La Contestazione Del Rif Marocchino Nell'era Di Re Mohammed VI

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La Contestazione Del Rif Marocchino Nell'era Di Re Mohammed VI Corso di Laurea in Lingue, economie e istituzioni dell’Asia e dell’Africa mediterranea ex D.M. 270/2004 Tesi di Laurea La contestazione del Rif marocchino nell’era di re Mohammed VI Relatore Ch. Prof.ssa Barbara De Poli Correlatore Ch. Prof.ssa Maria Cristina Paciello Laureando Barbara Tolomei Matricola 858082 Anno Accademico 2017 / 2018 INDICE 5 ....................................................................................................................... (المقدمة) Al-muqaddima Introduzione........................................................................................................................................ 8 1. IL RIF NELLA STORIA DEL MAROCCO ................................................................................ 11 1.1 Il Rif marocchino: identità storica e geografica ......................................................................... 11 1.2 I berberi del Nord Africa ............................................................................................................ 12 1.3 Fenici, Cartaginesi, Romani, Vandali e Bizantini in Nord Africa .............................................. 13 1.3.1 Cristianesimo e Giudaismo...................................................................................................... 14 1.4 L’era islamica e la rivolta berbera del VIII secolo ..................................................................... 14 1.5 La prima dinastia sharīfa: gli Idrisidi (al-ʾAdārisa) .................................................................... 16 1.6 Gli imperi berberi: Almoravidi, Almohadi, Merinidi e Wattasidi .............................................. 17 1.7 I Sadiani (1554-1636) (al-Saʿdiyyūn) ........................................................................................ 19 1.8 La dinastia Alawide (1636- in corso) ......................................................................................... 20 1.8.1 Il Rif e la rottura con il Makhzen nel XX secolo ..................................................................... 20 1.8.2 La penetrazione europea e la nascita del protettorato (1912-1957) ......................................... 23 1.8.3 Mohamed Ben Abdelkrim al Khattabi (Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Khaṭṭābī ) e la Repubblica del Rif (1921-1926) ....................................................................................................... 24 1.8.4 Mohamed V: il sultano (1927-1957) e il re dell’indipendenza (1957-1961) ........................... 26 1.8.4.1 “L’affare Messadi” e la rivolta del ‘58-59 nel Rif ................................................................ 27 1.8.5 Gli anni di piombo di Hassan II (1961-1999) ......................................................................... 30 1.8.5.1 La “Rivolta del pane” nel Rif (1984) ................................................................................... 32 1.8.6 L’era di Re Mohammed VI (1999-in corso) ............................................................................ 34 1.8.6.1 La monarchia marocchina tra autoritarismo e apertura ........................................................ 34 1.8.6.2 Liberismo.............................................................................................................................. 35 1.8.6.3 Liberalizzazione politica e diritti umani ............................................................................... 35 1.8.6.4 L’Islam “nazionale” ............................................................................................................. 36 1.8.6.5 La visita reale nel Rif ........................................................................................................... 37 2 1.8.6.6 La riconciliazione con la dissidenza e la “Instance Équité et Réconciliation” (IER) ........... 37 1.8.6.6.1 L’operato della Instance Équité et Réconciliation (IER) nel Rif ....................................... 38 1.8.6.7 Contestazione e riforme ........................................................................................................ 39 1.8.6.7.1 Il Movimento 20 Febbraio nel Rif ..................................................................................... 41 2. GENESI ED EVOLUZIONE DELLA CAUSA AMAZIGH IN MAROCCO E NEL RIF ...... 43 2.1 Le lingue berbere in Nord Africa e in Marocco ......................................................................... 43 2.2 Il percorso della causa amazigh in Marocco dall’indipendenza ad oggi .................................... 44 2.3 Il Mouvement Culturel Amazigh nell’era di Mohammed VI e l’IRCAM.................................. 48 2.3.2 La lingua Tamazight al centro delle rivendicazioni dell’attivismo amazigh ........................... 50 2.4 L’attivismo amazigh nel Rif ....................................................................................................... 53 2.4.1 Il Mouvement Culturel Amazigh (MCA) e l’associazionismo nel Rif .................................... 53 2.4.2 L’autonomia nel Rif? Il caso del “Mouvement pour l’autonomie du Rif” (MAR) ................. 55 2.5 L’internazionalizzazione della causa amazigh e il Marocco ...................................................... 56 3. LA REALTÀ SOCIOECONOMICA DEL RIF ................................................................................ 58 3.1 L’evoluzione dell’attività economica nel Rif ............................................................................. 58 3.1.1 L’emigrazione ......................................................................................................................... 59 3.1.2 L’economia informale del “kif” (cannabis) ............................................................................. 60 3.1.3 Il contrabbando ........................................................................................................................ 62 3.2 I maggiori indicatori socioeconomici regionali ......................................................................... 63 3.2.1 La regione Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima ................................................................................ 63 3.2.2 La regione Oriental .................................................................................................................. 64 3.2.3 La regione Fes-Meknes ........................................................................................................... 65 3.3 Le prospettive di sviluppo locale ................................................................................................ 66 3.3.1 Il programma di sviluppo “Al Hoceima Manarat al Moutawassit” ......................................... 66 4. LE PROTESTE DEL 2016-2017 NEL RIF ...................................................................................... 68 da venditore di pesce a “martire” delle proteste del Rif .............. 68 :(محسن فكري) Mouhcine Fikri 4.1 4.2 Mouhcine Fikri è il nuovo Mohamed Bouazizi? ........................................................................ 70 4.3 Le reazioni alla morte di Fikri: le prime manifestazioni e la denuncia di “hogra”..................... 71 3 e la nascita di Hirak ........................................................................ 73 (ناصر الزفزافي) Nasr Zefzefi 4.4 4.5 Le manifestazioni nel Rif e le rivendicazioni di Ḥirāk ............................................................... 75 4.5.1 “La carta delle rivendicazioni di Ḥirāk” .................................................................................. 80 4.6 L’arresto di Nasr Zefzefi ............................................................................................................ 82 4.7 La repressione delle manifestazioni e gli scontri violenti .......................................................... 84 4.8 Il discorso reale in occasione della “Festa del Trono” del 30 luglio 2017 ................................. 86 4.9 Le reazioni del governo di Rabat: le accuse e le promesse ........................................................ 87 4.10 Le violazioni a danno dei manifestanti e il ruolo delle forze dell’ordine ................................. 89 4. 11 La fine delle manifestazioni di Ḥirāk nel Rif? ........................................................................ 91 4.12 Le iniziative della società civile e l’analisi dell'intellighenzia marocchina .............................. 92 Conclusioni ....................................................................................................................................... 96 BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................................................................................................................... 99 SITOGRAFIA ..................................................................................................................................... 103 Sitografia documenti ufficiali ......................................................................................................... 115 4 (المقدمة) Al-muqaddima تحلل هذه اﻷطروحة الظاهرة اﻻحتجاجية في منطقة الريف بالمغرب خﻻل عهد الملك محمد السادس وخصوصاً المظاهرات التي شهدتها مدن الريف في الفترة ما بين 2016 و2017. الهدف الرئيسي من هذه اﻷطروحة هو تقديم التحليل النقدي لﻷحداث لفهم بشكل دقيق ما هي خصوصيات مظاهرات الريف اﻷخيرة وأهميتها في السيناريو الوطني المغربي. ولهذا السبب كان من الضروري البحث في السياق التاريخي والثقافي واﻻقتصادي الذي يميّز منطقة الريف وهي المعلومات اﻷساسية لشرح اﻷسباب التي أدت إلى اﻻحتجاجات. اندلعت مظاهرات الريف في مدينة الحسيمة الساحلية في شهر أكتوبر 2016 بعد حدث مقتل بائع السمك محسن فكري في يوم 28 أكتوبر 2016 الذي مات طحناً في مطحنة
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