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33_056819 bindex.qxp 11/3/06 11:01 AM Page 363

Index

fighting the Vikings, 52–54 • A • as law-giver, 57–58 Aberfan tragedy, 304–305 literary interests, 56–57 Act of Union (1707), 2, 251 reforms of, 54–55 Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen of of, 50, 51–52 William IV, 268, 361 Alfred, son of King Aethelred, king of Áed, king of , 159 , 73, 74 Áed Findliath, ruler in , 159 Ambrosius Aurelianus (Roman leader), 40 Aedán mac Gabráin, overking of Dalriada, 153 Andrew, Prince, of (son of Aelfflaed, queen of Edward, king Elizabeth II) of , 59 birth of, 301 Aelfgifu of , queen of Cnut, 68 as naval officer, 33 Aethelbald, king of , 45 response to death of , 313 Aethelbert, king of Wessex, 49 separation from Sarah, , Aethelflaed, daughter of Alfred, king of 309 Wessex, 46 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 57, 58, 63 Aethelfrith, Saxon king, 43 Anglo-Saxons Aethelred, king of England, 51, 65–66 appointing an heir, 16 Aethelred, king of Mercia, 45, 46, 55 invasion of Britain, 39–41 Aethelred, king of Wessex, 50 kingdoms of, 37, 42 Aethelstan, king of Wessex, 51, 61–62 kings of, 41–42 Aethelwold, son of Aethelred, king of overview, 12 Wessex, 60 Anna, queen of Scotland, 204 Aethelwulf, king of Wessex, 49 Anne, , daughter of Africa, as part of , 14 Elizabeth II, 301, 309 Agincourt, battle of, 136–138 Anne, queen of England Albert, Prince, son of V, later lack of heir, 17 George VI, 283, 291 marriage to George of , 360–361 Albert of Saxe-, reign of, 17, 250–252 death of, 272 Anne , queen of VIII, 17, 215, Great Exhibition, 271COPYRIGHTED218 MATERIAL marriage to Queen , 269, 270–271 , queen of II, 111, son of, 274–275 128, 129 , brother of James III, 193 , queen of Henry VIII, 219 Alexander I, king of Scotland, 168 , queen of James I, 235 Alexander II, king of Scotland, 173–175 Anselm, archbishop of , 88–89, 91 Alexander III, king of Scotland, 176–178 Archibald Douglas, of Angus, 198 , queen of Edward aristocracy, ranks of, 18 VII, 274, 361–362 Armada, Spanish, 227–228 Alfred, king of Wessex Arthgal, king of Strathclyde, 154 biography, 58–59 Arthur, Duke of , Prince of , 353 capture of , 55 Arthur, king (Celtic ruler), 41, 124 character of, 52, 53, 56 Arundel, Thomas, , 135 33_056819 bindex.qxp 11/3/06 11:01 AM Page 364

364 The British For Dummies

Asquith, Herbert, Prime , 280 , Roman province in Britain, 38 Asser (Life of Alfred), 58–59 British constitution, 25 Atlee, Clement, Prime Minister, 296 British monarchy. See also constitutional , as part of British empire, 14 monarchy; royal family charitable works, 21, 30 eras of, 12 • B • funding for, 18–20, 311–312 Babington, Anthony ( God-given powers of, 122 conspirator), 227 history of, 11 Bagehot, Walter (writer), 29 line of succession, 16–18 Baldwin, Stanley, Prime Minister, 288 meeting with the Prime Minister, 26 Balliol, Edward, king of Scotland, 182–183 overview, 1, 4, 16 Balliol, John, later John I, king of Scotland, preparation and duties, 17–18 115, 178–179 Prime Minister appointed by, 26 , 337–338 relationship with the media, 297–298 Bannockburn, battle of, 118, 180 role in , 25–26 The Banqueting House, 343–344 royal homes of, 333–340 Barton, Andrew (Scottish ), 197 service to the people, 21 Bashir, Martin (broadcaster), 327 Brown, John (servant of ), 273 Beaufort, Henry, of , 140 Bruce, Robert the. See Robert I Bruce, Becket, Thomas, archbishop of king of Scotland Canterbury, 99–101 bubonic plague, 244 Beorhtric, king of Wessex, 47–48 Buckingham, Duke of, 360 Beornwulf, king of Mercia, 48 , Saxon kingdom, 43 about, 333–334 Bill of Rights, 24, 249 bombing, 295 Death, 128 public visiting times, 334 Bloody , 246 security breaches, 314 Bolingbroke, Henry, becomes Henry IV, Burgred, king of Mercia, 46 132–133 burhs, fortified towns, 55 Bonaparte, (French leader), Byrd, William (composer), 229 262–263 Book of Prayer, 221 Books of Hours, 196 • C • Bosworth Field, battle of, 142, 348 Caedwalla, king of Wessex, 47 Boudicca, queen of the Iceni, 39 Castle, 346 Boyd, Alexander (Scottish nobleman), 193 Camilla, , 330. See also Bridei mac Beli, king of the Picts, 156 Parker Bowles, Camilla Bridei mac Máelchú, king of the Picts, 156 Canmore of Scotland, 165 Pavilion, 265 Caroline of , queen of George II, 257 Britain. See also England , queen of George IV, 266 defined, 12 Carr, Robert, Earl of , 234 empire of, 14 Castantín, king of the Picts, 156–157, 158 Hundred Years’ War against France, castles, illegal (adulterine), 99 122–123, 351 Catesby, Robert (), 233 recovery from World War II, 296 , queen of Henry VIII, war with France, 260, 262–263 17, 197, 213–215, 217–218 , 281–282 33_056819 bindex.qxp 11/3/06 11:01 AM Page 365

Index 365

Catherine of Braganza, queen of Charles II, Charles II, king of England 243, 360 Duke of , illegitimate son of, 246 Catherine of France, queen of , 138, marriage to , 243, 360 139 reign of, 243–245 Catholics. See also Church; religion Charles II, king of Scotland, 241–242 Mary, Queen of Scots, 201–202 Charles V, Holy Roman , 215 Mary I brings Catholicism back to Charlotte Augusta, Princess, daughter of England, 222 George IV, 266, 267 Thirty Years’ War with Protestants, Charlotte of , queen of George 235–236 III, 261–262 Cawston, Richard (documentary maker), Cheam prep school, 316 306 , 123, 124 Celtic people, 40–41 Church. See also monasteries; religion Ceremony of the Keys, 342 Anglo-Saxon period, 44–45 Chamberlain, Neville, Prime Minister, 295 Castantín working with, 157 changing the guard, Buckingham Palace, Charles I’s view of, 237 334 , 100 charitable works Lanfranc’s reforms, 85 Charles, , 30, 320–321 reforms in Scotland, 169–170 Elizabeth II, 21, 28 William I’s relationship with, 84–85 George VI, 21 William II’s relationship with, 87, 88–89 royal family’s, 21, 30 Charles, Prince of Wales Henry VIII as head of, 216 birth of, 300–301, 315 James II disliked by, 247 charitable works, 30, 320–321 monarchy’s role in, 30–32 , residence of, 339 , 31, 201–202 coming of age, 305 Churchill, Sarah, friend of Queen Anne, 251 from Princess Diana, 308 Churchill, , Prime Minister, 295–296 as , 322 , 311–312 education of, 316–318 civil war , country house of, 333, Charles I, 239–240 339–340 between Houses of Lancaster and York, 209 investiture, 306–307, 318–319 Second Civil War, 241 marriage to Camilla Parker Bowles, 329–330 Stephen, king of England, 96 marriage to Princess Diana, 32, 309–310, Clarence House, 338–339 323, 324–327 Clement, , 215 as naval officer, 33, 319 client-kingdom system, 39 response to death of Princess Diana, 328 client-kings, 38 role of, 315, 319–320 Clifford, Rosamund (Fair Rosamund), 102 romantic relationships, 323–324 Clive, Robert (Indian ), 260 television documentary of, 327 Cnut, king of England Charles I, king of England becomes king of England, 66, 67–68 civil war, 239–240 character of, 72 marriage to , 237, 359–360 as Christian, 68, 71 Parliament versus, 19, 238–240 death of, 72 reign of, 236–238 English nobles support of, 69 taxation, 19 father, Svein Fork-, 66 trial and execution, 240 law codes of, 70 33_056819 bindex.qxp 11/3/06 11:01 AM Page 366

366 The British Monarchy For Dummies

Cnut, king of England (continued) Cromwell, Thomas, Prime Minister, 216, 219 rivals of, 69–70 Courts, 33 Scotland invaded by, 162 Crown Jewels, 341 sons of, 72–74 trip to , 71 overview, 105 wives of, 68, 70 viewed as noble occupation, 104 code of law Cubitt, Thomas (architect), 347 Alfred, king of England, 57–58 Culpeper, Thomas, 219 Cnut, 70 Curthose, Robert, , son Henry I, 92 of William I, 86, 89, 91 Provisions of , 109–110 Cynewulf, king of Wessex, 47 Scotland, 170 Coelwulf, king of Mercia, 46 Coenwulf, king of Mercia, 46 • D • Cogidubnus (client-king), 38 Daffydd, brother of Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, , 14–15, 284 113–114 commonwealth tour of Elizabeth II, 303 Dalriada, kingdom in Scotland Comyn, Walter, Earl of Menteith, 176, 179 attacked by Picts, 154 Conall, king of the Picts, 156 kings of, 153–154 Constantine, Emperor of Rome, 157 wars with kings of Strathclyde, 154 Constantine I, king of Scotland, 160 Danes. See Vikings Constantine II, king of Scotland, 160–161 Darnley, Henry, consort of Mary, queen of Constantine III, king of Scotland, 161, 162 Scots, 202, 203 . See also David, Duke of , 189 British monarchy; royal family David, Prince of Wales, later Edward VIII, 283 advantages and drawbacks, 26–27 David I, king of Scotland, 168–170 creating the basis for, 248–249 David II, king of Scotland, 182–185 as , 27–28 Declaration of Arbroath, 180–181 overview, 23–24 Declaration of Rights, 249 in Parliament, 25–26 Deira, Saxon kingdom, 43 role in key institutions, 32–34 Despenser, Hugh, 119, 120 role in the Church of England, 30–32 Devereux, Robert, Earl of , 226 role in the justice system, 32–33 Diana, role in the military, 33–34 BBC interview, 327 rules governing, 24 death of, 312–313, 328 ceremonies divorce from Prince Charles, 328 Coronation Charter of Henry I, 90 marriage to Prince Charles, 308, 309–310, as sacred ritual, 21 324–325 for Scottish kings, 182 Diana: Her True Story (Morton), 326 Scottish kings’ lacking, 174–175 Dimbleby, Jonathan (broadcaster), 327 William I, 83 Disraeli, Benjamin, Prime Minister, 272, 273 Cranmer, Thomas, archbishop of Dodi al-Fayed, friend of Princess Diana, 328 Canterbury, 215 Domesday Book, 85–86 Cromwell, Oliver (leader of Parliament) status, 14 character of, 241 Donald I, king of Scotland, 160 as leader, 242–243 Donald II, king of Scotland, 159 New Model Army, 240 Donald III, king of Scotland, 167 Parliamentary reforms, 242 33_056819 bindex.qxp 11/3/06 11:01 AM Page 367

Index 367

Drake, Francis (explorer), 228 Edward, Prince, son of Henry III, 110 , 322 Edward, Saxon king, 64 , John, Earl of and Duke of Edward, ‘the Confessor’, king of England , 221 of, 74 Dudley, Robert, Earl of , 226 coronation, 75 Duke of Wellington, Prime Minister, 267 joint kingship with brother , 74 , duties of, 17 marriage to Edith, 76–77 , William (Scottish poet), 196 naming an heir, 77–78 Duncan I, king of Scotland, 163 reign of, 75–76 Duncan II, king of Scotland, 167 Edward, the Exile, grandson of King , of , 63–64 Aethelred, 77 Durward, Alan (Justiciar of Scotland), 176 Edward I, ‘Longshanks’, king of England character of, 111, 112 Christianity of, 112 • E • legal reforms, 111, 115–116 Eadburh, queen of king Beorhtric, 47, 48 marriage to , 112–113, Eadgifu, queen of Edward, king of Wessex, 60 350, 356–357 , Saxon king, 64 marriage to Margaret of France, 115 All-Fair, Saxon king, 64 son becomes first English Prince of Eadwine, prince from Deira, 43 Wales, 114 ealdorman, title of, 54, 70 wars with Scotland, 114–115 earl, title of, 70 wars with Wales, 113–114, 350 Edward II, king of England location of, 42 childhood, 116–117 as Saxon kingdom, 43 civil war, 119 Vikings in, 50 favoritism towards Despenser family, Easwine, prince from Deira, 43 119–120 Ecgbert, king of Wessex, 48–49 Hundred Years’ War started by, 111 Ecgwynn, wife of Edward, king of Wessex, 59 imprisonment and death, 120 Eden, Anthony, Prime Minister, 304 marriage to , 117, 120, 357 Edgar, king of Scotland, 168 New Ordinances imposed on, 118 Edgar, Saxon king, 64 Piers Gaveston as favorite of, 117, 118 Edgar the Aetheling, 77 as Prince of Wales, 350–351 Edith, queen of , king reign of, 111, 117–120 of England, 76–77 war with Scotland, 118 Edith, queen of Henry I, king of England, 91 Edward III, king of England Edmund, king of Scotland, 167–168 Hundred Years’ War against France, Edmund, king of Wessex, 62–64 122–123 , son of Aethelred, 66 as Keeper of the Realm, 120–121 Edward, ‘Black Prince’, Prince of Wales, marriage to , 121 123, 351 of the Garter founded by, 111, Edward, , 290 123–125 Edward, king of Wessex Parliamentary innovations, 126 fighting the Vikings, 61 reign of, 121–126 power struggles, 60 support of Balliol family, 121–122, 183 wives of, 59–60 Edward IV, king of England, 143–145 Edward, Prince, son of Elizabeth II, 301, 313 Edward V, king of England, 144–145 Edward VI, king of England, 220–221 33_056819 bindex.qxp 11/3/06 11:01 AM Page 368

368 The British Monarchy For Dummies

Edward VII, king of Britain death of father, George VI, 300 marriage to Alexandra of Denmark, 274, education of, 298–299 361–362 meeting and marrying Prince Philip, reign of, 274–275 299–300 Edward VIII, king of Britain Prime Ministers during her reign, 26 , 288–290, 294 Prince Charles’s marriage to Camilla childhood, 286 accepted by, 329, 330 as Duke of Windsor, 289 public role of, 305 marriage to , 32, 289 public’s respect for, 308 as Prince of Wales, 286–288 reign of, 297–298 Edward of , Prince of Wales, response to death of Princess Diana, 313 son of Henry VI, 352 royal dynastic name, keeping, 302–303 Edwin, Earl of Mercia, 84 Royal Family documentary, 305–306 Ehrengard Melusine von Schulenberg, royal finance reforms, 311–312 mistress of George I, 255 , 307–308 Eleanor Crosses, 113 crisis, 304 Eleanor of , queen of Henry II as Supreme Governor of Church of divorced from Louis VII, 355 England, 30 influence of, 356 title of, 15 marriage to Henry II, 98, 102, 356 troubled marriages of her children, 308–310 support of son, Richard I, 103, 104, 356 walkabouts, 28, 308 Eleanor of Castile, queen of Edward I, fire tragedy, 310–311 112–113, 350, 356–357 , queen of Henry VII, 210, , queen of Henry III, 108 358–359 electoral reform, 268–269 , queen of Edward IV, Elffin, king of Strathclyde, 154 144, 145 Eliseg, king of Powys, 45 , queen of Aethelred II Elizabeth, daughter of James I, queen of and Cnut Bohemia, 235–236, 240 under house arrest, 75 Elizabeth, queen of George VI, 290, marriage to Cnut, 68, 70 292–293, 294, 296 sons of, 73–74 Elizabeth Bowes-, queen of George VI, England. See also Britain 292–293 civil war during reign of Charles I, 239–240 , queen of England Commonwealth phase, 241–242 Mary, Queen of Scots as rival, 203–204, Hundred Years’ War with France, 111, 226–227 122–123, 351 naming James of Scotland as heir, 229 Mary I brings Catholicism back, 222 as Protestant, 225 as part of , 251 reign of, 223–226, 229, 301 Protectorate phase, 242–243 rivals and spies, 226–227 as , 241–243 attack, 227–228 Romans in, 154–155 Elizabeth II, queen of Britain Ermengarde, queen of Alexander II, king of Aberfan tragedy, responding to, 304–305 Scotland, 174, 175 character of, 300, 306 Essex, location of, 42 charitable works, 21, 28 , 92 children of, 300–301 excise duties, 20 Commonwealth tour, 303 excommunication, 100 coronation of, 301–302 executive monarchy, 24 33_056819 bindex.qxp 11/3/06 11:01 AM Page 369

Index 369 • F • • G • Fair Rosamund (), 102 Gabran, kings of, 153 Fawkes, Guy (conspirator), 233 Garter, Order of, 111, 123–125, 335 Ferchar Fota, king of Dalriada, 153 Gaveston, Piers, , 117, 118 Ferdinand, king of , 213 Geoffrey of , 97, 98–99 feudal kings of Scotland, 167–168 George, Duke of , 284 feudal overlord, duties of, 17 George Augustus, son of King George I, 255 feudal system, 83 George I, king of Great Britain Field of Cloth of Gold (summit conference), reign of, 253–254 213–214 South Sea Bubble, 256 First Blast of the Trumpet Against the use of advisors (Prime Ministers), 255–256 Monstrous Regiment of Women (Knox), wife and mistress, 254–255 202 George II, king of Great Britain Flambard, Ranulf, justiciar for William II, Jacobite uprising, 258–259 87–88, 90 marriage to , 257 Flodden Field, battle of, 197 reign of, 256–259, 260–261 France son of, 259–260 area owned by England, 97 George III, king of Britain Britain taking from, 260 as Farmer George, 261 Field of Cloth of Gold (summit illness of, 263–264 conference) in, 213–214 losing America, 262 Henry V’s war with, 136–138 marriage, 261–262 Henry VIII’s attacks on, 213 reign of, 261 Hundred Years’ War with England, 111, royal finances deal (Civil List), 311–312 122–123, 351 taxation, 262 wars with England, 5 George IV, king of Britain François, king of France, 213–214 appointed Prince , 263, 264 François, prince of France, king of Mary, conflict with Church of England, 32 queen of Scots, 200, 201 coronation scandal, 266 Frederick, Duke of Cornwall, Prince of luxurious lifestyle, 264–265 Wales, 354 marriages, 265–266 Frederick, Prince of Wales, son of George II, reign of, 266–267 259–260 , king of Britain Frederick Henry, Elector Palatine, 235–236, character of, 280 240 children of, 283–284 Frobisher, Martin (explorer), 229 as Emperor of , 284 House, 340 family name changed to Windsor, 281 funding the royalty. See also royal family; House of crisis, 280 taxation illness, 284, 285 Charles I’s methods of, 244 marriage to Princess May (Mary) of Teck, Duchy of Cornwall as source of, 322 280, 283 Elizabeth II’s reforms, 311–312 popularity of, 285–286 Henry VII’s methods of, 211 radio broadcasts, 285 James V’s methods of, 198–199 rebellion in Ireland, 282 William II’s schemes for, 87–88 reign of, 282–283, 284 33_056819 bindex.qxp 11/3/06 11:01 AM Page 370

370 The British Monarchy For Dummies

George V, king of Britain (continued) Harry Hotspur, son of Earl of Silver Jubilee, 285 Northumberland, 134 successor to Edward VII, 279–280 Harthacnut, son of Cnut, 72–73, 74 World War I, 281–282 Haselrig, Arthur (member of Parliament), 239 George VI, king of Britain Hasting, battle of, 82 character of, 283 Hatton, Christopher, Chancellor, 226 charitable works, 21 the Hebrides, 176, 177 childhood, 291 heir to the throne children of, 293 lack of, 17 coronation, 294 line of succession, 16–17 illness of, 291, 300 preparation of, 17–18 influence on Elizabeth II, 298–299 Henrietta Maria, queen of Charles I, 237, marriage, 290, 292–293, 294 359–360 reign of, 290, 294–296 Henry, , 147 role as prince, 292 Henry, Duke of , 284 in , 292 Henry, Prince of Wales, son of Henry IV, 135 World War II, 291, 295–296 Henry, Prince of Wales, son of James I, 235 George of Denmark, consort of Queen Henry, son of William I, 86 Anne, 360–361 Henry I, ‘ of Justice’, king of England Germany character of, 90 World War I, 281–282 code of law, 92 World War II, 295–296 death of brother, William II, 89, 90 Gildas (sixth-century historian), 40 education of, 91–92 , king of Scotland, 159 lack of heir, 17, 92–93 Gladstone, William Ewart, Prime Minister, 273 marriage to Edith of Scotland, 91 , 249 reign of, 90–91 Godwine, , 73, 74, 75–76 royal finances, 92 Godwinsson, Harold, son of Earl Godwine wives of, 93 of Wessex, 78 Henry II, king of England Gofraid mac Fergusa (leader of Ireland), 158 becoming king, 99 Gordonstoun, Scotland public school, education, 98, 101 316–317 fighting for the throne, 96 great fire of London, 244 French land ruled by, 97, 98 Grey, Lady Jane, queen of England, 221 legal reforms, 101–102 , queen of , king of marriage to , 98, 102 Scotland, 164 reign of, 97–98, 99, 102–103 relationship with the church, 99–101 securing the borders, 99 • H • tearing down adulterine (illegal) castles, 99 Hahn, Kurt (founder of Gordonstoun), 316 Henry III, king of England Håkon IV, king of , 176–177 ’ revolt against, 109 Hampden, John (member of Parliament), 239 marriage to Eleanor of Provence, 108 , 343 Provisions of Oxford, 109–110 dynasty, 12, 253 reign of, 108–110 Harald Bluetooth, king and grandfather of Henry IV, king of England Cnut, 68 character of, 132 Harefoot, Harold, son of Cnut, 72, 73 crowned as king, 133 Harry, Prince, son of Charles, Prince of death of, 135 Wales, 33, 325 illness of, 134–135 33_056819 bindex.qxp 11/3/06 11:01 AM Page 371

Index 371

marriages, 132 Hampton Court Palace, 343 rule of the Council, 135 Parade, 345–346 taxation, 134 Palace, 345 uprisings against, 133–134 , 347 Henry V, king of England , 348 , 136–138 Castle, 347 character of, 136 , 341–342 illness and death of, 139 , 344 marriage to Catherine, 138 Hitler, Adolf (German leader), 294, 295 Henry VI, emperor of Germany, 104 Holbein, Hans (painter), 219 Henry VI, king of England Holles, Denzil (member of Parliament), 239 marriage to , 142–143, 358 , Cnut meeting with, mental breakdown, 141 71, 72 reign of, 140–143 , 345–346 , 141–143, 342 House of Commons, 19, 25 Henry VII, king of England , 19, 25 fighting Richard III for , 147 Howard, Catherine, queen of England, 219 marriage to Elizabeth of York, 210, 358–359 Howard, Edward ( of England), 197 reign of, 209–211 Humphrey, , 140 Henry VIII, king of England Hundred Years’ War, 111, 122–123, 351 battles with Scotland, 197 Hyde, Anne, queen of James II, 246–248 breaking away from the church, 215–216 character of, 212 • I • closing monasteries, 216–217 Iceni, kingdom of, 39 death of, 220 income tax, 20 as defender of the English church, 30 India desire to control Scotland, 200 Britain’s interest in, 260 divorcing Catherine of Aragon, 214–215 George V as emperor of, 284 Field of Cloth of Gold (summit as part of English empire, 14 conference), 213–214 Ine, king of Wessex, 47 as head of the Church of England, 216 Ingibjorg, queen of Malcolm III, king of lack of heir, 17 Scotland, 166 reign of, 212–213 investiture, 306–307, 318–319 relationship with daughter Mary, 222 Ireland wives of, 217–220 Charles I’s troubles with, 238 Henry Frederick, Duke of Cornwall, Prince English kings in, 249 of Wales, 353 independence for Southern Ireland, 282 Henry Stewart, Lord Methven, 198 , 282 Hepburn, James, Earl of Bothwell, husband , 15 of Mary, Queen of Scots, 203 Kenneth I’s alliances with, 159 Hereward the Wake, Lincolnshire lord, 84, 85 northern, 2–3 Highgrove House, , 333, as part of the , 15 339–340 resistance to William of Orange, 249 Hill House, day school, 316 Scots from, 152–154 historic royal places Irish church, 45 the Banqueting House, 343–344 Irish (1916), 282 Bosworth Field, 348 Isabella of Angoulême, 106 , 346 33_056819 bindex.qxp 11/3/06 11:01 AM Page 372

372 The British Monarchy For Dummies

Isabella of France, queen of Edward II, 117, John I, king of England 120, 121, 357 marriage to Isabella of Gloucester, 106 Isabella of France, queen of Richard II, 129 reign of, 105–106 Isabella of Gloucester, queen of John I, 106 signing the , 106–107, 174, 348 John I, king of Scotland, 178–179 , uncle of Richard II, 126–127 • J • John Paul II, pope, death of, 330 Jacobite rebellions, 255, 258–259 Jones, Inigo (architect), 343 James I, king of England (formerly James VI Jordan, Dorothea (actress), 268 of Scotland). See also James VI, king of Julius II, pope, 197 Scotland justice system, monarchy’s role in, 32–33. daughter of, 235–236 See also law codes disputes with Parliament, 19 Earl of Buckingham as partner, 234 endeavours toward , 232, 236 • K • , 233 Kennedy, James, bishop of , 193 instruction book for his son, 237 Kenneth I, king of Scotland, 158–160 King James Bible, 233 Kenneth II, king of Scotland, 161 monetary system and union flag, 232 Kenneth III, king of Scotland, 162 Overbury scandal, 234 , 339 reign of, 15, 232–234 Kent, as Saxon kingdom, 42 ruling without Parliament, 233–234 , 345 taxation, 19, 234 King James Bible, 233 Thirty Years’ War, 235–236 Kipling, Rudyard (writer), 285 wife of, 235 , orders of, 123–125 James I, king of Scotland, 189–191 Knox, John James II, king of England, 246–248 First Blast of the Trumpet Against the James II, king of Scotland, 191–192 Monstrous Regiment of Women, 202 James III, king of Scotland, 193–194 founder of Church of Scotland, 199, 201–202 James IV, king of Scotland, 194–197 James V, king of Scotland, 198–199 James VI, king of Scotland. See also James • L • I, king of England Labour party, 282, 283, 296 becomes James I, 205 Lancaster and York, houses of, 209, 210 reign of, 204–205 Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, 85, 87 as scholar, 205 Laud, William, bishop of Canterbury, 237 James Francis Edward Stuart, Prince of Laurence, Tim (Commander), 309 Wales, 353–354 Law, Andrew Bonar, Prime Minister, 283 James of St George (master mason), 346 law codes , queen of Henry VIII, 17, 218 Alfred, king of England, 57–58 Joan, queen of David II, king of Scotland, 185 Cnut, 70 Joan, queen of Robert II, king of Scotland, 191 Henry I, 92 Joan of Navarre, queen of Henry IV, 132 Provisions of Oxford, 109–110 Joanna, queen of Alexander II, king of Scotland, 170 Scotland, 175 Lely, (painter), 243 John, brother of James III, 193 Leofric, Earl of Mercia, 73 John, , 140 Leopold of Austria, Duke, 104 John, Duke of Marlborough, 251 Life of Alfred (Asser), 58–59 33_056819 bindex.qxp 11/3/06 11:01 AM Page 373

Index 373

Liverpool, Lord, Prime Minister, 267 Mary, Princess Royal, 284 Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, Prince of Wales, 113, Mary, queen of George V, 280, 283, 294 350 Mary, Queen of Scots Llewelyn ap Iorweth, Prince of Wales, Catholic versus Protestant struggles, 349–350 201–202 Loarn, kings of, 153–154 character of, 199–201 Logie, Margaret (mistress of David II), 185 imprisonment and death, 203–204 longbow, medieval weapon, 123, 137 wooing and marriages, 200–203 , 31 , wife of Henry IV, 132 Louis VII, king of France, 255 Mary I, queen of England, 222–223, 359 Lusignan, Hugh de, French , 106 Mary of Gueldres, queen of Scotland, 191, 193 Lutyens, Edwin (architect), 336 , queen of Scotland, 199 Mary of , queen of James II of England, 247, 353 • M • massacre of St Brice’s Day, 65–66 Macbeth, king of Scotland, 163–165 Matilda, empress of Henry V of Germany, Macbeth (Shakespeare), 163 daughter of Henry I MacDonald, Ramsay (Labour leader), 283 as mother of Henry II, 97 Magna Carta named successor to Henry I, 93, 94 imposing limits on royal power, 106, 174 war with Stephen, king of England, 94–95, King John signing, 106–107, 348 169 reissuing, 108 Matilda, queen of Henry I, 93 set of rules in, 24 Matilda, queen of Stephen, 95 Malcolm, son of Duncan, king of Scotland, Matilda of Senlis, queen of Malcolm III, 168 164–165 Maximilian I, emperor, 213 Malcolm I, king of Scotland, 161 May, Princess of Teck, queen of George V, Malcolm II, king of Scotland, 162–163 280, 283 Malcolm III, king of Scotland, 165–167 media coverage Malcolm IV, king of Scotland, 170–171 documentary of the royal family, 305–306 Margaret, lady of Scotland, 178 filming coronation of Elizabeth II, 302 Margaret, queen of Alexander III, king of investiture of Prince Charles, 318–319 Scotland, 177 Prince Charles and Princess Diana, Margaret, queen of James IV, king of 308–310, 326–327 Scotland, 195, 197–198 Melbourne, Lord, Prime Minister, 270 Margaret, queen of Malcolm III, king of Mercia Scotland, 166–167 kings of, 46 Margaret of Anjou, queen of Henry VI, location of, 42 142–143, 358 versus, 43–45 Margaret of Denmark, queen of James II, Penda, king of, 44 king of Scotland, 193 Saxon rulers, 45 Margaret of France, queen of Edward I, 115 wars with Wales, 45–46 Margaret , daughter of George VI, 293 , secret wife of George IV, British monarchy in, 12 265 coronation ceremonies, 21 Marie de Courcy, queen of Alexander II, overview, 5 king of Scotland, 175 military, ’s role in, 33–34 Mary, daughter of Charles II, 244 monarchy, British. See also constitutional Mary, daughter of James II, queen of monarchy; royal family William of Orange, 248–250 charitable works, 21, 30 33_056819 bindex.qxp 11/3/06 11:01 AM Page 374

374 The British Monarchy For Dummies

monarchy, British (continued) United States, creation of, 14, 262 eras of, 12 , 2–3 funding for, 18–20, 311–312 Northumberland God-given powers of, 122 location of, 42 history of, 11 Vikings in, 50 line of succession, 16–18 Northumberland, Earl of, 134 meeting with the Prime Minister, 26 Northumbria, Mercia versus, 43–45 overview, 1, 4, 16 preparation and duties, 17–18 Prime Minister appointed by, 26 • O • relationship with the media, 297–298 Oda, Ealdorman of , 54 role in Parliament, 25–26 Óengus, king of the Picts, 157–158 royal homes of, 333–340 Offa, king of Mercia, 45 service to the people, 21 Offa’s Dyke, 45–46 monasteries. See also Church Óláfr Hvitr, king of , 159 Anglo-Saxon building, 44 , 111, 123–125, 335 Henry VIII closing, 216–217 Osborne House, 347 importance of, 44 Oswald, Saxon king, 43–44 King Edmund’s support of, 63–64 Oswiu, Saxon king, 44, 45 as advisors to Anglo-Saxon kings, Overbury scandal, 234 63–64 Owain Glyndwr, Prince of Wales, 133, 352 reforms in Scotland, 169–170 Owain the Bald, king of Strathclyde, 154 revival of, 63–64 St Columba founding, 153 Monmouth, Duke of, 246 • P • Montfort, Simon de, Palace of Holyroodhouse, 336 Edward I defeating, 112 Palmerston, Viscount, Prime Minister, 273 leader of rebel barons, 109, 110 Parker Bowles, Camilla power of, 350 dating Prince Charles, 323–324 Morcar, Earl of Northumbria, 84 divorce from , 327 Mortimer, Katherine (mistress of David II), as Duchess of Cornwall, 330 185 marriage to Prince Charles, 329–330 Mortimer, Roger (nobleman), 120, 121, 357 Parliament Morton, Andrew (Diana: Her True Story), Charles I versus, 19, 238–240 326 Edward I’s reforms, 115, 116 Mountbatten, Earl, 323 first Speaker appointed to, 126 function of, 19 • N • government ministers role in, 20 guidelines created for, 109 Nash, John (architect), 334 House of Commons, 19, 25 Navy, Royal, 13, 33, 34 House of Lords, 19, 25 Navy, Scottish, 196 James I ruling without, 233–234 Nechtan mac Derile, king of the Picts, 156 Lords Spiritual, 31 Nelson, Horatio (British Admiral), 263 monarch’s role in, 25–26 New Model Army, 240 power of, 19, 126 Norman dynasty, 4, 81 Rump Parliament, 241, 242 Parliament, Scotland, 194 as part of English empire, 14 Parr, Catherine, queen of England, 219–220 taxation of, 262 Peasants’ Revolt, 111, 127–128 33_056819 bindex.qxp 11/3/06 11:01 AM Page 375

Index 375

Peel, Robert, Prime Minister, 270, 272 England becomes Protestant, 221 Penda, king of Mercia, 44 influence on Edward VI, 221 Philip, king of Spain, 227–228 Thirty Years’ War with Catholics, 235–236 Philip, Prince, consort Provisions of Oxford, 109–110 continuing the family name, 303 Puritanism in England, 241 marriage to Elizabeth II, 299–301 Pym, John (member of Parliament), 239 Philip Augustus, king of France, 102, 106 Philip I, king of France, 86 Philip II of Spain, consort of Queen Mary, 359 • Q • Philip VI of France, 122 Queen’s Gallery, Buckingham Palace, 334 Phillippa of Hainault, queen of Edward III, 121 Phillips, Mark, consort of Princess Anne, 309 Picts • R • Aedán conquering, 153 , 127 attacking kingdom of Dalriada, 154 radio broadcasts, of royal family, 285 Castantín as ruler of, 156–157 Raedwald, Saxon king, 43 conquests in Scotland, 155 Ragnall, Viking leader, 160, 161 resisting Romans, 154–155 Raleigh, Walter (seaman and explorer), 226 Romans’ view of, 154 Randolph, Thomas, , 182 rulers of, 155–156 religion. See also Church tribes of, 155 Jacobite rebellions, 255, 258–259 as war-painted warriors, 154–155 Margaret, queen of Scotland, reforms of, pipe rolls, 92 167 pirates (), 197 monarchy’s connection to, 21 Pitt, William, Prime Minister, 260 move toward , 247 Plantagenet dynasty, 98–99, 111 Puritanism in England, 241 pope Rhun, son of king of Strathclyde, 195 bribing James V, 198 Richard, , 141, 358 Cnut meeting with, 71 Richard, , 143, 144, 210 coronation for Scottish king, 182 Richard I, ‘Lionheart’, king of England refusing to coronate Alexander II, 175 capture of, 103–104 support of Henry III, 174 freeing William, king of Scotland, 171–172 Prasutagus, client-king of Iceni, 39 Henry II, father of, 102 prime minister mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, 103, 104, 356 advising the monarch, 25 nickname, ‘Lionheart’, 103 appointed by monarch, 26 reign of, 104–105 creation of, 254 Richard II, king of England George I’s use of, 255–256 disputes with Parliament, 19 role in Parliament, 20 marriage to Anne of Bohemia, 111, 128, 129 Prince of Wales marriage to Isabella of France, 129 duties of, 17–18 Parliament’s disputes with, 127–128 English princes as, 114 Peasants’ Revolt defeated by, 111, 127–128 title of, 306–307, 349 reign of, 111, 126–130 privateers (pirates with royal backing), 197 taxation, 19 Protectorate, 242 Richard III, king of England, 145–147, 358 Protestants Robert, Duke of Normandy, 81, 82 , 221 Robert, Earl of Gloucester, 94, 95, 96 Catholic versus Protestant struggles, Robert I Bruce, king of Scotland, 118, 179–181 201–202 33_056819 bindex.qxp 11/3/06 11:01 AM Page 376

376 The British Monarchy For Dummies

Robert II, king of Scotland, 188 Rubens (painter), 344 Robert III, king of Scotland, 189 Rump Parliament, 241, 242 Robinson, Mary (actress), 265 Runnymede, 348 Roger, bishop of , 92, 93 Rupert, Prince, nephew of Charles I, 239, 240 Rollo (Viking leader), 75 Roman empire, collapse of, 39–40 Romans • S • in Britain, 37–39, 154 Sancroft, Archbishop, 247 leaving Britain, 40 Sandringham, 337 Picts described by, 154–155 Sarah, duchess of York, 309 Romanization of Britain, 38 Saxons royal family. See also British monarchy; appointing an heir, 16 royal revenue invasion of Britain, 39–41 armed services tradition, 317 kingdoms of, 37, 42 divorce and separation, 309–310 kings of, 41–42 funding (Civil List) for, 311–312 overview, 12 helping the monarch, 29–30 Scotland media threats and tensions, 314 Battle of Standard, 169 official residences, 333–340 Britons of Strathclyde, 154 response to death of Princess Diana, Catholic versus Protestant struggles, 313–341 201–202 senior royals, 29 Charles I’s troubles with, 237 taxes paid by, 311 Church reforms, 169–170 television programme about, 305–306 Declaration of Arbroath, 180–181 travels of, 30 early tribes and peoples, 151–152 voting as unconstitutional for, 25 Edward I’s war with, 114–115 Royal Family (BBC film), 306 Edward II’s war with, 118 royal homes English nobles living in, 168–169 Balmoral Castle, 337–338 law codes of, 170 Buckingham Palace, 295, 314, 333–334 navy, 196 Clarence House, 338–339 overview, 5 , 340 Parliament, 194 Highgrove House, 333, 339–340 as part of the United Kingdom, 15 Kensington Palace, 339 Picts in, 154–158 Palace of Holyroodhouse, 336 Scots from Ireland, 152–154 Sandringham, 337 union with Britain, 251 St James’s Palace, 338 Viking invasions, 157, 158, 160–161, 162 Windsor Castle, 335–336 Wessex invasions, 161 , Buckingham Palace, 334 Scotland, kings of , 13, 33, 34 Charles II, 241–242 royal revenue. See also royal family; Constantine II, 160–162 taxation David I, 168–170 Charles I’s methods of, 244 Duncan I, 163, 164 Duchy of Cornwall as source of, 322 feudal kings, 167–168 Elizabeth II’s reforms, 311–312 Kenneth I, 158–160 Henry VII’s methods of, 211 Macbeth, 163–165 James V’s methods of, 198–199 Malcolm I, 161 William II’s schemes for, 87–88 Malcolm II, 162–163 33_056819 bindex.qxp 11/3/06 11:01 AM Page 377

Index 377

Malcolm III, 165–167 Streona, Eadric, ealdorman of Mercia, 65, 69 Malcolm IV, 170–171 Strode, William (member of Parliament), 239 William I, ‘the Lion’, 171–172 Stuart, Charles Edward, 258–259 , Richard, , 134 Stuart dynasty, 12, 231 Selback, king of Dalriada, 154 successors to the throne, 16–18 Seven Years’ War, 258 Suetonius Paulinus (Roman governor), 39 Seymour, Edward, , 221 Suez Canal crisis, 304 Seymour, Thomas, husband of Catherine , location of, 42 Parr, 224 Svein Fork-Beard, king of Denmark, 66, 75 Shakespeare, William (writer) Swein, son of Godwine, Earl of Wessex, 76 Elizabeth I’s appreciation for his plays, 229 Macbeth, 163 portrayal of Henry V, 136 • T • portrayal of Owain Glyndwr, 352 Tallis, Thomas (composer), 229 shires of Wessex, 48 taxation. See also funding the royalty Sigurd the Mighty, Viking leader, 162 America, 262 Simnel, Lambert (baker’s son/fake Earl of Charles I, 19 Warwick), 211 excise duties, 20 Simpson, Wallis, duchess of Windsor, 288, George III, 262 289, 294 Glorious Revolution, 249 Snowdon, Lord, husband of Princess Henry IV, king of England, 134 Margaret, 318 income, 20 Sophia Dorothea, queen of George I, 254 inheritance, 88 South Sea Bubble, 256 James I, 19, 190, 234 Spanish Armada, 227–228 Parliament’s role in, 19, 116 Spencer, Lady Diana. See Diana, Princess of Richard II, 19, 127 Wales royal family’s payment of, 311 St Aidan, 45, 153 types of, 20 St Andrews, Christian site in Scotland, 157 William II, 88 St , 45 Tewdwr, king of Strathclyde, 154 St Brice’s Day, 65–66 Thirty Years’ War, 235–236 St Columba, 153 Thomas, , brother of St George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle, 335 Henry V, 135, 138–139 St James’s Palace, 338 Thomas, Earl of Danby, 244 Standard, Battle of, 169 Throckmorton, Francis (Catholic Stephen, king of England conspirator), 227 battles with , 94–95 party, 245 character of, 94 Tostig, Earl of Northumbria, 165–166 civil war, 96 Tower of London, 87, 145, 341–342 coronation, 94 Treaty of Troyes, 138 marriage, 95 trial by battle, 101 reign of, 94–96 , , 317 Steward, Francis, Earl of Bothwell, 205 , 345–346 Stewart, Robert, High Steward of Scotland, Tudor dynasty, 4, 12, 209 184 , symbol, 210 Stewart dynasty, Scotland, 5, 187 Tyler, Wat (leader of Peasants’ Revolt), , 347 127–128 Strathclyde, early Scottish kingdom, 154 33_056819 bindex.qxp 11/3/06 11:01 AM Page 378

378 The British Monarchy For Dummies

Walpole, Robert, Prime Minister, 20, 256, • U • 257, 258 United Kingdom , Moor (spy for Elizabeth I), 227 Act of Union (1707), 2, 251 Walworth, William, Lord Mayor, 128 defined, 2 War of Austrian Succession, 258 history of, 12–15 War of Jenkins’s Ear, 258 Northern Ireland as part of, 2–3 Warbeck, Perkin (fake Duke of York), 195, 211 United States, creation of, 14, 262 Wars of the Roses, 141–143, 342 University College of Wales, , weapons, longbow, 123, 137 317–318 Wells, H G (writer), 281 Unuist mac Uurguist, king of the Picts, 156 Wentworth, Thomas (governor of Ireland), 238 Wessex • V • as Anglo-Saxon kingdom, 47–50 Ecgbert, king of, 48–49 (Ecclesiastical invasion of Scotland, 161 Valuation), 216 kings of, 49–50 Victoria, Princess Royal, daughter of location of, 42, 47 George V, 284 Saxon kings of, 47 Victoria, queen of Britain Vikings invading, 49–50, 52–53, 63 extended family of, 271–272 Westminster Abbey, 344 Golden and Diamond Jubilees, 273–274 Westminster Hall, 87 marriage to Prince Albert, 269, 270–271 Whig party, 245 prime ministers during her reign, 272–273 White Tower, 87, 341 reign, 269–270 Palace, 343 son of, 274–275 Wiglaf, king of Mercia, 49 Vikings. See also Cnut, king of England Wilhelm II, Kaiser of Germany, 275, 281 Aethelred’s battle with, 65–66 William, Duke of Normandy, 77 Alfred, king of England fighting, 51–54 William, 8th Earl of Douglas, 192 Edmund, king of England’s battles with, 63 William, Prince, son of Charles, Prince of King Edward’s battles with, 60–61 Wales, 33, 325 marrying into Scottish royal family, 160 William I, ‘the Conqueror’, king of England Scotland invaded by, 157–158, 160–162 Battle of Hasting, 82 Svein Fork-Beard’s invasion of Britain, 66 childhood, 81–82 Wessex invaded by, 49–50, 52–53, 63 coronation, 83 villeinage, 127, 128 death and , 86 Villiers, George, Earl of Buckingham, 234, 237 as Duke of Normandy, 82 Vortigern (Celtic ruler), 40 enemies, 84 feudal system of, 83 • W • invasion of Scotland, 166 relationship with the Church, 84–85 Wales scorched-earth campaign, 84 Edward I’s war with, 113–114 taxation methods (Domesday Book), as part of the United Kingdom, 15 85–86 Prince of Wales attending school in, 317–318 William I, ‘the Lion’, king of Scotland, wars with England, 350 171–172 wars with Mercia, 45–46 William II of Orange, 247–250 Wallace, William (Scottish leader), 115, 181 33_056819 bindex.qxp 11/3/06 11:01 AM Page 379

Index 379

William II ‘Rufus’, king of England Woodville, Elizabeth, queen of Edward IV, 144 character of, 87 World War I, 281–282 death of, 89–90 World War II, 295–296 money-making schemes, 87–88 Wren, Christopher (architect), 343 relationship with the Church, 88–89 Wulfhere, king of Mercia, 45 William IV, king of Britain, 267–269, 361 Wyclif, John (religious reformer), 127 Windsor, adopted as family name, 281, 303 Windsor Castle about, 335–336 • Y • fire in, 310–311 Yolande of Dreux, queen of Alexander II, rebuilding, 125 king of Scotland, 177, 178 witan/witenagemot (group of nobles), 78 York and Lancaster, houses of, 209, 210 Wolfe, James (), 260 Ywain, king of Strathclyde, 154 Wolsey, Thomas, Cardinal, 213, 343 33_056819 bindex.qxp 11/3/06 11:01 AM Page 380

380 The British Monarchy For Dummies 33_056819 bindex.qxp 11/3/06 11:01 AM Page 381

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