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Le Cas Du Maroc Le déclin de la gauche au Maghreb: Le cas du Maroc Mémoire Abdellah El Harchiche Maîtrise en science politique - avec mémoire Maître ès arts (M.A.) Québec, Canada © Abdellah El Harchiche, 2020 RÉSUMÉ La gauche marocaine a connu le même sort que les autres partis et organisations de gauche dans la majorité des pays arabes. Elle n’a pas su répondre aux aspirations populaires et transformer ses slogans en révolution en vue de conquérir le pouvoir. Après avoir porté le flambeau de l’opposition pendant des décennies, la gauche marocaine a progressivement perdu son ancrage auprès des masses populaires ainsi que son rôle de lutte contre le despotisme et l'oppression. En outre, elle a perdu son rôle social de défenseur des intérêts des travailleurs et des classes défavorisées. D’une force politique redoutable appuyée par des organisations étudiantes et syndicales, la gauche lutte pour sa survie. Elle n’a pas réussi à résister aux stratégies d’usure du régime qui a forcé certains membres des courants de gauche à abandonner leurs principes et à devenir des collaborateurs de l’autoritarisme. L’attitude adoptée par certains partis politiques de gauche durant le soulèvement populaire de 2011 est révélatrice de la fracture qui existe entre ces partis et la société civile. Outre leur rôle marginal et limité dans le Mouvement du 20 février dont le programme et les valeurs s’identifiaient pourtant aux idéaux de la gauche, certains dirigeants de partis ont manifesté de vives critiques et oppositions aux manifestants. Ils ont clairement exprimé leur refus de soutenir les revendications de ce mouvement qu’ils ont qualifié de suspect. Ces soulèvements, à l’instar de ceux qui ont marqué l’histoire politique moderne du Maroc, ont dévoilé au grand jour l’incapacité des partis et des organisations de gauche à avoir une résonance auprès des bases populaires. Ce mémoire consiste à analyser les principaux facteurs qui sont derrière le repli de la gauche marocaine. II ABSTRACT The Moroccan Left has faced the same fate as leftist parties and organizations of other Arab countries. It has failed to respond to the popular aspirations and transform its slogans into a revolution and conquer power. After having been the torchbearer of opposition for decades, the left-wing has gradually lost its anchorage amongst the masses and its role of fighting against despotism and oppression. Moreover, it lost its social role as a representative of the interests of the workers and proletarian class. After being a formidable political force supported by students and union organizations, the left is now fighting for its survival. It failed to resist to the regime wear and tear strategies that forced some members of the current left to abandon their principles and become collaborators of the authoritarianism. The attitude shown by some left-wing political parties during the popular upheaval of 2011 is a signal of the rupture between these left-wing parties and civil society. In addition to its marginal and limited role in the February 20th Movement which claims were close to the program and values defended by leftists, some leaders of left-wing parties manifested strong criticism and opposition to the protesters. They expressed clearly their rejection to support the movement’s demands and described the February 20th Movement as suspicious. These popular uprisings like those that have marked the modern political history of Morocco, have revealed the inability of the parties and groups affiliated to the Left to appeal to popular bases. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the objective and subjective causes of the regression of the Left in Morocco. III TABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ ................................................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... III TABLE DES MATIÈRES .............................................................................................................. IV RÉPERTOIRE DES PRINCIPAUX SIGLES ET TERMES ARABES ..................................................... VII REMERCIEMENTS ................................................................................................................... VIII INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1 I. PROBLÉMATIQUE ................................................................................................................. 3 II. OBJECTIF ET HYPOTHÈSE ................................................................................................... 4 III. CADRE THÉORIQUE ............................................................................................................. 4 IV. QUESTION DE RECHERCHE ............................................................................................... 11 V. MÉTHODOLOGIE ................................................................................................................ 12 VI. PERTINENCE ...................................................................................................................... 13 VII. PLAN DU MÉMOIRE ............................................................................................................ 15 PREMIÈRE PARTIE : LA GAUCHE MAROCAINE : DÉFINITION, ORIGINE ET PRINCIPALES TENDANCES .............................................................................................................................................. 16 CHAPITRE I : LA GAUCHE MAROCAINE : DÉFINITION ET ORIGINE ............................................... 16 1.1 Définition de la gauche .......................................................................................................... 16 1.2 Revue de littérature ............................................................................................................... 19 1.3 Origine de la gauche au Maroc............................................................................................... 27 CHAPITRE II : LES TENDANCES DE LA GAUCHE MAROCAINE ..................................................... 34 2.1 Le Parti du progrès et du socialisme (PPS) ............................................................................. 34 2.2 Le Parti de l’Union Socialiste des Forces populaires (USFP) .................................................... 36 2.3 Le Parti de l’avant-garde démocratique socialiste (PADS) ........................................................ 38 2.4 Le Parti socialiste unifié (PSU) .............................................................................................. 40 2.5 Le Parti du Front des forces démocratiques (FFD) .................................................................. 43 2.6 Le Parti de la voie démocratique (Annahj Addimocrati) ............................................................ 45 2.7 Le Congrès national Ittihadi (CNI) .......................................................................................... 47 CONCLUSION DE LA PREMIÈRE PARTIE .................................................................................... 49 DEUXIÈME PARTIE : LE RÔLE DES FACTEURS EXTERNES ET INTERNES ..................................... 50 CHAPITRE I : LES FACTEURS EXTERNES .................................................................................. 51 1.1 Le pluralisme contrôlé comme choix stratégique ............................................................................ 51 1.1.1 L’évolution du pluralisme partisan au Maroc ........................................................................ 51 IV 1.1.2 La création du FDIC (1963) ............................................................................................... 58 1.1.3 La constitutionnalisation du multipartisme ........................................................................... 61 1.1.4 Le Parti du rassemblement national des indépendants (RNI) ................................................ 63 1.1.5 Le Parti de l’union constitutionnelle (UC) ............................................................................ 64 1.1.6 La cooptation de la gauche................................................................................................ 66 1.1.7 Le Parti authenticité et modernité (PAM) : Ultime tentative de récupération de la gauche résistante ..................................................................................................................................... 70 1.2 Le registre religieux et la consolidation de l’autoritarisme ................................................................ 73 1.2.1 Le rôle du protectorat français dans le maintien des structures traditionnelles ........................ 73 1.2.2 Le précédent juridique de l’arrêt de la Cour d’appel de Rabat du 9 février 1960 ...................... 74 1.2.3 La Constitution de 1962 : Constitution conservatrice octroyée .............................................. 75 1.2.4 La révolte populaire du 23 mars 1965 ................................................................................. 79 1.2.5 Les conséquences de la révolte ......................................................................................... 81 1.2.5.1 La faible emprise des partis de gauche ........................................................................... 81 1.2.5.2 La naissance du mouvement marxiste-léniniste marocain ................................................ 82
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