INVESTING IN ENGLAND: THE DESIGNATION OF HEIRS TO THE CROWN THROUGHOUT ENGLISH HISTORY by SARAH STEVENSON SADULLAEVA Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON May 2013 Copyright © by Sarah S Sadullaeva 2013 All Rights Reserved Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my committee for taking their time to help me complete this degree. Dr. Elisabeth Cawthon, my thesis chair, without whose support and efforts I would have never succeeded in completing this degree. Dr. Stanley Palmer, whose class in English history, reminded me of my passion for English royalty and set me on a path to this thesis. Dr. Sarah Davis-Secord pushed me to understand myself as well as primary sources. To my mother and father to whom I owe everything, I hope with this thesis to make them proud, as I am unable to repay their incalculable financial and emotional support. I would also like to express my gratitude to my bosses and my co-workers, especially Lori Rath, who gifted me with time for writing and research, and Joni Jacobs, who pushed every day for me to be better than what I am. Finally, to all my friends, I thank you for showing me love and giving me a place to belong. April 11, 2013 iii Abstract INVESTING IN ENGLAND: THE DESIGNATION OF HEIRS TO THE CROWN THROUGHOUT ENGLISH HISTORY Sarah S. Sadullaeva The University of Texas at Arlington, 2013 Supervising Professor: Elisabeth Cawthon It was not until the late eighteenth century that rules for succession to the English throne were written. Succession to the throne has never been random. As such, the heir to the throne plays an important part in the history of England. The heir was the personification of the future of England and signified stability, dynastic continuity and power. This study examines the designation of the heirs from the oath received by William of Normandy, which justified the conquest of 1066, to the current Prince of Wales, Charles, investiture in 1969. In reviewing the methods and reasons for designating an heir there is an evolution as sovereigns sought to secure power for themselves and for their families. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................iii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iv List of Illustrations .............................................................................................................. ix Chapter 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Tradition defined ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Primary Sources ....................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Secondary Sources .................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Method of Organization ............................................................................................ 6 1.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 6 Chapter 2 Until Death Do You Part ..................................................................................... 8 2.1 Scholarship ............................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1 Study of Oaths ................................................................................................... 8 2.1.2 Study of Oaths for heirs ..................................................................................... 9 2.2 Oath ........................................................................................................................ 10 2.3 William’s Oath ......................................................................................................... 12 2.3.1. Edward the Confessor, Norman King ............................................................. 12 2.3.2 William’s Oaths ................................................................................................ 14 2.3.3 Association ...................................................................................................... 17 2.4 Heir of Silence ........................................................................................................ 19 2.4.1 Conqueror’s Sons ............................................................................................ 19 2.4.2 Richard I .......................................................................................................... 22 2.4.4 John ................................................................................................................. 23 2.5 Designated by war .................................................................................................. 25 2.5.1 Conqueror’s Sons ............................................................................................ 25 v 2.5.2 Richard and Tancred ....................................................................................... 27 2.5.3 Stephen and Henry ......................................................................................... 28 2.6 Crises creates Evolution ......................................................................................... 30 2.6.1 Henry I ............................................................................................................. 30 2.6.2 Henry II ............................................................................................................ 36 2.6.3 Henry III ........................................................................................................... 39 2.7 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 40 Chapter 3 Bequeathed a Kingdom .................................................................................... 42 3.1 Scholarship ............................................................................................................. 42 3.1.1 Scholarship on Deathbed Bequeaths .............................................................. 42 3.1.2 Scholarship on Sovereign’s deathbed ............................................................. 43 3.2 Death Bed Appointments ........................................................................................ 44 3.2.1 Edward the Confessor ..................................................................................... 44 3.2.2 William I ........................................................................................................... 46 3.2.3 Richard I .......................................................................................................... 48 3.3 Entails ..................................................................................................................... 50 3.3.1 Edward I .......................................................................................................... 51 3.3.2 Edward III ........................................................................................................ 53 3.4 Wills ........................................................................................................................ 55 3.4.1 Henry VIII ......................................................................................................... 55 3.4.2. Edward VI ....................................................................................................... 59 3.5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 61 Chapter 4 Entitled To Be King .......................................................................................... 62 4.1 Scholarship ............................................................................................................. 62 4.1.1 Scholarship on Nobility .................................................................................... 62 vi 4.1.2 Scholarship on Royal Titles ............................................................................. 63 4.2 Duke of Normandy .................................................................................................. 64 4.2.1 Association and Support ................................................................................. 65 4.2.2 Pre-cursor to the throne .................................................................................. 66 4.3 Junior King .............................................................................................................. 67 4.3.1 Continental Trend ............................................................................................ 68 4.3.2 Political and Diplomatic Strategy ..................................................................... 69 4.3.3 Disastrous results ............................................................................................ 70 4.4 Prince of Wales ....................................................................................................... 71 4.4.1 Edward I .......................................................................................................... 71 4.4.2