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The Arab Spring Or the Arab Awakening

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The Arab Spring Or the Arab Awakening The Arab Spring Or the Arab Awakening 17 December 2010 – December 2012 Location- North Africa, Middle East (i.e. MENA or "Arab world") Lesson In Brief 1. Mohammed Bouazizi 2. Tunisian Revolution 3. Around the World 4. Present Situation Ref: Wikipedia The Arab Spring Was Caused by-- 1. Authoritarianism 8. Inflation 2. Monarchy 9. Kleptocracy 3. Demographic structural factors 10. Poverty 4. 2000s energy crisis 11. Sectarianism 5. Political corruption 12. Unemployment 6. Human 13. Self-immolation of Mohamed 7. rights violations Bouazizi • Casualties-Death(s)---61,080–140,000 deaths in total The Arab Spring Contd. • Resulted In – • Arab Spring concurrent incidents, • Arab Winter, • Impact of the Arab Spring, • and • Arab Summer The Arab Winter he Arab Winter is a term for the resurgence of authoritarianism, and Islamic extremism evolving in the aftermath of the Arab Spring protests in Arab countries. Picture- ISIL fighters in the Syrian Civil War Date- 2012/2014–present. Resulyed In- European migrant crisis The Arab Winter Cntd. • The term "Arab Winter" refers to the events across Arab League countries in the Mid-East and North Africa, including the Syrian Civil War, • the Iraqi insurgency and the following civil war, the Egyptian Crisis, the Libyan Crisis and the Crisis in Yemen. • Events referred to as the Arab Winter include those in Egypt that led to the removal of Mohamed Morsi and the seizure of power by General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi in an anti-Muslim Brotherhood campaign. The Arab Summer : • AKA Second Arab Spring • 1 January 2018 – present (2 years, 11 months, 2 weeks and 3 days) What Happened after the Arab Spring? Who was Mohamed Bouazizi? Tarek el-Tayeb Mohamed Bouazizi ; 29 March 1984 – 4 January 2011) was a Tunisian street vendor who set himself on fire on 17 December 2010, which became a catalyst for the Tunisian Revolution and the wider Arab Spring against autocratic regimes. His self-immolation was in response to the confiscation of his wares and the harassment and humiliation inflicted on him by a municipal official and her aides. Self-Immolation : According to friends and family, local police officers had allegedly targeted and mistreated Bouazizi for years, including during his childhood, regularly confiscating his small wheelbarrow of produce; but Bouazizi had no other way to make a living, so he continued to work as a street vendor. Around 10 P.M. on 16 December 2010, he had contracted approximately US$200 in debt to buy the produce he was to sell the following day. On the morning of 17 December, he started his workday at 8 A.M. Self-Immolation Contd.: • Just after 10:30 A.M., the police began harassing him again, ostensibly because he did not have a vendor's permit • Bouazizi's family claims he was publicly humiliated, • that a 45-year-old female municipal official, Faida Hamdi. • slapped him in the face, spat at him, confiscated • his electronic weighing scales, and tossed aside • his produce cart. • It was also stated that she made a slur against his deceased • father. • Bouazizi's family says her sex made his humiliation worse. Death and funeral • Bouazizi died on 4 January 2011, at 5:30 P.M. local time. • It is estimated that more than 5,000 people participated in the funeral procession that began in Sidi Bouzid and continued through to Bouazizi's native village, though police did not allow the procession to pass near the spot at which Bouazizi had burned himself. • From the crowd, many were heard chanting "Farewell, Mohamed, we will avenge you. We weep for you today. We will make those who caused your death weep. He was buried at Garaat Bennour cemetery, 15 kilometers (10 mi) from Sidi Bouzid. • His grave was described by Al-Jazeera as "simple" and surrounded by cacti, olive, and almond trees. In addition, a Tunisian Flag flies next to the site. • Tom Chesshyre also describes his tomb after visiting it: small, white, by a row of cacti, and with a simple inscription: "Martyr Mohamed Bouazizi. Peace for his life. And in the next life, have peace as well“. Zine El Abidine Ben Ali • Zine El Abidine Ben Ali • 3 September 1936 – 19 September 2019), • commonly known as Ben Ali • was a Tunisian politician who • was the second President of Tunisia from • 1987 until his fall in 2011. • Ben Ali was appointed Prime Minister in October 1987. • He assumed the Presidency on 7 November 1987 • in a bloodless coup d'état that ousted President Habib Bourguiba • by declaring him incompetent. • Ben Ali was subsequently reelected with enormous majorities, each time exceeding 90% of the vote; • his final re-election coming on 25 October 2009. • Ben Ali was the penultimate surviving leader deposed in the Arab Spring who was survived by Egypt's Hosni Mubarak, the latter dying in February 2020. Tunisian Revolution: • Anti-government demonstrations • during the Tunisian revolution • Location-Tunisia • Duration-18 December 2010 – 14 January 2011 (3 weeks and 6 days) • Caused by- • Government corruption • Social inequalities • Unemployment • Political repression • Self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi Tunisian Revolution: 1. Methods- Resulted In- 2. Civil resistance 3. Demonstrations 1. Overthrow of the Ben Ali government 4. General strikes 2. Resignation of Prime Minister Ghannouchi 5. Self-immolations 3. Dissolution of the political police 4. Dissolution of the ruling party 6. Spontaneous uprisings 5. Release of political prisoners 6. Elections of a Constituent Assembly Casualties: 7. Subsequent protests against the interim Islamist- led constituent assembly. Government agrees to Deaths-338 resign and engages in dialogue discussing the Injuries-2,147 country's new transition. 8. Start of the Arab Spring End of Ali’s Rule: • From the beginning of the revolution , Ben Ali was coming on to the television to address the nation. • On 10th January, the government announced the indefinite closure of all schools • And universities to quell the unrest. • Days before departing office, Ben Ali announced that he would not change the present constitution , which was read as , in effect, promising to step down in 2014 due to his age. On 14 January, Ben Ali dissolved his government and declared a state of emergency. People were barred to gather in groups or they would be arrested. End of Ali’s Rule: • On the same day, • Ben Ali fled the country for Malta • under Libyan protection. • Following Ben Ali’s departure • from the country , • a state of emergency was declared . • Army Commander Rashid Ammar pledged to ‘Protect the revolution’ • Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi then briefly took over as acting President. Present Situation: • 2018–2020 Arab protests • The 2018–2020 Arab protests, • also referred to as the • Second Arab Spring[ and • Arab Summer are • massive anti-government protests • in several Arab countries, including • Morocco, Tunisia, Jordan, Sudan, Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria. • Economic protests also took place in the Gaza Strip. Present Situation: • The deadliest incident of civil unrest in Iraq since the fall of Saddam Hussein resulted in its Prime Minister being replaced. • Sustained civil disobedience in Sudan resulted in the overthrow of president Omar al-Bashir in a military coup d'état, on the 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre of protestors, • and the transfer of power from a military junta to a combined military– civilian Sovereignty Council that is legally committed to a 39-month transition to democracy. • The alternative names "New Arab Spring" and "Arab Spring 2.0" refer to similarity with the preceding Arab Spring wave of pro-democracy protests which took place in 2010–2012. Morocco • The Moroccan protests from 2018–2020 were not isolated and stemmed from problems that have existed since the Arab Spring came to Morocco. • The riots and civil unrest were specifically resulting from the Hirak Rif Movement in 2016 and 2017 followed by a lack of reform on behalf of Mohammed VI of Morocco. • The aftermath of the Hirak Rif protests in 2016 and 2017 has led to the imprisonment, detainment and trial of what is thought to be more than 400 protesters, journalists and political activists. • After a lengthy trial period, which took until April 2019, to uphold the prison sentences of dozens of activists for up to 20 years. Several activists were sentenced to 20 years in prison including the leader of the protests Nasser Zefzafi. • The upholding of these sentences sparked outrage among the relatives of the accused and brought thousands to the streets in protest of corruption and government indifference for the current standard of living. • In May of 2019 after renewed protests and demonstrations over the sentencing of Hirak Rif protesters the King pardoned an unknown number of protesters as a part of a royal pardon. • It was the Kings way of marking 20 years on the throne but many see this as an excuse to suppress demonstrations and cool tensions with the protesters but give the impression that he is not making any concessions. Iraq • The 2018–2019 Iraqi protests: over deteriorating economic conditions • and state corruption started in July 2018 • in Baghdad and other major Iraqi cities, • mainly in the central and • southern provinces. During the nationwide • protests erupting in October 2019, Iraqi security forces • killed over 500 people and over 27,000 have been injured, • leading Iraq's president Barham Salih to call the actions of security forces "unacceptable. • "Some police have also been killed in the protests. • The protests are the deadliest unrest in Iraq since the fall of Saddam Hussein, with the death toll reaching 511 by 2 January 2020 and 669 by 13 January 2020. Libya • Street protests took place in August and September 2020 over issues of poor provision of services in several cities in Libya, • including both cities controlled by the Government of National Accord (GNA) in the west (Tripoli,Misrata,Zawiya).
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