework of imperial and post-colonial movements, particularly using gender to constituting power relationships between various groups of men. Yet Welsh nationalism differed from other movements in that no major articulation of feminist agendas occurred within the nationalist movement between 1880-1945, particularly within Plaid Cymru. The conservative gender roles disseminated by nationalist groups based itself instead on hegemonic Victorian English gender roles of the early nineteenth century as outlined in the periodical Y Gymraes, syncretically combined with an emphasis on Welsh women as primary communicators and representatives of Welsh culture via their weaving and wearing of flannel and the pointed Welsh hat. Both practices sprang from nationalist fervor of Lady Llanover, often dismissed as a dilettante. These themes dominated nationalist publications and party doctrine until 1945, despite women's contributions of labor and financial support that kept Plaid Cymru viable during its formative decades. 8 INTRODUCTION Despite the failure of the 1979 referendum on devolution, Welsh nationalism has not gone away, as demonstrated by the founding of the Welsh National Assembly in 2000. The complexities of both political and cultural Welsh nationalism must be traced back to the imperial debates of 1847 and after in order to understand the present movements towards Welsh autonomy. This study seeks to place gender at the center of the multiple articulations of power that made up the imperial relationship between Wales and England, as well as the self-fashioning
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