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ABBREVIATIONS A. GENERAL Most of these call for no explanation, as they are in everyday use. The reader has already been warned that 'q.v.' does not invariably imply that there is a separate article on the person so indicated—in several instances he must be sought in the general article on his family. Again, the editor has not troubled to insert a 'q.v.' automatically after the name of a person who is so very well known that the reader may confidently assume that the book contains an article on him. Dates (of birth or death) left unqueried may be assumed to rest on authority: whether the authority is invariably correct is another matter. Dates queried indicate that we are merely told (on good authority) that the person concerned, say, 'died at the age of 64'. The form '1676/7' is used for the weeks of 1 January- 25 March in the years preceding the reform of the calendar by the Act of 1751. The 'Sir' (in Welsh, 'Syr') prefixed to a cleric's name in the older period is in practice merely the 'Rev.' of later times. Strictly speaking, it implied that the cleric had not taken the degree of M.A. (when he would have become 'Mr.', or in Welsh 'Mastr'); a 'Sir' might be a B.A., or an undergraduate, or indeed quite frequently a man who had never been near a university. It will be remembered that Shakespeare has 'Sir Hugh Evans' or, again, 'Sir Nathaniel, a curate'. B. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL Sir John Lloyd had issued to contributors a leaflet prescribing the abbreviations to be used in referring to 'a selection of the works most likely to be cited', adding 'contributors will abbreviate the titles of other works, but the abbreviations should not be such as to furnish no clue at all to the reader when read without context'. The very first entry below suggests that contributors have not invariably observed this last salutary injunction. But, apart from that, contributors have naturally not necessarily abbreviated uniformly when citing a particular work. It has therefore seemed best to print a reasonably full index to these abbreviations, and such an index was very kindly compiled by Mr. B. G. Owens, now Keeper of Manuscripts at the National Library of Wales; we are greatly indebted to Mr. Owens for this hard and exacting piece of work. The works are cited in the language in which they were written. The abbreviation 'N.L.W.' refers to the National Library of Wales; its important 'Peniarth' and 'Llanstephan' collections of manuscripts are indicated as 'Pen.' and 'Llanst.'. The Library of the University College of North Wales at Bangor has by some contributors been denoted by 'U.C.N.W.'; its manuscripts are listed as, say, 'Bangor MS. 2408', except when they belong to special categories such as 'Baron Hill' or 'Penrhyn'. And, of course, 'B.M.' is the British Museum Library. A.B. Lhuyd, Edward: Archaeologia Britannica, 1707. Add. Morris Letters . Cymm., xlix. A.P.C. Acts of the Privy Council. Record Commission, 1834-7; Record Publications, 1890 ff. Account (Acct.) . Calamy, Edmund: An account of the ministers . ejected, 1660-2. Acta S.S. Boll. Acta Sanctorum Bollandiana, 1643 ff. xxxvi ABBREVIATIONS Acta S.S. Hib. Cogan, John: Acta Sanctorum Hiberniae. Irish MSS. Commission, 1947. Acta S.S. O.S.B. Mabillon, J.: Acta Sanctorum ordinis Sancti Benedicti, 1668, etc. Acts and Mons. Foxe, John: Acts and Monuments of these latter and perilous days, 1563, etc. Acts and , Ordinances) . Firth, C. H and Rait, R. S. (ed.): Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642-1660, 1911. Acts of the Bishops of Bradney, J. A.: Acts of the Bishops of Llandaff, Books Llandajfj i-iv. Llandaff Records, vol. ii-iv, 1908-12. Add. M.L. Owen, Hugh (ed.): Additional Letters of the Morrises (.Addl. Morris Letters) of Anglesey (1735-86). Cymm., xlix, 1947-9. Adgof uwch Anghof Jones, John (Myrddin Fardd): 'Adgof uwch Anghof.' Llythyrau lluaws o Brif Enwogion Cymru, 1883. Adm. to See Middle Temple (Reg. of) Adm. to .. Middle Temple. Alawon fy JVgwlad Bennett, Nicholas, and Evans, D. Emlyn : Alawon fy JVgwlad, 1896. Alb(um) Aberhonddu Stephens, T. (ed.): Album Aberhonddu . o'r flwyddyn 1755 hyd 1880, 1898. Alumni Cantab. Venn, J., and J. A.: Alumni Cantabrigienses; two series: (a) to 1751, four volumes; (b) 1752-1900 (four volumes). Usually cited alphabetically. Alumni Ox(on). Foster, J.: Alumni Oxonienses, 1891-2; two series: (a) to 1714 (two volumes), (b) 1715-1886 (two volumes). Amer. Hist. Rev. American Historical Review, 1895 ff. Anal. Boll. Analecta Bollandiana, 1882 ff. Ancient Correspondence . Edwards, J. Goronwy: Calendar of Ancient Corres¬ pondence concerning Wales, 1935. Ancient Meeting Houses. Pike, G. H.: Ancient Meeting-Houses; or Memorial Pictures of Nonconformity in London, 1870. Anglesey Inventory See Inv. Angl. Ann. Bret. Annates de Bretagne, 1886 ff. Ann. C. Williams, J. (Ab Ithel) (ed.): Annates Cambriae. Rolls Series, 1860. (Reference is also made to the section of the Annates edited by Egerton Phillimore in Cymm., ix.) Ann. Trop. Medicine and Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 1907 ff. Parasit. Annates Monastici Annales Monastici. Rolls Series, 1864. Arch. Camb. Archaeologia Cambrensis, 1846 ff. Some contributors have cited this by volume in the various Series (Series I, 1843—8; Series II, 1850—4-; Series III, 1855-69; Series IV, 1870-83; Series V, 1884-1900; Series VI, 1901-20; Series VII, 1921 ff); others have given the year of the volume cited. Arch. Jnl. Archaeological Journal, 1844 ff. Arch. Rom. Archivum Romanicum. ABBREVIATIONS xxxvii Areithiau Pros Jones, D. Gwenallt (ed.): Tr Areithiau Pros, 1934. Asaph {Em. W.) Roberts, T. R. (Asaph): Eminent Welshmen, 1908. Ashton See H. Lien. Gym{r). Assize Roll See Welsh Assize Roll. Assoc. of Welsh Clergy Reports of the Proceedings of the Association of Welsh . Reports Clergy in the West Riding of the County of York, 1853?-6. Athen. Cant{ab). Cooper, C. H., and T.: Athenae Cantabrigienses, 1858- 1913. Athen. Oxon. {Ath. Wood, Anthony A. (ed. P. Bliss): Athenae Oxonienses, Oxon., Athenae) 1813-20. Sometimes cited in the first (1691—2) edn. Awduron Sir Ddinbych . Williams, Owen : Awduron Sir Ddinbych. Llyfryddiaeth Sir Ddinbych, part 3, 1937. B.B.C.S. Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, 1921 ff. B.M. Cat. P.B. {B.M. British Museum. Catalogue of Printed Books, 1882 ff. Catalogue) B.T. Bruty Tywysogion. B.T. {Pen. 20) . Jones, Thomas (ed.): Brut y Tywysogion, Peniarth MS. 20, 1941 The Bapt. Ann. Reg. Baptist Annual Register [1793-1802]. Bapt. Bibliog. Whitley, W. T.: A Baptist Bibliography, 1917-22. Bapt. Hdbk. Baptist Handbook, 1860 ff. Bapt. Mag. The Baptist Magazine, 1809-1904. Bapt. Times Baptist Times, 1885 ff. Barddoniaeth Wiliam Morrice, J. C. (ed.): Barddoniaeth Wiliam Llyn, 1908. Llyn Bed. Deheubarth {Bed. Jones, D.: Hanes y Bedyddwyr yn Neheubarth Cymru, Deheudir [eic.\ ) 1839. Beirddy Bala Beirddy Bala, ed. O. M. Edwards, 1911. Beirniad, T (1) 1859-71; (2) 1911-19. Bible in Wales, The [Ballinger, John (ed.)]: The Bible in Wales, 1906. Bibliog. Diet. Eng. Cath. Gillow, Joseph : A Literary and Biographical History or Biographical Dictionary of the English Catholics, c. 1895- 1902. Biog. Diet. Evans, Joseph : Biographical Dictionary of Ministers and Preachers of the Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Body . to the close of the year 1850, 1907. Biog. Dram. Baker, D. E.: Biographia Dramatica, 1812. Bk. Tal. Evans, J. Gwenogvryn (ed.): Facsimile and Text of the Book of Taliesin, 1910. Blackwell Blackwell, Henry: 'Dictionary of Welsh Biography.' 27 vols., N.L.W. MSS. 9251-77. Blodau Arfon Owen, David (Dewi Wyn o Eifion): Blodau Arfon, 1842; Attodiad . (ed. R. Ellis), 1869. xxxviii ABBREVIATIONS Blodau Dyfed Howell, John (loan ab Hywel or loan Glan- dyfroedd) (ed.): Blodau Dyfed, 1824. Blodeu-Gerdd (Cymru) . Jones, David (Dewi Fardd): Blodeu-Gerdd Cymry, 1759; other edns. 1779, etc. Blondel Blondel, R. (ed. J. Stevenson): De Reductione Normanniae. Rolls Series, 1863. Blyn. Cyntaf Meth. Bennett, R.: Blynyddoedd cyntaf Methodistiaeth, 1909. Bodl.J. Walker John Walker manuscripts in Bodleian Library, Oxford; he published An attempt towards recovering an account of the .. sufferings of the clergy, 1714. Br. Acad. Proc. See Proc. of the Brit. Acad. Br. SS. (L.B.S.) Baring-Gould, S., and Fisher, J.: The Lives of the British Saints. Cymmrodorion Society, 1907-13. See Monmouthshire. Bradney . Brasenose Coll. Reg. Brasenose College Register, 1509-1909. Oxford Historical Society, 1909. Br(it). Med. Jnl., British Medical Journal, 1857 ff. B.M.J. Broadmead Records . Reference is made to two editions, by E. B. Underhill, 1847, and Nathaniel Haycroft, 1865. Reference is also made to Addenda B (pp. 511-9 in 1847 ed.). Bull. Inst, of Hist. Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 1923 ff. Research Burke Burke's . Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, 1938; Burke's Landed Gentry, 1952. Byr-Gofiant, etc. Evans, John: Byr-gofiant am naw a deugain o Weinidogion Ymadawedig sir Aberteifi, 1894; Tr Ail Fyr-Gofiant [1908]; T Trydydd Byr-Gofiant, 1913. Byr-Hanes Cymry Man- Williams, Ionawryn: Geiriadur Bywgraffiadol, yn ceinion (Cymry Man- cynnwys Byr-hanes y Cymry mwyaf adnabyddus fuont yn ceinion) preswylio yn Manceinion. [1896.] Byw. Cerdd. Cymr. Jones, M. O.: Bywgraffiaeth Cerddorion Cymreig. National Eisteddfod Association publication, 1890. Bywyd a Llythyrau Lewis Edwards, T. C.: Bywyd a Llythyrau Lewis Edwards. Edwards 1901. C. and D. Herald Carnarvon and Denbigh Herald, 1832 ff. The C.J. (Commons Jnls.) . Journals of the House of Commons, 1547 ff. C.Ll.H. (Ll.H.) Williams, Ifor: Canu Llywarch Hen, 1935. C.M. Archives . Calvinistic Methodist Archives in the National Library of Wales. C.M. Diary The Diary ('Dyddiadur') of the Calvinistic Methodists (published annually). C.R.
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    STRANGE AND TERRIBLE WONDERS: CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE EARLY MODERN WORLD A Dissertation by CHRISTOPHER RYAN GILSON Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, Chester S. L. Dunning Committee Members, R. J. Q. Adams Joseph G. Dawson III Peter J. Hugill Head of Department, David Vaught August 2015 Major Subject: History Copyright 2015 Christopher R. Gilson ABSTRACT The study of climate and climatic change began during the Little Ice Age of the early modern world. Beginning in the sixteenth century, European clerics, scientists, and natural philosophers penned detailed observations of the era’s unusually cool and stormy weather. Scouring the historical record for evidence of similar phenomena in the past, early modern scholars concluded that the climate could change. By the eighteenth century, natural philosophers had identified at least five theories of climatic change, and many had adopted some variation of an anthropogenic explanation. The early modern observations described in this dissertation support the conclusion that cool temperatures and violent storms defined the Little Ice Age. This dissertation also demonstrates that modern notions of climate change are based upon 400 years of rich scholarship and spirited debate. This dissertation opens with a discussion of the origins of “climate” and meteorology in ancient Greek and Roman literature, particularly Aristotle’s Meteorologica. Although ancient scholars explored notions of environmental change, climate change—defined as such—was thought impossible. The translation and publication of ancient texts during the Renaissance contributed to the reexamination of nature and natural variability.