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Inauguration and Images of Kingship in England, France and the Empire C.1050-C.1250

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Inauguration and Images of Kingship in England, France and the Empire C.1050-C.1250 Christus Regnat: Inauguration and Images of Kingship in England, France and the Empire c.1050-c.1250 Johanna Mary Olivia Dale Submitted for examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of East Anglia School of History November 2013 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution. Abstract This thesis challenges the traditional paradigm, which assumes that the period c.1050-c.1250 saw a move away from the ‘biblical’ or ‘liturgical’ kingship of the early Middle Ages towards ‘administrative’ or ‘law-centred’ interpretations of rulership. By taking an interdisciplinary and transnational approach, and by bringing together types of source material that have traditionally been studied in isolation, a continued flourishing of Christ-centred kingship in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries is exposed. In demonstrating that Christological understandings of royal power were not incompatible with bureaucratic development, the shared liturgically inspired vocabulary deployed by monarchs in the three realms is made manifest. The practice of monarchical inauguration forms the focal point of the thesis, which is structured around three different types of source material: liturgical texts, narrative accounts and charters. Rather than attempting to trace the development of this ritual, an approach that has been taken many times before, this thesis is concerned with how royal inauguration was understood by contemporaries. Key insights include the importance of considering queens in the construction of images of royalty, the continued significance of unction despite papal attempts to lower the status of royal anointing, and the depth of symbolism inherent in the act of coronation, which enables a reinterpretation of this part of the inauguration rite. 2 Table of Contents Abstract 2 List of Tables 4 List of Illustrations 5 List of Abbreviations 6 Preface 7 Introduction: Kingship in Comparison 14 Chapter 1: Historiographical Traditions 33 Chapter 2: Approaches to Liturgical Texts I: The Spoken and Sung Word 53 Chapter 3: Approaches to Liturgical Texts II: Rubrication, Regalia and 95 Royal Marriage Chapter 4: Who and Where? Actors, Places and Legitimacy 134 Chapter 5: What and When? Consecration, Coronation and the 162 Liturgical Calendar Chapter 6: Charters as Repositories of Ideas about Kingship 194 Chapter 7: Images of Kingship on Royal and Imperial Seals 220 Conclusion: Unction, Coronation and Christ-centred Kingship 247 Appendix 1: Editions and Surviving Manuscripts of the Selected Ordines 256 Appendix 2: Prayer Formulae Incipits 261 Appendix 3: Tables of Ritual Elements in the Ordines 264 Appendix 4: Brief Descriptions of Royal and Imperial Seals and Bullae 271 Bibliography 291 3 List of Tables Table 1: List of Reigning Kings and Popes 9 Table 2: Simplified Genealogy of the Norman and Plantagenet Kings, 1066- 10 1272 Table 3: Simplified Genealogy of the Capetian Kings, 1060-1270 11 Table 4: Simplified Genealogy of the Salian Kings and Emperors, 1024-1125 12 Table 5: Simplified Genealogy of the Staufen and Welf Kings and Emperors, 13 1125-1250 Table 6: Distribution of Prayers in the Royal Ordines 68 Table 7: Distribution of Prayers in the Imperial Ordines 69 Table 8: Frequency of Occurrence of Prayers in the Royal and Imperial 71 Ordines Table 9: Details from the Ritual of Anointing in the Royal Ordines 102 Table 10: Ritual Elements in the Royal Ordines I 265 Table 11: Ritual Elements in the Royal Ordines II 266 Table 12: Ritual Elements in the Earlier Imperial Ordines 267 Table 13: Ritual Elements in Cencius II 268 Table 14: Ritual Elements in the Staufen Ordo 269 Table 15: Ritual Elements in the Ordo of the Roman Curia 270 4 List of Illustrations Illustration 1: Anointing in the Ordo of 1250 104 Illustration 2: The Reichsschwert (so-called Sword of St. Maurice) 114 Illustration 3: Coronation Image from the Evangeliary of Henry the Lion 123 Illustration 4: Dedicatory Image from the Evangeliary of Henry the Lion 126 Illustration 5: Coronation of the Virgin from a Manuscript in Eton College 130 Library Illustration 6: The Throne of Charlemagne at Aachen 150 Illustration 7: Detail of Frederick II from the Aachen Karlsschrein 152 Illustration 8: The Wedding Feast of Emperor Henry V and Matilda 156 Illustration 9: A Diploma of the Emperor Henry VI 217 Illustration 10: Great Seals of Richard I 229 Illustration 11: Crucifixion Miniature from the Arundel Psalter 231 Illustration 12: Reconstruction of the Fresco Recently Discovered at 250 Altenburg 5 List of Abbreviations ANS Anglo-Norman Studies (formerly Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo-Norman Studies) CdS Corpus des sceaux français du Moyen Age CRAI Comptes-rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres HBS Henry Bradshaw Society MGH DD Monumenta Germaniae Historica Diplomata MGH Epp Monumenta Germaniae Historica Epistolae (in Quart) MGH Fontes iuris Monumenta Germaniae Historica Fontes iuris Germanici antiqui in usum scholarum separatim editi MGH Ldl Monumenta Germaniae Historica Libelli de lite imperatorum et pontificum MGH LL Monumenta Germaniae Historica Leges (in Folio) MGH SS Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores (in Folio) MGH SS rer. Germ. Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi MGH SS rer. Germ. N. S. Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, Nova series MIÖG Mitteilungen des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung OMT Oxford Medieval Texts RHF Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France RRAN Regesta regum Anglo-Normannorum RS Rolls Series SCH Studies in Church History SCH Sub Studies in Church History Subsidia SHM Sources d’histoire médiévale VuF Vorträge und Forschungen 6 Preface King Arthur: I am your king. Peasant Woman: Well, I didn't vote for you. King Arthur: You don't vote for kings. Peasant Woman: Well, how'd you become king, then? King Arthur: The Lady of the Lake, her arm clad in the purest shimmering samite, held aloft Excalibur from the bosom of the water, signifying by divine providence that I, Arthur, was to carry Excalibur. That is why I am your king. Dennis the Peasant: Listen. Strange women lying in ponds distributing swords is no basis for a system of government. Supreme executive power derives from a mandate from the masses, not from some farcical aquatic ceremony. Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975) My school teachers David du Croz and Richard Markham first introduced me to medieval history. That fifteen years later I am submitting this thesis bears witness to their enduring influence. As an undergraduate, Roger Lovatt and Elisabeth van Houts nurtured my medieval interests. As my MPhil supervisor Liesbeth oversaw my transformation from flippant undergraduate to studious graduate researcher. My debt to her is great indeed and I would like to thank her for her encouragement and sage advice over the past ten years. In Nicholas Vincent I have had a most stimulating and intellectually ambitious supervisor. Nick's high expectations, and apparent faith in my ability to come somewhere near to reaching them, have been vital driving forces behind this research. During the course of my doctoral research I have benefitted greatly from both the library and seminar programme at the IHR where David d'Avray, David Carpenter, Miri Rubin and Alice Taylor have all, in one way or another, influenced this thesis through their comments, questions and responses to queries. At UEA, where the award of an AHRC studentship made returning to academia possible, 7 David Bates, Julie Barrau, Tom Licence, Stephen Church and Sandy Heslop have all been supportive of my work, despite my rather less than frequent presence in Norwich. I am particularly grateful to Jörg Peltzer for inviting me to spend a semester as part of his research group in Heidelberg, an experience that has enhanced the comparative scope of this thesis by enabling me to experience the traditions of German academia at first hand. In addition to those mentioned above, the following have kindly made me aware of relevant books and articles, shared work or alerted me to opportunities: Michael Borgolte, Stuart Airlie, Levi Roach, Henry Parkes, Björn Weiler, Sophie Ambler, Andreas Büttner, Jonathan Lyon, Simon John and Thomas W. Smith. Simon and Tom have, in addition, been valued tea-drinking companions and friends. I am indebted to Anuschka Gäng, Thorsten Huthwelker and especially Max Wemhöner for making me welcome in Heidelberg. My parents, who have been ever ready to show an interest in my work (particularly before breakfast), have been a source of support over three decades, as have my siblings (with whom I first enjoyed Monty Python). Above all I thank my husband Julian and, accordingly, I dedicate this thesis to the skipper of Blue Owl. North Fambridge, October 2013 8 Table 1 List of Reigning Kings and Popes =">-$%&?%@<8#%6A%0B-<+,%C<+,8%"+.%767$8% !"#$% *+,-"+.% /0"+1$% 2$03"+4% 567$8%9%:;+#<767$8%% ! ! ! ! ! &'('% "#$%&#!! ! 678&9!3I! F7D!3J!'()*@,;*.! % '()*+,()--.! E?010>!3! '();-,(();.! I0B=D&!33!'();;,;5.! % ! '();@,(()4.! ! <=7>?78!3J!'();5,;4.! % /0110%2!3! ! ! QR787#0B=!J!'();4,;@.! % '()--,()45.! ! ! S0B?D1%H!33!'();4,-(.! % ! ! ! T17U%8#7&!33!'()-(,5:.! % ! ! ! Q6D8D&0GH!33!'()-(,-*.! % ! ! ! V&7WD&9!I33!'()5:,4;.!
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