Seeking Legitimacy Aili Mari Tripp Index More Information Www

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42564-3 — Seeking Legitimacy Aili Mari Tripp Index More Information

Index

Abdullah II, 276, 277 Algerian Women Claiming their Rights abortion, 131 (FARD), 218 Algeria, 198 ʿalimat (women religious scholars), 167 Bahrain, 132 alternance government, 151, 175 Egypt, 274 Amazigh, 3, 21–23, 25–26, 32, 42, 67, Maghreb, 262 69, 74–80, 84–86, 91, 99, 103, MENA region, 130 107, 150 Morocco, 132, 182–183 Activism, 3 Tunisia, 34, 48, 132, 235, 252 Algeria, 195, 198, 202, 223 Abou Hafs, Raﬁki, 171, 184 Chaoui, Mouzabit, Tergui (Algeria), adoption, 118 79 Algeria, 118 Kabyle. See Amazigh (Algeria) Lebanon, 266 Maghreb, 264 Morocco, 118 Morocco, 155, 163, 165 Tunisia, 120, 139, 252 nationalism, 12 Adorno, Theodor, 13 tattooing, 78 ʿadoul (notary), 1, 166 Tuareg, 21, 75, 78 Advisory Council of the Family and Amnesty International, 207, 210, Children Morocco, 186 274 Afghanistan, 55, 203–204, Aquim, 42 248 Arab Barometer, 10, 27, 68, 76, 79, Afrobarometer, 11, 27, 79–80, 81–84, 93–93, 95–96, 98–99 83 Arab Spring, 46, 61, 106–107, 146, Ahmed, Dawood, 53, 112 151, 155, 211, 245 Al-ʿAdl wal-Ihsane (AWI), 152, 164, Egypt, 273 172–173, 175, 177–178 Tunisia, 45–46, 48, 91, 233–234, Al Fakhar, Sayyida Aisha Bint 242, 245–248, 255, 263, 281 Chaqroun, 86 Arabization Al Haddad, Tahar, 235–237 Algeria, 2, 198 Al Hurra, Sayyid, 21 archetypes, female, 21 Al Kabbaj, Fatima, 165 Association démocratique des femmes Al Kattani, Hamza, 86 du maroc (ADFM), 26, 31, 50, Al Nafzawiyya, Zayneb, 21 61, 100, 113, 151–152 Al Nusra Front, 269 Association des femmes cadres Al Othmani, Saad Eddine, 155 algériennes (AFCARE), 27 al Qaeda, 41, 162, 170, 246, 269 Association des femmes nahdaouis Alaoui, Lalla Joumala, 168 (Tunisia), 247 Algerian Association for the Association des Femmes tunisiennes Emancipation of Women, pour la recherche sur le 198 développement (AFTURD), 27

307

308 Index

Association femme et progrès (Tunisia), Ben Bouali, Hassiba, 22 27 Bendjedid, Chadli, 45, 198 Association for the Development of the Benhadj, Ali, 226 Person and the Exercise of Benkirane, Abdelilah, 145, 148–149, Citizenship (AFEPEC) (Algeria), 152, 179–180, 182–183, 185 218 Benradi, Malika, 49 Association marocaine des droits Berber. See Amazigh humain, 26 Berriane, Yasmine, 160–161, 168 Association mawjoudin, 27 bikini protest, Algeria, 222 Association of Algerian Muslim Ulema, Black Decade (1992–2002), 2, 18, 45, 195 106, 127, 194, 206–211, 213, Association of Ennahda Women, 247 224, 229, 248, 263, 281 Association of Tunisian Women for bodies, women’s, 14–15, 19–20 Research and Development Algeria, 17, 194, 202, 206, 208, 223, (AFTURD), 249 229, 263 Association of Tunisian Women Maghreb, 15, 23, 281 Lawyers, 247 MENA, 2, 48, 55 Associations Act 1990, Algeria, 200 Morocco, 15, 185, 189 attitudes Tunisia, 122, 233 gender equality, 92–93 Bouhired, Djamila, 22 gender equality (Lebanon), 266 Boumédiène, Houari, 45, 103, 197–198 gender equality (MENA), 94, Bounaﬁ, Sayyida Aisha Bint Ali, 86 96–97 Bourguiba, Habib, 34–35, 45, 197, gender equality (Tunisia), 266 233–239, 241–244, 253, 263, religiosity, 9, 97 265, 281 religiosity (MENA), 98 Boutchichiya Tariq, 163 religiosity (Morocco), 97 Bouteﬂika, Abdelaziz, 124, 192, Authenticity and Modernity Party 208–209, 212–213, 215–216, (PAM), 171 222, 227–228, 265, 274 authoritarian countries, 4 Brand, Laurie, 87 authoritarianism, 4–7, 13, 33–35, 53, Butler, Judith, 20, 288 55–57, 64, 87, 89, 91–92, 99, 145, 210, 234, 261, 271, 278 Casablanca bombings, 2003, 176 Authority for Parity and the Fight Cedar Revolution (Lebanon), 268 against All Forms of Centre d’Information et de Discrimination (APALD), 158, documentation sur les droits de 186 l’enfant et de la femme autocracy, 23, 34, 53, 92 (CIDDEF), 27, 219 Centre de la femme arabe pour la Bahrain, 36, 38, 56, 58, 67, 105, formation et la 108–109, 116–119, 125, recherche (CAWTAR), 27 132–136, 138 Cesari, Joycelyne, 53–55, 288 Be a Man Campaign (“Sois un Charrad, Mounira, 34, 36, 46, 52, 234, homme”) (Algeria), 17 237, 240 Be a Woman Campaign (Morocco), 18 Charter for Peace and National Ben Ali, Zine El Abidine, 6, 34–35, 45, Reconciliation, 2005, 209 88, 233–234, 239–246, 259, children, born outside of marriage, 153 265, 280–281 Christians, 9–11, 32, 77, 126, 223, 269, Ben Badis, Abdelhamid, 194 283 Ben Bella, Ahmed, 196–198 Circular 108 (Tunisia), 238

Index 309

citizenship, 46–48, 50, 69, 113, Palestine, 108 134–135, 139, 213, 234, 250, Palestinians, 110 279 political participation of women, 110 civil liberties, 88–89 protection of mothers, 110 civil society (Algeria), 34 Qatar, 108 clothing, contestation, 19 religion, 112 Coalition printemps féministe pour la religiosity, 111–112 démocratie et l’égalité, 26 Saudi Arabia, 108, 110, 268 Collectif maghreb égalité 95, xiii, shariʿa (Islamic Law), 112 49–51, 65, 113, 122, 222 Syria, 108, 110 Comité scientiﬁque de l’institut arabe Tunisia, 2, 15, 34, 45, 48, 50, 106–107, des droits de l’homme, 27 235, 237–238, 246–259, 263 Committee for the Legal Equality of Tunisia (Article 21), 107, 251 Men and Women, 198 Tunisia (Article 46), 107, 250–251 Communist Party (Tunisia), 249 United Arab Emirates, 108, 110–111 complementarity, 2, 15, 47, 69, 144, violence against women, 107 161, 181, 249–250 women’s rights, 105–106, 108, 110, Conseil national des droits de l’homme 112 (CNDH), 26 Yemen, 108, 110 constitution, 6, 167, 185, 233, constitutional reforms, 8–9, 14, 23–25, 251, 281 27, 38, 46 Algeria, 106–107, 197, 200, 203, Algeria, 222, 229 217, 220 Egypt, 87, 274 Algeria (Chapter IV, Article 31bis), 108 Jordan, 276 Bahrain, 108, 110–111 Lebanon, 67 citizenship, 110–111 Maghreb, 24–25, 35, 48, 102, 106, complementarity, 106 262, 264 depiction of motherhood, 108 MENA, 66, 101, 105 Egypt, 10, 108, 110–111, 270, Morocco, 48, 107, 146, 151, 186 272–274 Tunisia, 8, 34, 234 family law, 110, 112 contraception, 122, 131 gender discrimination, 108 Convention on the Elimination of gender equality, 108 Discrimination against Women gender parity, 110 (CEDAW), 5, 44, 51, 60, 65, 113, inheritance, 112 137, 139, 149, 175, 178, 186, Iraq, 102, 108, 110 190, 213, 222, 238, 272–273 Islamic law, 112 Copts (Egypt), 9 Jordan, 108, 110 cousin marriage, 36 Kuwait, 108, 110 credit, access to by women, 136 Lebanese, 111 critical junctures, 7, 24–25, 45–46, 48, Lebanon, 103, 108, 110, 112, 268 146, 190, 259, 262, 265 Libya, 108, 110 custody, of children, 124 Maghreb, 111 customary law, 54, 74, 123 Mauritania, 108 MENA, 40, 95–96, 105, 109 Daoud, Kamel, 15, 197 Morocco, 45, 76, 87, 91, 100, 107, democracy, 2–4, 23, 34, 54, 56, 61, 72, 111, 139, 151, 155, 158, 162, 97, 106, 148, 155, 160–161, 181–183, 185, 190 176, 202–204, 215, 234, 244, motherhood, 111 255, 263, 279 Oman, 110 Tunisia, 34

310 Index

Democratic Constitutional Party Ennahda Party, 2, 44, 92, 115, 156, (Tunisia), 242 177, 226, 231, 233–234, 240, Democratic Forum for Labor 243–259, 264, 281 and Liberties (Tunisia), Essebsi, Beji Caid, 247, 257–258, 265, 246 281 Democratic League for Women’s Rights Ettakatol, 246 (Morocco), 148 European Union, 44, 49, 61–62, 132, democratization, 87 268, 279 Dihya, 21, 77, 79 exogamy, 36 divorce, 1, 10, 34, 74, 79, 93, 120, 122–128, 139, 147, 153, 157, Facebook, 90, 223–224 159, 167, 187, 192, 199, Family Code, 6, 51, 79, 113, 123, 143, 212–214, 235, 242, 266, 272, 149, 152, 161, 173, 175, 274 198–199, 201–203, 212–214, Egypt, 271 217, 222, 225, 227–229, 263 Iraq, 102 Algeria, 192, 198–199, 202, Djazairouna, 206, 211 212–214 domestic violence, 113, 127, 133, 157, Morocco, 103 242, 257, 267, 279 family law, 5, 10, 34, 52, 54–55, 69, 73, Donno, Daniela, 53 98, 102–105, 108, 118, donors, 5, 25, 27, 60, 62, 156, 122–124, 129–131, 137, 139, 190, 218 237–238, 262–264, 266, 271, Douglas, Mary, 20 274, 278 dowry, 128–129, 214, 235, 237, 258, Fatema Mernissi, xiii 266, 272 fatwas (Islamic law rulings), 42 dress, women’s. See veiling Fédération de la ligue démocratique des Algeria, 16, 202 droits des femmes (FLDDF), 26, Morocco, 18 51, 152, 187 Drif, Zohra, 22 Fédération internationale des droits de Druze, 10, 269 l’homme (FIDH), 27 female genital mutilation (Egypt), economic growth, 56 272 Edelman, Murray, 11, 13–14 feminists, 2, 5, 8, 65, 67, 98, education, females, 34, 57, 93 122–123, 143, 147–148, 161, Egypt, 6, 9, 24, 35–36, 38, 41–44, 46, 167, 182, 186–189, 198, 58, 67–68, 75–76, 87–89, 97, 204–205, 213, 219, 228–229, 102, 105, 107, 109–110, 234, 238–239, 243–244, 116–119, 125, 127–128, 246–247, 250–255, 263–264, 130–133, 135–138, 145, 271, 273–274, 280 147, 166, 169, 171–172, Femmes algériennes revendiquant leurs 174, 196, 236, 258, 261, droits (FARD), 27 264–265, 269–270, 272–276, Fihri, Mina Fassi, 86 278 Filali, Amina, 100, 134, 145, El Fassi, Abbas, 157 179–180 El Kef (Tunisia), 27 Fish, Steven, 53 El Massar (Tunisia), 249 Fizazi, Mohammed, 171, 184 Elishat (Queen of Carthage), 21 France, 7, 16, 22, 33, 37, 50–51, 60, el-Mekkaoui, Rajaa 67–73, 79, 98, 134, 147, 162, Naji, 165 184, 195, 197, 202, 209, 212, employment, women, 137 229, 244, 263, 266

Index 311

colonial legacy, 32–33, 36, 67–68, ICRAM I, 158, 182 73, 85, 264, 266 ICRAM II, 158, 181 gender equality, 70 immigrants (France), 71 law, 69, 74, 103, 134 inheritance, 1, 95, 129 parliament, 70 Algeria, 199, 221–222 Front for Islamic Salvation (FIS), 88, Iraq, 102 127, 200–205, 212, 225–226, Jordan, 277 228 Lebanon, 103, 267 Maghreb, 50, 62, 93, 113 Geertz, Clifford, 14 MENA, 39, 94, 96, 105, 112, 122, 129 gender gap, 120–122 Morocco, 50, 74, 81–82, 146, 148, Jordan, 277 166–167, 182–184, 188–189, MENA, 57, 117 264 Ghannouchi, Rachid, 240, 245–246, Tunisia, 121, 124, 129, 139, 235, 253–255 238–239, 251, 257–258, Gouda, Moamen, 53, 112 266–267 guardianship International Institute for Democracy children, 120, 124, 139, 238, 266 and Electoral Assistance women, 47–48, 123, 147, 149, 153, (International IDEA), 27, 114, 167, 176–177, 199, 212–214, 237 116–117 Gulf, The, 43, 67, 127, 150, 162, 166 international treaties, 5, 65, 137, 139, 146, 178, 182, 185, 187–188, Hakkaoui, Bassima, 176, 179–182 190, 215, 246, 253, 255, 264, Harakat al-Tawhid wal-Islah See Convention on the (Movement for Uniﬁcation and Elimination of All Forms of Reform), 174 Discrimination Against Women Haraki (movement), 171 Inter-Parliamentary Union, 9, 27, 119 Hariri, Saad, 268 Iran, 9, 35, 43, 127, 203–204, 248 Hassan II, 45, 74, 143–146, 149–152, Iraq, 36, 42–43, 55–56, 58, 97, 102, 104, 160, 168, 172 109, 116–117, 119, 125, Hassaniya, 75, 83 127–128, 130–138, 169–170, Hatem, Mervat, 88, 279 211 Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham, 269 ISIS, 42, 55, 211, 269 Hezbollah (Lebanon), 268–269 Islamic Tendency Movement, 239 Higher Council of the Ulemas, 162 Islamists, 2–3, 5–6, 8, 11, 14–15, higher education, women, 93, 95, 224 18–19, 24–26, 31, 41–45, 48, Himmelstrand, Ulf, 11 64–66, 194, 206, 213, 225–226, Hirak Rif movement, 91 228–229, 239, 242–243, 247, Hoceima protests (2017), 87 265, 293, 298 Htun, Mala, 4, 54, 97 Algeria, 85, 127, 192, 194–196, 198, human rights, 91 199, 201–209, 211–214, 219, human rights groups, 210 223, 225–228, 242, 248, Human Rights Watch, 158, 210–211 281 hybrid regime. See semi-authoritarian Egypt, 172, 174, 270–272, 274–275, regimes 278 hybrid regime, Morocco as, 91 Jordan, 276–278 hypotheses, 24–25, 43, 55, 146 Lebanon, 269 Maghreb, 86–88, 92, 99, 106, 129, Ibadi Muslims, 36 150, 263–264, 281 Ibnouzahir, Zineb, 168 MENA, 87

312 Index

Islamists (cont.) Laabidi, Farida, 249 Morocco, 90, 107, 143–146, Laarayedh, Ali, 231, 250 148–152, 155, 157, 159–164, Labidi, Farida, 253 167, 169, 171–173, 175–177, labor force participation, female, 4, 179, 183–190, 281 56–58, 60, 66 Tunisia, 87–88, 106, 115, 122, 231, labor rights, women, 137 233–234, 238–249, 251, Lalla Aïcha, 143 253–254, 258, 262, 264, 281 Lalla Fadhma N’Soumer, 22, 85 Islamization Lalla Hasnaa, 168 Algeria, 195, 198 Lalla Meryem, 143, 168 Algeria, 85, 127, 192, 194–196, Lalla Salma, 168 198–199, 201–209, 211–214, Lalla Yamina, 22 219, 223, 225–228, 242, 263, 281 Lalla Zineb, 168 Tunisia, 233 Lamrabet, Asma, 163–164, 166–167 land, women’s access, 39 Jews, 10, 32, 74, 77, 80, 126, 258 Lasswell, Harold, 13 Jordan, 24, 37–38, 41, 58, 64, 91, 97, Lebanon, 10, 24, 36, 41, 55, 58, 67–69, 100, 102–103, 105, 109, 71, 91–93, 97, 100, 103, 105, 116–119, 125, 127–128, 109, 116–119, 125, 127–128, 130–136, 138, 264–265, 130–138, 264–269, 278 276–278 legally pluralism, 68 Jossour forum des femmes marocaines, legislative representation, women, 4, 26 8–9, 14–15, 23–25, 27, 38, Jribi, Maya, 233 40–41, 43, 46, 48, 56–58, 62, judges, women, 38 64, 68, 86, 93, 101, 108, 110, Jung, Carl, 20 112, 114–116, 119, 139, 144, Justice and Charity Association, 172 146, 148, 151, 156, 158–159, 186, 198, 219, 225, 227, 229, Kabyle, 22, 79–80, 85, 222, See 234, 240, 255, 258, 262, 264, Amazigh (Algeria) 268, 274, 280 KAFA (Lebanon), 268 LGBTQ rights, 122 Kandisha, Aisha, 22 Libya, 35–36, 58, 77–78, 97, 102, 104, Karama, 49, 167, 242 109, 116–117, 119, 125, 128, Kettani, Hassan, 171, 184 130–138 Khalil, Andrea, 233 Ligue des électrices tunisiennes, 27 Khemisti, Fatima, 197 Ligue tunisienne de défense des droits de khulʿ l’homme (LTDH), 27 Algeria, 214 local assemblies, Algeria, 198 Egypt, 128, 272, 274 Lucas, Marieme Helie, 212 Maghreb, 128 MENA, 128 Madani, Abbassi, 204, 226 Morocco, 153 Maelainine, Amina, 184 Tunisia, 235 Maghnaoui, Fatima, 147 kinship, 36–37, 52–53, 66 Maghraoui, Sheikh Mohammed, 171 Koun Rajul (“Be a Man” Campaign) Maghrebi people, 51, 71 (Morocco), 18 Makhzen, 176–178 Kuwait, 9, 43, 58, 91, 97, 102, 104, Maliki School of Jurisprudence, 1, 109, 116–119, 125, 130–136, 68–69, 74–75, 123–124, 138, 268 127–128, 147, 166–167

Index 313

marriage, 1, 16, 22, 34, 36–37, 47, 51, Ministry of Solidarity, Women, Family 70, 74, 79, 86, 100, 108, 113, and Social Development 120, 122–127, 129–132, 134, (Morocco), 26, 158 139, 147, 149, 153, 157, 159, minors, women’s status as, 47 166–167, 170, 179, 181, 187, Misk, Fedwa, 22 199, 212–213, 221, 235, 242, Mobility of Women, 128 262, 266–267, 274 modernity, 2–3, 23, 48, 64, 66, 140, age of marriage 151, 161, 168, 241, 244, 248, Algeria, 127, 197 263 Egypt, 127, 274 Mohammed V, 143–145, 160, 165 Lebanon, 266 Mohammed VI, 1, 12–13, 45, 48, 74, Maghreb, 47 87, 91, 102, 107, 139, 143–144, MENA, 39, 126 146, 149–156, 159–166, 168, Morocco, 16, 123, 147, 153 170, 173–175, 176, 183–184, Tunisia, 127, 237 189–190, 263, 265, 276, 281 child marriage, 39, 159 Mokhlis, Châaibia, 22 early marriage, 102 monarchy, 24, 32 Iraq, 102 Jordan, 41, 276 laws, 125 Morocco, 144, 151, 156, 160, Morocco, 128 171–172, 174, 177, 276 temporary, 127 Moroccan Association for the Defense marriage, child, 188 of Women’s Rights, 148 Masbah, Mohammed, 169 Morsi, Mohammed, 44, 46, 261, 272, maternity leave, 137–138, 153, 175, 275 267, 270 Moudawana (Morocco), 48, 69, 74, matrilineal societies, 10, 77 123, 126, 146, 186–187, 263, Mauritania, 35, 51, 58, 109, 115–119, See Personal Status Code 125, 128, 130–133, 135–138 (Morocco) McCarthy, Rory, 254–255, 259, 299 moudjahidates (Algeria), 197, 199 Mediterranean, 36–37, 49, 60–62, 70, Mouﬁd, Khadija, 176 102, 118, 202, 237, 264 Mountada Azzahrae pour la femme Mernissi, Fatema, 49 marocaine, 26, 178, 185–187 Messaoudi, Khalida, 22, 76, 200, 202 mourchidates (Morocco), 164–165 methods, 23 Mubarak, Hosni, 6 paired comparisons, 24 Musawa Network, 167 process tracing, 24 Muslim Brotherhood, 43–44, 172, 174, migration 196, 226, 247, 258, 261, 270, France, 71 272, 274–275, 277 Minister of National Solidarity, Family and the Status of Women Naciri, Rabéa, 150 (Algeria), 192 Napoleonic Code, 37, 69, 134 Minister of Women’s Affairs Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 6, 76, 196, 270 (Lebanon), 268 National Constituent Assembly Ministry of Family, Solidarity, Equality, (Tunisia), 248 and Social Development National Council of Women (Egypt), (Morocco), 158 271 Ministry of Solidarity, Equality, and National Liberation Front (FLN), 195, Social Development (Morocco), 197, 199–200, 202, 226–228 26 National Union of Algerian Women, 197

314 Index

National Women’s Union of Tunisia, Personal Status Code (PSC) 236 Algeria, 43, 47, 69, 74, 123 nationality,113, 222, See citizenship Morocco, 1–2, 8, 15, 44, 69, 74, 123, nationality laws, 35, 139, 266 143, 146–147, 150 Nidaa Tounes (Tunisia), 45, 247, Tunisia, 52, 74, 123, 233, 235, 237, 255 239, 251, 263 niqab (full-face veil), 18, 162, 204, 231, pointage system (Tunisia), 257 233, 246, 248 POLISARIO. See Sahrawi Arab niqab (full-face veil), Tunisia, 231 Democratic Republic niqab (full-face veil), ban on sale political empowerment, 62, 113, 115, (Morocco), 162 139, 151 Nisa’ Tounsiat, 240 political liberalization, 87, 89, 99, 200 political parties, 2, 6–7, 11, 24–25, 31, Observatoire amazigh des droits et 41, 44–45, 47, 64–66, 90, 92, libertés, 26 102, 114–115, 126, 154, 227, oil, 34, 43, 52–54, 57, 66–67, 71 262–265, 269, 275, 277–278, Oman, 9, 36, 58, 102, 104, 109, 280 116–119, 126, 130–138, 227, Algeria, 200, 212, 214, 219–221, 268 225–226 Organization in Defense of the Egypt, 261 Moroccan Family, 152 Morocco, 144, 146–148, 150, 152, Ottoman Empire, 32, 36–37, 103, 134, 154–156, 160, 171–172, 266 174–177, 180, 186 Tunisia, 246, 249, 251, 255, 258 Palestine, 58, 97, 109, 116–117, 119, political rights, 88–89 126–127, 130–133, 135–137, political space, 34, 47, 56, 89, 92, 99, 138, 220 171, 199–201, 227, 248, 276 Palestinian Liberation Organization, polygamy, 34, 120, 123, 126, 146, 153, 269 175, 177, 187, 199, 203, 213, Palestinians, 105, 134, 196 235, 237, 253 Parti avant-garde socialiste (PAGS), Egypt, 271 204 Iraq, 102 Party for Justice and Development Tunisia, 252 (PJD), 44, 65, 143–146, polygyny. See polygamy 151–152, 155–156, 163, post-Islamist era, 3 170–172, 174–187, 189–190, press freedom, 90 226, 278, 281, 295, 297 Printemps de l’égalité, 152 Party of Progress and Socialism, 147, Printemps féministe pour 152, 157, 174–175 la démocratie et l’égalité, 155 patrilineage, 36 process tracing, 25 Penal Code (Algeria) Progressive Women’s Union, 147 Article 338, 16 property rights, women, 136, 139 Article 339, 16 public space, women, 15, 19, 39 Penal Code (Morocco) Algeria, 19, 202, 223–224, 229 Article 475, 156 Morocco, 19, 157, 263 Article 489, 16 Tunisia, 248 Article 490, 16 Penal Code (Tunisia) qadi courts, 74 Article 230, 16 Qatar, 43, 58, 97, 102, 105, 109, Personal Status Code, 148 116–119, 126–128, 130–138

Index 315

quotas, 4, 8–9, 35, 38, 50–51, 56, 60, 189, 227, 231, 246, 248, 254, 62, 101, 109, 113–117, 137, 259, 263, 268–270 149–150, 154, 167, 179, Salafism, 7, 15, 55, 66, 71, 162–163, 217–220, 222, 227–228, 242, 169–172, 184, 190, 231, 233, 245, 255–257, 262, 268–269, 246, 259, 264, 268–269 271, 274, 280–281 Salah, Doaa, 274 municipal or regional level, 117 Saudi Arabia, 38, 43, 56, 58, 67, 87, reserved seats, 114–116 105, 109, 116–119, 126, 128, 130–138, 169–170, 268 Rabita al Mohammadia des Oulémas schools of fiqh,75 du Maroc, 26, 166 secular forces, 2–3, 8, 34, 45, 54, Ramid, Mustafa, 148, 155, 176, 180 65–67, 71, 76–79, 83–84, 92, rape, 133, 207 99, 103, 106–107, 144, 147, rape loophole, 101, 267, 274 150, 163, 166–167, 171, 174, rape, marital, 127, 132–133, 146, 177, 179, 182, 188–190, 195, 157 199, 202–203, 219, 226–228, Rassemblement Algérien de femmes 231, 233–234, 237–238, 243, democrates (RAFD), 204 246–249, 252–255, 258, 264, Rassemblement constitutionnel 281 démocratique (Tunisia), 242 secularism, 2 region, importance of, 10 semi-authoritarian. See hybrid regimes religion, 2–3, 7, 9–11, 23, 37, 52, Senegal, 9, 49, 55 54–55, 66, 70–71, 84–85, sexual harassment, 35, 39, 50–51, 101, 98–99, 102, 122, 144, 162, 113, 133, 153, 157, 222, 242, 166–167, 169, 177, 188–189, 257, 262, 274 202, 216, 241, 252, 255, 262 Sha’arawi, Huda, 236 religiosity, 10, 20, 66–67, 84, 97, 99, shariʿa (Islamic Law), 2, 73, 102–103, 262 108, 110, 112, 124, 128, 139, religious courts, 10, 237 149, 164, 166, 173, 203, 214, Morocco, 74 239, 246, 252, 270, 274 Tunisia, 74 Shias, 36, 102 reproductive rights, 131, 139 shrines, 85, See saints research design, 23 Shyma, 274 Réseau Wassila, 27, 217 Sisi, Abdel Fattah el-, 6, 42, 44, 46, 87, resources, women’s access, 39 258, 265, 270, 272–275 Rif, 12, 75, 91 Skalli, Badia, 149 ritual, 11–14, 22–24, 85, 143, Skalli, Nouzha, 157 167–168, 192, 263 skirt length, protest, 224 Roosevelt, Franklin, 143 Smir, Latifa Bennani, 149 Russett, Bruce, 53 SOS Women in Distress, 198 Rwanda, 5 Spain, 36, 51 Spiegel, Avi, 19–20 Sadat, Anwar, 6 Sufism, 43, 67, 85–86, 99, 163–165, Sadat, Jihan, 271 172, 195, 227, 246, 264 Sahrawi, 33, 91, 222 Sunnis, 36, 74–75, 169 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, 33, symbolism, 11 See POLISARIO measures, 162 saints, female, 86 political, 15 Salafis, 64–65, 89, 129, 146, 151–152, women’s bodies, 15 162, 164, 166, 169–172, 184, symbols, 12, 24

316 Index

symbols, political, 13 V-Dem, 27 Syria, 9, 36, 42, 58, 68, 71, 105, 109, veiling, 3, 7, 15, 18–20, 37, 43, 78, 82, 118–119, 126–128, 130–138, 93–94, 96, 122, 150, 194–195, 196, 211, 268, 277 204, 208, 238, 240, 243, 248, Syrian, 116 258, 266–267 MENA, 95 taʿasib (residual inheritance), 129 Morocco, 81 Tamashaq, 75 20 Ans Barakat, 212 Tamazgha Amazigh Women’s Forum, 77 Vingt février protests (Morocco), 46, Tamazight language, 3, 75–76, 78–79, 87, 91, 146, 151, 155, 174, 263 81–84, 87, 165 violence against women, 17–18, 35, 39, Algeria, 216 51, 62, 67, 101, 113, 132, 139, Tamzali, Wassyla, 2 148, 154, 157, 182, 187–188, Tanit, 21 195, 201, 212, 217, 219, Tanzania, 10 222–223, 228, 251, 253, 257, terrorism, 41, 211, 259 262, 267, 274 Tharwa Fadhma N’Soumer, 27, 211, Tunisia, 107 223 virginity, 15–16, 19, 100, 122, Tin Hinane, 21, 78–79 180, 273 Titi, Bibi, 10 Voix de la femme amazighe, 26 trade union federation, UGTT (Tunisia), 247 Wahhabi, religious discourse, 167 tribes, 26, 31, 36, 52, 55, 78–79, 85, Wahhabis, 127, 163, 169 195, 234, 237, 277 war of independence Truth and Dignity Commission Algeria, 33 (Tunisia), 257 Weldon, Laurel, 4, 54, 97 Tuareg. See Amazigh Western Sahara, 26, 33, 157 Tunisian Association of Democratic Willis, Michael, 42, 45, 175, 195–196, Women (ATFD), 249 198, 201 Tunisian League for Human Rights Women and Leadership organization, (LTDH), 249 249 Turner, Victor, 14 Women Living under Muslim Laws, Twitter, 90 198, 212 Women’s Legal Assistance (CEWLA), ʿulema (religious scholars), 42–43, 184, 275 196 women’s movement, 25, 60, 66, uniﬁed laws, 73–74, 98, 102 91 uniﬁed legal system, 23, 33, 67, 69, Algeria, 34, 198, 202, 212, 224, 228, 73–75, 98, 101–103, 118, 147, 236 234, 237, 263–264 Jordan, 278 Union de l’action féminine (UAF), 26, Lebanon, 269 49, 61, 147–148, 151–152, 183 Maghreb, 35, 45 Union nationale des femmes Morocco, 8, 91, 146, 150, 156, 177, algériennes, 197 189–190 United Arab Emirates, 43, 56, 59–60, Tanzania, 11 67, 105, 109, 116–119, 126, Tunisia, 259 130–137, 138 women’s rights United Nations, 25, 27, 60, 106, 132, authoritarian regimes, 7 149, 182, 186, 212, 215, 228, creation of meaning around, 12 268 in autoracies, 6

Index 317

in democracies, 6 Yassine, Nadia, 173 legal reforms, 5 Yassine, Sheikh Abdessalam, 164, symbolic uses, 11 172 World Bank, 44, 59, 63, 117–119, Yemen, 9, 46, 59, 97, 102, 105, 128–129, 137, 151, 175 108–109, 116–119, 126, 128, World Economic Forum, 27, 56–57, 70, 130–138, 268, 277 115, 120–122, 277 World Values Survey, 27, 72, 93, 97 zaouia, 85, 163, 165