GERMAN VIPs Inventors, visionaries and one Pope GERMAN VIPs - Introduction Due to the lack of English language skills, the basic original texts (from WIKIPEDIA) and the selection of photos (with a few exceptions) have been compiled by our students in German: Regina, Hans, Jannik, Leah, Eric, David, Samira, Ashley, Sara, Kai, Jonah, Maja To allow all of our students in the partner schools (and all interested people) to take a closer look with the "German VIPs," we used for this presentation almost exclusively WIKIPEDIA in the English version. The links lead first to the English pages. From there they can (in most cases) continue their research on the part of their native language. Frederick I (German: Friedrich) known as Frederick Barbarossa (1122 – 10 June 1190) v He was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 until his death. He was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March 1152. He became King of Italy in 1155 and was crowned Roman Emperor by Pope Adrian IV on 18 June 1155. He got the name Barbarossa from the northern Italian cities he attempted to rule: Barbarossa means "red beard" in Italian; in German, he was known as Kaiser Rotbart, which has the same meaning. v On 10 June 1190, Emperor Frederick drowned in the Saleph river during the Third Crusade. Frederick I (German: Friedrich) known as Frederick Barbarossa (1122 – 10 June 1190) v "Barbarossa city“ is a nickname for five German cities that the Staufer Emperor Frederick Barbarossa stayed in or near for some time. v Kaiserslautern Between 1152 and 1158 Barbarossa had the castle of Kaiserslautern expanded that would bear his name and serve as his Kaiserpfalz.. He designated Lautern the center of his Staufen empire, which marked the beginning of a boom for the community. The Kaiser's (imperial) palace was mentioned for the first time as "castrum domini imperatoris". In 1176 Barbarossa donated a hospital to the community and called Norbertines into Lautern to take on the hospital's management. The people of "Kaiser's Lautern" were proud to call their city a "Barbarossa city". v Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (1398 – 3 February 1468) v He was a German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe. His invention of mechanical movable type printing started the Printing Revolution and is widely regarded as the most important event of the modern period. It played a key role in the development of the Renaissance, Reformation, the Age of Enlightenment, and the Scientific revolution and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses. Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (1398 – 3 February 1468) v Gutenberg was the first European to use movable type printing, in around 1439. Among his many contributions to printing are: the invention of a process for mass- producing movable type; the use of oil-based ink; and the use of a wooden printing press similar to the agricultural screw presses of the period. His truly epochal invention was the combination of these elements into a practical system which allowed the mass production of printed books and was economically viable for printers and readers alike. Gutenberg's method for making type is traditionally considered to have included a type metal alloy and a hand mould for casting type. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (19 FEBRUARY 1473 – 24 MAY 1543) v He was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at its center. The publication of this model in his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) just before his death in 1543 is considered a major event in the history of science, triggering the Copernican Revolution and making an important contribution to the Scientific Revolution. v Copernicus was born and died in Royal Prussia. MARTIN LUTHER (10 NOVEMBER 1483 – 18 FEBRUARY 1546) v He was a German friar, Catholic priest, professor of theology and seminal figure of the 16th-century movement in Christianity known later as the Protestant Reformation. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with monetary values. He confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friar, with his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor. v His translation of the Bible into the vernacular (instead of Latin) made it more accessible, which had a tremendous impact on the church and on German culture. His hymns influenced the development of singing in churches. LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN ( BAPTISED 17 DECEMBER 1770 – 26 MARCH 1827) v He was a German composer and pianist. During his first 22 years v in Bonn, Beethoven intended to study with Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and befriended Joseph Haydn. v The Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125 (sometimes known simply as "the Choral"), is the final complete symphony of Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827). The symphony was the first example of a major composer using voices in a symphony (thus making it a choral symphony). The words are sung during the final movement by four vocal soloists and a chorus. They were taken from the " Ode to Joy", a poem written by Friedrich Schiller in 1785 and revised in 1803, with additions made by the composer. Today, it stands as one of the most played symphonies in the world. LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN ( BAPTISED 17 DECEMBER 1770 – 26 MARCH 1827) v In 2001, Beethoven's autograph score of the Ninth Symphony, held by the Berlin State Library, was added to the United Nations World Heritage List, becoming the first musical score to be so honoured. v In 1972, the musical backing (without the words) was adopted as the Anthem of Europe by the Council of Europe and subsequently by the European Communities (now the European Union) in 1985. THE BROTHERS GRIMM (OR DIE BRÜDER GRIMM), JACOB (1785–1863) AND WILHELM GRIMM (1786–1859), They were German academics, linguists, cultural researchers, lexicographers and authors who together collected and published folklore. They are among the best-known storytellers of folk tales, popularizing stories such as "Cinderella" "(Aschenputtel)", "The Frog Prince" ("Der Froschkönig"), "Hansel and Gretel" ("Hänsel und Gretel"), "Rapunzel", "Rumpelstiltskin" ("Rumpelstilzchen"), and "Snow White" ("Schneewittchen"). Their first collection of folk tales, Children's and Household Tales (Kinder- und Hausmärchen), was published in 1812. KARL DRAIS (29 APRIL 1785 – 10 DECEMBER 1851) He was a German inventor, who invented the Laufmaschine ("running machine"), also later called the velocipede, draisine (English) or draisienne (French), also nicknamed the dandy horse. This incorporated the two-wheeler principle that is basic to the bicycle and motorcycle and was the beginning of mechanized personal transport. Drais also invented the earliest typewriter with a keyboard in 1821, later developed into an early stenograph machine, and a wood-saving cooker including the earliest hay chest. HENRY ENGELHARD STEINWAY (BORN: HEINRICH ENGELHARD STEINWEG), (15 FEBRUARY 1797 – 7 FEBRUARY 1871) He was the founder of the piano company Steinway & Sons. Steinway & Sons, also known as Steinway is an American and German manufacturer of handmade pianos and purveyor of subcontracted pianos from suppliers sold under the secondary names Boston and Essex. Steinway was founded in 1853 in Manhattan in New York City. ERNST AMANDUS THEODOR LITFAß (11 FEBRUARY 1816 – 27 DECEMBER 1874) He was a German printer and publisher. His claim to fame rests on the invention of the free- standing cylindrical advertising column which bears his name in German language (Litfaßsäule). LEVI STRAUSS (BORN LÖB STRAUß), (26 FEBRUARY 1829 – 26 SEPTEMBER 1902) He was an American businessman of German Jewish descent who founded the first company to manufacture blue jeans. His firm, Levi Strauss & Co., began in 1853 in San Francisco, California. Levi Strauss was born in Buttenheim, Germany on February 26, 1829, in the Franconian region of Bavaria, Germany, to an Ashkenazi Jewish family. At the age of 18, Strauss, his mother and two sisters traveled to the United States to join his brothers Jonas and Louis, who had begun a wholesale dry goods business in New York City called J. Strauss Brother & Co. LEVI STRAUSS (BORN LÖB STRAUß), (26 FEBRUARY 1829 – 26 SEPTEMBER 1902) Strauss opened his dry goods wholesale business as Levi Strauss & Co. and imported fine dry goods—clothing, bedding, combs, purses, handkerchiefs—from his brothers in New York. Jacob Davis, one of Strauss's customers and inventor of the first pair of riveted denim pants, went into business with Strauss to produce blue jeans. The two men patented the new style of work pants in 1873. Friedrich Engelhorn (17 July 1821 – 11 March 1902) v He was a German industrialist and founder of BASF in Ludwigshafen. v BASF SE is the largest chemical company in the world and is headquartered in Ludwigshafen, Germany. BASF originally stood for Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik (English: Baden Aniline and Soda Factory). v At the end of 2013, the company employed more than 112,000 people, with over 52,500 in Germany alone. In 2013, BASF posted sales of €73.97 billion and income from operations before special items of about €7.2 billion. Charles Pfizer (born as Karl Pfizer), (22 March 1824 - 19 October 1906) v He was a German chemist who immigrated to the United States in the early 1840s and founded the Pfizer Inc.