The Migueletes in the War of the Convention (1793-1795)

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The Migueletes in the War of the Convention (1793-1795)

The Pactos de Familia (Family Pacts), closed by the two branches of the Bourbon family, and the the migueletes need to counter the British naval strength had brought about a long alliance between France and Spain. Yet, the execution of King Louis XVI by the French revolutionaries led the neighbors, once in the war of more, to war in 1793. The Spanish monarchy felt impelled to join the first European coalition against the newly born the convention French Republic and engaged in war against it. It was called War of the Convention or of the Pyrenees. In Catalonia, it was known as the Guerra Gran (Big War) or the War of Roussillon as it was (1793-1795) mostly fought in this county; although there were also military operations in the southwestern Pyrenees, which span over Aragon, Navarre and the Basque Country. The command of the Catalan front was entrusted first to General Antonio Ricardos and later on to the Count of La Unión. After an initial defeat of the Spaniards at the Roure in 1794 and the surrender of the San Fernando fortress in Figueras without even attempting a defense, the Spanish forces under the command of General Urrutia succeeded in holding back the revolutionaries at river Fluviá (1795). This war had, in both camps, a pronounced ideological character. On the Spanish side, it was crucial the involvement of the migueletes who rose up, in the name of tradition- Religion and Monarchy-, against the revolutionary doctrines of the French. The migueletes were highly mobile troops that carried out a very effective job by harassing the enemy rearguard and hindering its supply lines. Their guerrilla tactics were the closest precedent of the ones that would be used some years later against the Napoleonic troops during the Spanish War of Independence. However, on the Basque-Navarre front the French armies managed to occupy Vitoria and Bilbao before the Peace of Basel was signed in 1795. After that, the King Charles IV had no choice but to fall back into the French orbit; a situation that was made official by dint of the Treaty of (la) Granja de San Ildefonso (1796)..

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