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England in Europe English Royal Women and Literary Patronage, C.1000–C.1150

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England in Europe English Royal Women and Literary Patronage, C.1000–C.1150 England in Europe English Royal WomEn and literaRy PatRonagE, c.1000–c.1150 Elizabeth M. Tyler ENGLAND IN EUROPE English Royal Women and Literary Patronage, c. 1000–c. 1150 Queen Emma, wife of King Æthelred II and of King Cnut, receives the book Encomium Emmae reginae. British Library Add. 33241 England in Europe English Royal Women and Literary Patronage, c. 1000–c. 1150 ELIZABETH M. TYLER UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS Toronto Buffalo London © University of Toronto Press 2017 Toronto Buffalo London www.utppublishing.com Printed in the U.S.A. ISBN 978-1-4426-4072-6 Printed on acid-free, 100% post-consumer recycled paper Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Tyler, E.M. (Elizabeth M.), 1965–, author England in Europe : English royal women and literary patronage, c.1000–c.1150 / Elizabeth M. Tyler. (Toronto Anglo-Saxon series; 23) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4426-4072-6 (cloth) 1. Emma, Queen, consort of Canute I, King of England, –1052. 2. Edith, Queen, consort of Edward, King of England, approximately 1020–1075. 3. Encomium Emmae Reginae. 4. Vie d’Edouard le Confesseur. 5. Women – England – History – Middle Ages, 500–1500. 6. Literary patrons – England – History – Middle Ages, 500–1500. 7. Politics and literature – History – Middle Ages, 500–1500. 8. European literature – English influences. 9. Queens – Great Britain – Biography. 10. Normans – Great Britain – Biography. I. Title. II. Series: Toronto Anglo-Saxon series ; 23 DA160.T95 2017 942.01'90922 C2017-900131-0 CC-BY-NC-ND This work is published subject to a Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivative License. For permission to publish commercial versions please contact University of Tor onto Press. University of Toronto Press gratefully acknowledges the financial assistance of the Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto, in the publication of this book. University of Toronto Press acknowledges the financial assistance to its publishing program of the Canada Council for the Arts and the Ontario Arts Council, an agency of the Government of Ontario. Funded by the Financé par le Government gouvernement of Canada du Canada In memory of my grandmother, Mary Elizabeth Reed, and my mother, Kathleen, and for my aunts, Mary Elizabeth, Louise, Rosi, Barbara, Patricia, and Helen Contents Note on Translations and Referencing ix Acknowledgments xi List of Abbreviations xv Geneaological Table xvii Introduction 3 1 Vernacular Foundations 20 2 Fictions of Family: The Encomium Emmae reginae and Virgil’s Aeneid 51 3 Talking about History: The Encomium Emmae reginae and the Court of Harthacnut 101 4 The Politics of Allusion in Eleventh-Century England: Classical Poets and the Vita Ædwardi 135 5 Reading through the Conquest 202 6 The Women of 1066 260 7 Edith Becomes Matilda 302 Conclusion: Endings and Beginnings 354 Bibliography 367 Index 415 Note on Translations and Referencing Published translations have been used where available and emended as nec- essary. The aim is to facilitate, for readers who may be familiar with one or two of the languages (Latin, Old English, or Old French used), access to the full texts. Full details of a translation are provided in the bibliogra- phy following the reference to the edition of the original text. To facilitate cross-referencing between the original text and the translation, I have pro- vided, where possible, references to books, chapters, and line numbers (in preference to page numbers, which are used only when necessary). Acknowledgments It is a great pleasure to acknowledge the many debts I have incurred in the writing of England in Europe. This book has taken me far into new areas and would not have been possible without the intellectual generosity, insights, gentle admonitions, and patient listening of many friends and col- leagues. Julia Barrow, Stephen Baxter, Timothy Bolton, Stephen Church, Catherine Clarke, Richard Dance, Marilynn Desmond, Ziad Elmarsafy, Richard Gameson, Simon Gaunt, Jane Gilbert, Joanna Huntingdon, Ellen Joyce, Matthew Kempshall, Simon Keynes, Clare Lees, Roy Liuzza, Rosalind Love, Nicola Morato, Carole Newlands, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Bruce O’Brien, Emma O’Loughlin Bérat, Monika Otter, Christine Phillips, Lucy Pick, Christian Raffensperger, Geoff Rector, Felicitas Schmieder, Pauline Stafford, Eric Stanley, Carol Symes, Nicholas Watson, and Bjorn Weiler have all helped me to learn new material and listened to the argu- ments developed here. Christopher Baswell and Elaine Treharne offered encouragement at crucial points in the early stages of this project, helping me to see the argument of the book and its significance. In the final stages Elisabeth van Houts, Wim Verbaal, and Jocelyn Wogan-Browne read a full draft and convinced me that it was finished; I will always be grateful for that. Angela Wingfield’s and Laura Napran’s care with the typescript saved me from many errors and much frustration. At University of Toronto Press Andy Orchard and Suzanne Rancourt backed this project from the start, and I remain grateful to them for their continued support as the book grew in length and depth, and deadlines passed; and I am grateful for the care with which Barb Porter shepherded the book from typescript to pub- lication. The incisive comments of the readers for the press guided my final revisions. Many thanks are also due to the Centre for Medieval Studies at the University of Toronto for meeting the cost of the book’s subvention. xii Acknowledgments I was very fortunate to write this book at the University of York, which provided a rich and supportive intellectual environment and valued a book that took many years to write, following many detours and finding new destinations along the way. Friends and colleagues in the Department of English and Related Literature and the Centre for Medieval Studies (CMS) have nurtured the twin loves of poetry and history writing on which this book rests. I am especially grateful to Derek Attridge, Tim Ayers, Henry Bainton, John Barrell, Jacques Berthoud, Katy Cubitt, Helen Fulton, Hugh Haughton, Amanda Lillie (and Michael Fend), Linne Mooney, Mark Ormrod, Richard Rowland, Michele Vescovi, and Sethina Watson. Thomas O’Donnell, Nicola McDonald, Alastair Minnis, Felicity Riddy, Matthew Townend, and Jocelyn Wogan-Browne will, I am sure, recognize their incalculable influences on the book’s intellectual landscape. I am grateful to graduate students from both the Department of English and CMS who have taken my “England in Europe” course over the years; I have learned much from their probing questions, fresh perspectives, and occasional dissatisfactions. My research has been deeply shaped by long collaboration with Lars Boje Mortensen. Our shared interests in medieval literature across lan- guages and political boundaries led to the establishment of, first, the Inter- faces Network and, then, with Christian Høgel, the Centre for Medieval Literature, funded by the Danish National Research Foundation. The wide European horizons and challenges of Interfaces and the Centre for Medi- eval Literature underpin every chapter of this book. I have been especially grateful for the intellectual companionship of Panagiotis Agapitos, Henry Bainton, Paolo Borsa, Venetia Bridges, Kenneth Clarke, Rita Copeland, Jeroen Deploige, Jane Gilbert, Mayke de Jong, Karla Mallette, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Francine Mora-Lebrun, Thomas O’Donnell, Francesco Stella, Wim Verbaal, David Wallace, and George Younge. I have benefited from substantial leave, in addition to regular research terms, over the course of writing this book. The award of a university an- niversary lectureship in 2004, which brought a year’s research leave, al- lowed the project’s foundations to be laid. Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) leave enabled a first draft to be finished in 2009–10, just as the new manuscript of the Encomium Emmae reginae and the lost poem from the Vita Ædwardi appeared; my thanks are also due to the AHRC for its acceptance of the subsequent deferred completion of this book. The final years of writing were supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (project number DNRF102), via the Centre for Medieval Literature. Acknowledgments xiii Friends and family have been great company and sustenance over the years: Elizabeth Gatland, Stephanie Hanson, Ellen Joyce, Nicola McDonald, Lars Boje Mortensen, Thomas O’Donnell, Felicitas Schmieder, Chris Teesdale, Jocelyn Wogan-Browne, my brother, Sam Tyler, and my father, Richard Tyler, and all my cousins. My sons, Ben and Hugh, have been loving and funny and only occasionally exasperated, while growing up with this book. Most fundamentally, the dedication of this book to my grandmother and her daughters (especially my mother) acknowl- edges their love and their teaching me to notice women and the fam- ily knowledge that they pass from generation to generation. Given the subject matter of this book, I must acknowledge the Sisters of the Sacred Heart and of the Dominican Order, in whose schools I happily began my education, and the teachers at the public Philadelphia High School for Girls; they opened my eyes from an early age to the value of women’s communities in educating girls to value the life of the mind and to think far beyond the confines of their own time and place. Our own experi- ences inevitably shape what we study; my own fascination for women’s family connections and education was formed early. Finally, this book rests on hours of conversation with Thomas O’Donnell and Jocelyn Wogan-Browne; I am indebted
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