HERALDRYand BIOGRAPHIES of the HEINEMAN ROYAL ANCESTORS of MEDIEVAL EUROPE HERALDRY and BIOGRAPHIES of the HEINEMAN ROYAL ANCESTORS of MEDIEVAL EUROPE INTRODUCTION After producing numerous editions and revisions of the Another way in which the royal house of a given country familiy genealogy report and subsequent support may change is when a foreign prince is invited to fill a documents the lineage to numerous royal ancestors of vacant throne or a next-of-kin from a foreign house Europe although evident to me as the author was not clear succeeds. This occurred with the death of childless Queen to the readers. The family journal format used in the Anne of the House of Stuart: she was succeeded by a reports, while comprehensive and the most popular form prince of the House of Hanover who was her nearest for publishing genealogy can be confusing to individuals Protestant relative. wishing to trace a direct ancestral line of descent. Not everyone wants a report encumbered with the names of Unlike all Europeans, most of the world's Royal Families every child born to the most distant of family lines. do not really have family names and those that have adopted them rarely use them. They are referred to A Royal House or Dynasty is a sort of family name used instead by their titles, often related to an area ruled or by royalty. It generally represents the members of a family once ruled by that family. The name of a Royal House is in various senior and junior or cadet branches, who are not a surname; it just a convenient way of dynastic loosely related but not necessarily of the same immediate identification of individuals. kin. Because of royal intermarriage and the creation of cadet branches, a royal house generally will not entirely This project focuses specifically on the heraldry and correspond to one family or place; members of the same biographies of Heineman ancestors from the various royal house in different branches may rule entirely different houses of medieval Europe. The genealogical tables are countries and only be vaguely related. The family may taken from, “Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe” by have originated entirely elsewhere. Jiri Louda and Michael Maclagan. The biographies are extracted from a variety of references including Mike Royal house names in Europe are taken from the father; in Ashley’s, “The Mammoth Book of British Kings and cases where a Queen regnant marries a prince of another Queens: All the kings and Queens of All the Kingdoms of house, their children (and therefore subsequent Britain throughout the Ages.” monarchs) belong to his house. Thus Britain's queen Victoria belonged to the House of Hanover, but her The study of history leads to the study of genealogy and descendants by her consort prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg- heraldry and vice versa. When combined, no one of these Gotha became members of that house. (The name was three is a dull affair. The battlefields of Europe were – in changed to Windsor in 1917.) This has been violated spite of all the savage slaughtering – grand scenes of recently; the children of queens regnant in the Netherlands heraldic display where gaily colored banners, shields of and Luxembourg have retained their maternal House arms and surcoats worn over the armout proudly association and in the United Kingdom, Queen Elizabeth announced their owners’ might. This project is an attempt II's descendants by her husband, Prince Philip of Greece to personalize history, by means of genalogy and heraldry. and Denmark, will officially remain Windsor, although they are technically of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg- Glücksburg. 2 TABLE of CONTENTS Page 4 Heraldry 5 The Rules of Heraldry 7 The Heineman Arms BIOGRAPHIES 8 Medieval England 52 Scotland 61 Medieval Spain 80 Medieval France 91 Hungary 102 Poland 110 Kievan Rus’ (Russia) TABLES 9 Great Briatain – General survey 11 England – Normans and early Plantagenets 31 England – Plantagents and the Hundred Years’ War 53 Scotland – Kings until the accession of Robert Bruce 63 Spain – General survey 64 Navarre – General survey 72 Aragon and Castile – Early kings 73 Castile – Union with Leon until the beginning of the 14th century 81 France – Early Capetian kings 92 Hungary – General survey 93 Hungary – House of Arpád 103 Poland – General survey 104 Poland – House of Piast (elder branch) 111 Russia – General survey 3 2 2 2 2 Heraldry in its most general sense encompasses all From the beginning of heraldry, coats of arms have been matters relating to the duties and responsibilities of executed in a wide variety of media, including on paper, officers of arms. To most, though, heraldry is the practice painted wood, embroidery, enamel, stonework, stained of designing, displaying, describing and recording coats of glass, and computerized media. For the purpose of quick arms and badges. The origins of heraldry lie in the need to identification in all of these, heraldry distinguishes only distinguish participants in combat when their faces were seven basic colors and makes no fine distinctions in the hidden by iron and steel helmets. precise size or placement of charges on the field. Coats of arms and their accessories are described in a concise Origins and History jargon called blazon. This technical description of a coat of At the time of the Norman Conquest of England, modern arms is the standard that must be adhered to no matter heraldry had not yet been developed. The beginnings of what artistic interpretations may be made in a particular modern heraldic structure were in place, but would not depiction of the arms become standard until the middle of the twelfth century. By the early thirteenth Century, coats of arms were being The idea that each element of a coat of arms has some inherited by the children of armigers. In Britain the practice specific meaning is unfounded. Though the original of using marks of cadency arose to distinguish one son armiger may have placed particular meaning on a charge, from another, and was institutionalized and standardized these meanings are not necessarily retained from by the John Writhe in the fifteenth century. generation to generation. Unless the arms incorporate an obvious pun on the bearer's name, it is difficult to find In the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, heraldry meaning. became a highly developed discipline, regulated by professional officers of arms. As its use in jousts became The development of firearms made plate armor obsolete obsolete coats of arms remained popular for visually and heraldry became detached from its original function. identifying a person in other ways—impressed in sealing This brought about the development of "paper heraldry" wax on documents, carved on family tombs, and flown as that only existed in paintings. Designs and shields became a banner on country homes. more elaborate at the expense of clarity. The 20th century's taste for stark iconic emblems made the simple styles of early heraldry fashionable again. 4 The Rules of Heraldry form to use proper as a method of circumventing the Shield and Lozenge tincture convention. The focus of modern heraldry is the armorial achievement, or coat of arms. The central element of a coat of arms is Divisions of the Field the shield. In general the shape of shield employed in a The field of a shield in coat of arms is irrelevant. The fashion for shield shapes heraldry can be divided employed in heraldic art has generally evolved over the into more than one centuries. There are times when a particular shield shape tincture, as can the various is specified in a blazon. heraldic charges. Many coats of arms consist Traditionally, as women did not go to war, they did not use simply of a division of the a shield. Instead their coats of arms were shown on a field into two contrasting lozenge—a rhombus standing on one of its acute corners. tinctures. Since these are This continues to hold true in much of the world, though considered divisions of a some heraldic authorities make exceptions. In Canada the shield the rule of tincture restriction against women bearing arms on a shield has can be ignored. For been completely eliminated. Noncombatant clergy have example, a shield divided also made use of the lozenge as well as the cartouche— azure and gules would be an oval-shaped vehicle for their display. perfectly acceptable. A line of partition may be straight or it may be varied. The Tinctures variations of partition lines Tinctures are the colors used can be wavy, indented, in heraldry. Since heraldry is embattled, engrailed, or essentially a system of made into myriad other identification, the most forms. important convention of heraldry is the rule of Ordinaries tincture. To provide for In the early days of contrast and visibility heraldry, very simple bold rectilinear shapes were metals—generally lighter painted on shields. These tinctures—must never be placed on metals and could be easily recognized colors—generally darker at a long distance and tinctures—must never be could also be easily placed on colors. There are remembered. They instances where this cannot therefore served the main be help, such as where a purpose of heraldry— charge overlays a partition of identification. As more the field. Like any rule, this complicated shields came admits exceptions, the most into use, these bold famous being the arms shapes were set apart in a chosen by Godfrey of separate class as the Bouillon when he was made "honorable ordinaries." King of Jerusalem. They act as charges and are always written first in The names used in English blazon for the tinctures come blazon. Unless otherwise mainly from French and include Or (gold), Argent (white), specified they extend to Azure (blue), Gules (red), Sable (black), Vert (green), and the edges of the field.