DOCSLIB.ORG

The Designation of Heirs to the Crown Throughout English History

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Designation of Heirs to the Crown Throughout English History INVESTING IN ENGLAND: THE DESIGNATION OF HEIRS TO THE CROWN THROUGHOUT ENGLISH HISTORY by SARAH STEVENSON SADULLAEVA Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON May 2013 Copyright © by Sarah S Sadullaeva 2013 All Rights Reserved Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my committee for taking their time to help me complete this degree. Dr. Elisabeth Cawthon, my thesis chair, without whose support and efforts I would have never succeeded in completing this degree. Dr. Stanley Palmer, whose class in English history, reminded me of my passion for English royalty and set me on a path to this thesis. Dr. Sarah Davis-Secord pushed me to understand myself as well as primary sources. To my mother and father to whom I owe everything, I hope with this thesis to make them proud, as I am unable to repay their incalculable financial and emotional support. I would also like to express my gratitude to my bosses and my co-workers, especially Lori Rath, who gifted me with time for writing and research, and Joni Jacobs, who pushed every day for me to be better than what I am. Finally, to all my friends, I thank you for showing me love and giving me a place to belong. April 11, 2013 iii Abstract INVESTING IN ENGLAND: THE DESIGNATION OF HEIRS TO THE CROWN THROUGHOUT ENGLISH HISTORY Sarah S. Sadullaeva The University of Texas at Arlington, 2013 Supervising Professor: Elisabeth Cawthon It was not until the late eighteenth century that rules for succession to the English throne were written. Succession to the throne has never been random. As such, the heir to the throne plays an important part in the history of England. The heir was the personification of the future of England and signified stability, dynastic continuity and power. This study examines the designation of the heirs from the oath received by William of Normandy, which justified the conquest of 1066, to the current Prince of Wales, Charles, investiture in 1969. In reviewing the methods and reasons for designating an heir there is an evolution as sovereigns sought to secure power for themselves and for their families. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................iii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv List of Illustrations .............................................................................................................. ix Chapter 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Tradition defined ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Primary Sources ....................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Secondary Sources .................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Method of Organization ............................................................................................ 6 1.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 6 Chapter 2 Until Death Do You Part ..................................................................................... 8 2.1 Scholarship ............................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1 Study of Oaths ................................................................................................... 8 2.1.2 Study of Oaths for heirs ..................................................................................... 9 2.2 Oath ........................................................................................................................ 10 2.3 William’s Oath ......................................................................................................... 12 2.3.1. Edward the Confessor, Norman King ............................................................. 12 2.3.2 William’s Oaths ................................................................................................ 14 2.3.3 Association ...................................................................................................... 17 2.4 Heir of Silence ........................................................................................................ 19 2.4.1 Conqueror’s Sons ............................................................................................ 19 2.4.2 Richard I .......................................................................................................... 22 2.4.4 John ................................................................................................................. 23 2.5 Designated by war .................................................................................................. 25 2.5.1 Conqueror’s Sons ............................................................................................ 25 v 2.5.2 Richard and Tancred ....................................................................................... 27 2.5.3 Stephen and Henry ......................................................................................... 28 2.6 Crises creates Evolution ......................................................................................... 30 2.6.1 Henry I ............................................................................................................. 30 2.6.2 Henry II ............................................................................................................ 36 2.6.3 Henry III ........................................................................................................... 39 2.7 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 40 Chapter 3 Bequeathed a Kingdom .................................................................................... 42 3.1 Scholarship ............................................................................................................. 42 3.1.1 Scholarship on Deathbed Bequeaths .............................................................. 42 3.1.2 Scholarship on Sovereign’s deathbed ............................................................. 43 3.2 Death Bed Appointments ........................................................................................ 44 3.2.1 Edward the Confessor ..................................................................................... 44 3.2.2 William I ........................................................................................................... 46 3.2.3 Richard I .......................................................................................................... 48 3.3 Entails ..................................................................................................................... 50 3.3.1 Edward I .......................................................................................................... 51 3.3.2 Edward III ........................................................................................................ 53 3.4 Wills ........................................................................................................................ 55 3.4.1 Henry VIII ......................................................................................................... 55 3.4.2. Edward VI ....................................................................................................... 59 3.5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 61 Chapter 4 Entitled To Be King .......................................................................................... 62 4.1 Scholarship ............................................................................................................. 62 4.1.1 Scholarship on Nobility .................................................................................... 62 vi 4.1.2 Scholarship on Royal Titles ............................................................................. 63 4.2 Duke of Normandy .................................................................................................. 64 4.2.1 Association and Support ................................................................................. 65 4.2.2 Pre-cursor to the throne .................................................................................. 66 4.3 Junior King .............................................................................................................. 67 4.3.1 Continental Trend ............................................................................................ 68 4.3.2 Political and Diplomatic Strategy ..................................................................... 69 4.3.3 Disastrous results ............................................................................................ 70 4.4 Prince of Wales ....................................................................................................... 71 4.4.1 Edward I .......................................................................................................... 71 4.4.2
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Alpine Ice and the Annual Political Economy of the Angevin Empire, from the Death of Thomas Becket to Magna Carta, C
    Antiquity 2020 Vol. 94 (374): 473–490 https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2019.202 Research Article Alpine ice and the annual political economy of the Angevin Empire, from the death of Thomas Becket to Magna Carta, c. AD 1170–1216 Christopher P. Loveluck1,* , Alexander F. More2,3,4 , Nicole E. Spaulding3 , Heather Clifford3 , Michael J. Handley3 , Laura Hartman3, Elena V. Korotkikh3 , Andrei V. Kurbatov3 , Paul A. Mayewski3 , Sharon B. Sneed3 & Michael McCormick2 1 Department of Classics and Archaeology, University of Nottingham, UK 2 Initiative for the Science of the Human Past and Department of History, Harvard University, USA 3 Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, USA 4 School of Health Sciences, Long Island University, USA * Author for correspondence: ✉ [email protected] High-resolution analysis of the ice core from Colle Gnifetti, Switzerland, allows yearly and sub-annual measurement of pollution for the period of highest lead production in the European Middle Ages, c. AD 1170–1220. Here, the authors use atmospheric circulation analysis and other geoarchaeological records to establish that Britain was the principal source of that lead pollution. The comparison of annual lead deposition at Colle Gnifetti displays a strong similarity to trends in lead production docu- mented in the English historical accounts. This research provides unique new insight into the yearly political economy and environmental impact of the Angevin Empire of Kings Henry II, Richard the Lionheart and John. Keywords: Colle Gnifetti, Britain, Angevin, ice core, geoarchaeology, lead, silver, Pipe rolls Introduction Twenty years ago, Brännvall et al.(1999) published the first high-resolution evidence dem- onstrating that the largest-scale lead pollution in Northern Europe prior to the modern era occurred between c.
    [Show full text]
  • Elizabeth Thomas Phd Thesis
    'WE HAVE NOTHING MORE VALUABLE IN OUR TREASURY': ROYAL MARRIAGE IN ENGLAND, 1154-1272 Elizabeth Thomas A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2010 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2001 This item is protected by original copyright Declarations (i) I, Elizabeth Thomas, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 80,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September, 2005 and as a candidate for the degree of Ph.D. in September, 2005, the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2005 and 2009. Date: Signature of candidate: (ii) I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date: Signature of supervisor: (iii) In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews we understand that we are giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby.
    [Show full text]
  • British Royal Banners 1199–Present
    British Royal Banners 1199 – Present Geoff Parsons & Michael Faul Abstract The presentation begins with the (accepted) date of 1199, the death of King Richard I, the first king known to have used the three gold lions on red. It continues to show how King Edward III added the French Royal Arms, consequent to his claim to the French throne. There is then the change from “France Ancient” to “France Modern” by King Henry IV in 1405, which set the pattern of the arms and the standard for the next 198 years. The story then proceeds to show how, over the ensuing 234 years, there were no fewer than six versions of the standard until the adoption of the present pattern in 1837. The presentation includes pictures of all the designs, noting that, in the early stages, the arms appeared more often as a surcoat than a flag. There is also some anecdotal information regarding the various patterns. Anne (1702–1714) Proceedings of the 24th International Congress of Vexillology, Washington, D.C., USA 1–5 August 2011 © 2011 North American Vexillological Association (www.nava.org) 799 British Royal Banners 1199 – Present Figure 1 Introduction The presentation begins with the (accepted) date of 1199, the death of King Richard I, the first king known to have used the three gold lions on red. Although we often refer to these flags as Royal Standards, strictly speaking, they are not standard but heraldic banners which are based on the Coats of Arms of the British Monarchs. Figure 2 William I (1066–1087) The first use of the coats of arms would have been exactly that, worn as surcoats by medieval knights.
    [Show full text]
  • Erin and Alban
    A READY REFERENCE SKETCH OF ERIN AND ALBAN WITH SOME ANNALS OF A BRANCH OF A WEST HIGHLAND FAMILY SARAH A. McCANDLESS CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. PART I CHAPTER I PRE-HISTORIC PEOPLE OF BRITAIN 1. The Stone Age--Periods 2. The Bronze Age 3. The Iron Age 4. The Turanians 5. The Aryans and Branches 6. The Celto CHAPTER II FIRST HISTORICAL MENTION OF BRITAIN 1. Greeks 2. Phoenicians 3. Romans CHAPTER III COLONIZATION PE}RIODS OF ERIN, TRADITIONS 1. British 2. Irish: 1. Partholon 2. Nemhidh 3. Firbolg 4. Tuatha de Danan 5. Miledh 6. Creuthnigh 7. Physical CharacteriEtics of the Colonists 8. Period of Ollaimh Fodhla n ·'· Cadroc's Tradition 10. Pictish Tradition CHAPTER IV ERIN FROM THE 5TH TO 15TH CENTURY 1. 5th to 8th, Christianity-Results 2. 9th to 12th, Danish Invasions :0. 12th. Tribes and Families 4. 1169-1175, Anglo-Norman Conquest 5. Condition under Anglo-Norman Rule CHAPTER V LEGENDARY HISTORY OF ALBAN 1. Irish sources 2. Nemedians in Alban 3. Firbolg and Tuatha de Danan 4. Milesians in Alban 5. Creuthnigh in Alban 6. Two Landmarks 7. Three pagan kings of Erin in Alban II CONTENTS CHAPTER VI AUTHENTIC HISTORY BEGINS 1. Battle of Ocha, 478 A. D. 2. Dalaradia, 498 A. D. 3. Connection between Erin and Alban CHAPTER VII ROMAN CAMPAIGNS IN BRITAIN (55 B.C.-410 A.D.) 1. Caesar's Campaigns, 54-55 B.C. 2. Agricola's Campaigns, 78-86 A.D. 3. Hadrian's Campaigns, 120 A.D. 4. Severus' Campaigns, 208 A.D. 5. State of Britain During 150 Years after SeveTus 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    33_056819 bindex.qxp 11/3/06 11:01 AM Page 363 Index fighting the Vikings, 52–54 • A • as law-giver, 57–58 Aberfan tragedy, 304–305 literary interests, 56–57 Act of Union (1707), 2, 251 reforms of, 54–55 Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen of reign of, 50, 51–52 William IV, 268, 361 Alfred, son of King Aethelred, king of Áed, king of Scotland, 159 England, 73, 74 Áed Findliath, ruler in Ireland, 159 Ambrosius Aurelianus (Roman leader), 40 Aedán mac Gabráin, overking of Dalriada, 153 Andrew, Prince, Duke of York (son of Aelfflaed, queen of Edward, king Elizabeth II) of Wessex, 59 birth of, 301 Aelfgifu of Northampton, queen of Cnut, 68 as naval officer, 33 Aethelbald, king of Mercia, 45 response to death of Princess Diana, 313 Aethelbert, king of Wessex, 49 separation from Sarah, Duchess of York, Aethelflaed, daughter of Alfred, king of 309 Wessex, 46 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 57, 58, 63 Aethelfrith, Saxon king, 43 Anglo-Saxons Aethelred, king of England, 51, 65–66 appointing an heir, 16 Aethelred, king of Mercia, 45, 46, 55 invasion of Britain, 39–41 Aethelred, king of Wessex, 50 kingdoms of, 37, 42 Aethelstan, king of Wessex, 51, 61–62 kings of, 41–42 Aethelwold, son of Aethelred, king of overview, 12 Wessex, 60 Anna, queen of Scotland, 204 Aethelwulf, king of Wessex, 49 Anne, Princess Royal, daughter of Africa, as part of British empire, 14 Elizabeth II, 301, 309 Agincourt, battle of, 136–138 Anne, queen of England Albert, Prince, son of George V, later lack of heir, 17 George VI, 283, 291 marriage to George of Denmark, 360–361 Albert of
    [Show full text]
  • Mil Anos Da Incursão Normanda Ao Castelo De Vermoim
    MIL ANOS DA INCURSÃO NORMANDA AO CASTELO DE VERMOIM COORD. MÁRIO JORGE BARROCA ARMANDO COELHO FERREIRA DA SILVA Título: Mil Anos da Incursão Normanda ao Castelo de Vermoim Coordenação: Mário Jorge Barroca, Armando Coelho Ferreira da Silva Design gráfico: Helena Lobo | www.hldesign.pt Imagem da capa: “Tapisserie de Bayeux – XIème siècle”. Avec autorisations spéciale de la Ville de Bayeux. Edição: CITCEM – Centro de Investigação Transdisciplinar Cultura, Espaço e Memória Via Panorâmica, s/n | 4150‑564 Porto | www.citcem.org | [email protected] ISBN: 978-989-8351-97-5 Depósito Legal: 450318/18 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21747/9789898351975/mil Porto, dezembro de 2018 Paginação, impressão e acabamento: Sersilito­‑Empresa Gráfica, Lda. | www.sersilito.pt Trabalho cofinanciado pelo Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) através do COMPETE 2020 – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização (POCI) e por fundos nacionais através da FCT, no âmbito do projeto POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007460. VIKING SCANDINAVIANS BACK HOME AND ABROAD IN EUROPE: AND THE SPECIAL CASE OF BJÖRN AND HÁSTEINN STEFAN BRINK e for European early history so famous (or notorious with a bad reputation) vikings start to make a presence of themselves around ad 800 in the written sources, i.e. the Frankish, Anglo-Saxon and Irish annals and chronicles. Today we know that the raiding and trading by these Scandinavians started much earlier. e way this kind of external appropriation was conducted by the vikings was — if we simplify — that if they could get hold of wealth and silver for free, they took it (robbed, stole and if necessary killed o the people), if they met overwhelming resistance, they traded.
    [Show full text]
  • No. 104 William M. Aird, Robert Curthose Duke Of
    H-France Review Volume 12 (2012) Page 1 H-France Review Vol. 12 (August 2012), No. 104 William M. Aird, Robert Curthose duke of Normandy (c. 1050-1134). Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 2008. xx + 328 pp. Abbreviations, maps, genealogy, bibliography, and index. $99.00 U.S. (hb). ISBN 1-84383-310-9; $34.95 U.S. (pb). ISBN 1-8483-660-5. Review by Stephanie Mooers Christelow, Idaho State University. In this work, William Aird offers an account of the life and struggles of Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror’s eldest son, would-be king of England, and challenged duke of Normandy. This is the first biography of the duke since that published nearly a century ago by C. W. David in 1920 and one the few treatments to appear in print during the late twentieth century, although landmark studies of Robert’s brothers and kings of England, William Rufus (1087-1100) and Henry I (1100-1135), contain significant analyses of Curthose and Normandy during their reigns.[1] The most influential twelfth-century historian is Orderic Vitalis, a monk of St- Évroul, Normandy who portrayed Robert Curthose as lazy, pathetic and inept [2], a depiction accepted by C. W. David. David argued that Robert Curthose’s failures rested on his deficient temperament and his actions endangered the stability of one of France’s most important principalities. However, as a result of his thorough and meticulous research, Aird finds it necessary to counter these negative images of the duke. He contends that Curthose was a skilled diplomat, a good governor, a pious Christian and a heroic crusader, and he sets out to establish Robert’s good character through a review of the surviving evidence.
    [Show full text]
  • Bryan Family History
    BRIANIANA A BIOGRAPHICAL PEDIGREE BY EDWARD A. BRYAN About the middle of the sixteenth century, Sir Francis Bryan, Knight, rendered his government a rather curious service. In 1548 James Butler, ninth Earl of Ormonde, an Irish noble, whose powerful influence was obnoxious to the government at Dublin, died in London of poison. Thereupon his widow, Joan, daughter and heiress of James Fitz-Gerald, tenth Earl of Desmond, sought to marry her relative, Gerald Fitz-Gerald, heir of the fifteenth Earl of Desmond. To prevent this marriage, which would have united the leading representatives of the two chief Irish noble houses, Sir Francis was induced to prefer a suit to the lady himself. In 1548 he married the widowed countess, was shortly nominated Lord Marshal of Ireland, and arrived in Dublin with his wife in November 1548. This marriage united the scions of two royal houses, the one English, the other, Irish. Sir Francis Bryan was the son of Sir Thomas Bryan and Margaret, daughter of Sir Humphrey Bourchier, and sister of John Bourchier, Lord Berners. Sir Thomas Bryan was Knighted by Henry VII in 1497, was "knight of the body" at the opening of Henry VIII’s reign, and served repeatedly on the commission of the peace of Buckinghamshire, where the family property was settled. Sir Francis’ grandfather, Sir Thomas Bryan, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas from 1471 until his death in 1500, is believed to have been a descendant of Sir Guy de Bryan on Walwyn’s Castle, County Pembroke, and Tor Brian, Devon. Sir Guy was summoned to Parliament in 1350 by Edward III, whereby he was held to have become Lord Bryan.
    [Show full text]
  • Shelburne Papers, Name and Geographical Index
    William Petty, 1st Marquis of Lansdowne, William L. Clements Library 2nd Earl of Shelburne papers The University of Michigan Volume Index Finding Aid: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsead/umich-wcl-M-66she?view=text Partial Name Index: Page 1 Geographical Subject Index: Page 14 Shelburne Partial Name Index Note: The following index does not include every name or contributor in the Shelburne Papers. Please see the card catalog for more details. "SFL" refers to volumes in the Shelburne family letters subseries and "LS" refers to the Lacaita-Shelburne series. Name: Volume Numbers Abbe’, Terray: 16 Almaine, G. C. d’: 152 Abercromby, James: 47 Alvensleben, Philip Karl, Baron: 136 Aberdeen, George Gordon, 3rd Earl: LS American Merchants: 67, 72 Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Ancram, Earl of see also Kerr: 37 Earl: LS Anderson, James: 66 Abingdon, Willoughby Bertie, 4th Earl: Anglesey, Henry William Paget, LS Marquis of, 1768-1854: LS Adair, James, Recorder of London: 152 Anson, Lord George: 37, LS Adair, Sir Robert: LS Aranda, Le Comte d’: 71 Adams, John: 70 Arbuthnot, Charles: LS Adlam, John: 80 Archbishop of York: 59 Adolphys, John Leycester: LS Arcot, Nabob of: 92 Albemarle, Earl of (see William Charles Argyll, John Campbell, 5th Duke of: LS Keppel) Arnold, Benedict: 66, 67, 152, LS Aldborough, Edward Stratford, 2nd Earl: Arthur, Charles: 100 LS Ashburton, Alexander Baring, 1st Baron: Aldercon, John: 90 LS Ali Khan, Hyder: 91, 92, 93, 95, 98 Ashburton, John Dunning, 1st Baron: 98, Allan, John: 78: 165, LS Allen, Andrew: 88 Astle,
    [Show full text]
  • Collecting and Representing Saxon Identity in the Dresden Kunstkammer and Princely Monuments in Freiberg Cathedral
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE International Projects with a Local Emphasis: Collecting and Representing Saxon Identity in the Dresden Kunstkammer and Princely Monuments in Freiberg Cathedral A Thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Art History by Daniel A. Powazek June 2020 Thesis Committee: Dr. Kristoffer Neville, Chairperson Dr. Randolph Head Dr. Jeanette Kohl Copyright by Daniel A. Powazek 2020 The Thesis of Daniel A. Powazek is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS International Projects with a Local Emphasis: The Collecting and Representation of Saxon Identity in the Dresden Kunstkammer and Princely Monuments in Freiberg Cathedral by Daniel A. Powazek Master of Arts, Graduate Program in Art History University of California, Riverside, June 2020 Dr. Kristoffer Neville, Chairperson When the Albertine Dukes of Saxony gained the Electoral privilege in the second half of the sixteenth century, they ascended to a higher echelon of European princes. Elector August (r. 1553-1586) marked this new status by commissioning a monumental tomb in Freiberg Cathedral in Saxony for his deceased brother, Moritz, who had first won the Electoral privilege for the Albertine line of rulers. The tomb’s magnificence and scale, completed in 1563, immediately set it into relation to the grandest funerary memorials of Europe, the tombs of popes and monarchs, and thus establishing the new Saxon Electors as worthy peers in rank and status to the most powerful rulers of the period. By the end of his reign, Elector August sought to enshrine the succeeding rulers of his line in an even grander project, a dynastic chapel built into Freiberg Cathedral directly in front of the tomb of Moritz.
    [Show full text]
  • Rewarding the Followers
    What battle helped William become king? 1 Brain in Gear Name one reason William won this battle. 2 Quick 6! Match the date to the battle: Battle of Hastings 20th Sept 1066 th 3 Battle of Stamford Bridge 14 Oct 1066 Battle of Gate Fulford 25th Sept 1066 Why was William in a strong position after the earls submitted? 4 Why did Edward’s death have an impact on Anglo-Saxon England? 5 Describe two features of the military in Anglo-Saxon England. 6 What battle helped William become king? 1 Brain in Gear Name one reason William won this battle. 2 Quick 6! Match the date to the battle: Battle of Hastings 20th Sept 1066 th 3 Battle of Stamford Bridge 14 Oct 1066 Battle of Gate Fulford 25th Sept 1066 Why was William in a strong position after the earls submitted? 4 Why did Edward’s death have an impact on Anglo-Saxon England? 5 Describe two features of the military in Anglo-Saxon England. 6 Title: How did William reward his followers and establish control in the borderlands? Individual liberty, mutual respect Why is it and tolerance important to be a ‘gracious’ leader? Learning Objectives -Describe the key features of the Marcher Earldoms. -Explain why and how William rewarded his followers. -Assess the effectiveness of Marcher Earldoms. End1011121314151617181920123456789 Think End101112131415161718192021222324252627282930123456789 Pair End101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960123456789 Share Think, Pair, Share How could William, now King of England, get control of England? Who stands in his way? Do you think there are any problems he needs to deal with first and why? Establishing control on the borderlands Look at the map.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Finalthesis Weber Pdf.Pdf
    THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND RELIGIOUS STUDIES FRACTURED POLITICS: DIPLOMACY, MARRIAGE, AND THE LAST PHASE OF THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR ARIEL WEBER SPRING 2014 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a baccalaureate degree in Medieval Studies with honors in Medieval Studies Reviewed and approved* by the following: Benjamin T. Hudson Professor of History and Medieval Studies Thesis Supervisor/Honors Adviser Robert Edwards Professor of English and Comparative Literature Thesis Reader * Signatures are on file in the Schreyer Honors College. i ABSTRACT The beginning of the Hundred Years War came about from relentless conflict between France and England, with roots that can be traced the whole way to the 11th century, following the Norman invasion of England. These periods of engagement were the result of English nobles both living in and possessing land in northwest France. In their efforts to prevent further bloodshed, the monarchs began to engage in marriage diplomacy; by sending a young princess to a rival country, the hope would be that her native people would be unwilling to wage war on a royal family that carried their own blood. While this method temporarily succeeded, the tradition would create serious issues of inheritance, and the beginning of the last phase of the Hundred Years War, and the last act of success on the part of the English, the Treaty of Troyes, is the culmination of the efforts of the French kings of the early 14th century to pacify their English neighbors, cousins, and nephews. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Plantagenet Claim to France...................................................................................
    [Show full text]