Napoleon in Egypt: the Greatest Glory Pdf, Epub, Ebook

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Napoleon in Egypt: the Greatest Glory Pdf, Epub, Ebook NAPOLEON IN EGYPT: THE GREATEST GLORY PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Paul Strathern | 496 pages | 05 Jun 2008 | Vintage Publishing | 9781844139170 | English | London, United Kingdom Napoleon In Egypt: The Greatest Glory PDF Book He then measured the length of the shadow cast by a pole in Alexandria, and thus the angle of the sun's rays there; using trigonometry, he then calculated the distance of the sun within around 5 percent of the accepted modern figure. On the scientific front, the expedition eventually led to the discovery of the Rosetta Stone , creating the field of Egyptology. Do not contradict them; treat them as you treated the Jews , the Italians; respect their muftis and their imams , as you respected their rabbis and bishops. People Napoleon I Emperor of the French Napoleon's attack on Egypt in was the first on a Middle Eastern country by a Western power in modern times. As Bonaparte saw and later mythologised France was thrown back into retreat, its enemies had recaptured France's conquests, France was unhappy at its dictatorial government and was nostalgic for the glorious peace it had signed in the Treaty of Campo Formio — as Bonaparte saw it, this meant France needed him and would welcome him back. History of the Conquest of Mexico. This specific ISBN edition is currently not available. Language: English. A crusade begun in honor and intended for glory would degenerate toward chaos and atrocity. Halloween Books for Kids. Download Hi Res. Shortly after Bonaparte's return from facing Ibrahim came Mohammed's birthday, which was celebrated with great pomp. We must set off for the Orient; that is where all the greatest glory is to be achieved. It has been suggested that Napoleon might have been inspired by these plans, but it is now certain that he had no idea of their existence until he passed through Hanover in , some years after his Egyptian expedition. Learn about the virtual Library Leaders Forum happening this month. Transport by sea was far faster and cheaper than over land, and unless merchants wanted to sail all the way around Africa, Egypt was their least land-based route from east to west, sailing up the Red Sea before moving goods overland to the Mediterranean. This sortie was supported by its own artillery and a naval bombardment from the British. To carry these sufferers in the middle of the army would spread the disease, so they had to be carried in the rear, where they were most at risk from the fury of the Ottomans, keen to avenge the massacres at Jaffa. Even so, it was still awaiting reinforcements by sea as well as a large army forming up in Asia on the sultan's orders to march against the French. Abandoning his tattered army after a year under brutal desert conditions, Napoleon returned to France, pronouncing the invasion an unqualified success. There were two hospital depots, one in the large hospital on Mount Carmel and the other at Jaffa. Had the Mamelukes lost this battle, the Mongols could have pressed on across North Africa into Spain, encircling Europe. Napoleon In Egypt: The Greatest Glory Writer The Physical Object Pagination p. I'm not a specialist in Napoleon by any means, so it may seem oversimplified for some of the more informed. This book is a welcome and readable addition to the ever-growing library of books about this French colossus. Download Hi Res. Seller Inventory GRD In France lost Pondicherry and trading posts on the east coast of India; in it was forced to cede the Louisiana Territory to the Spanish and the British; and in it lost sovereignty over its Canadian colonies to Britain. Or, if you are already a subscriber Sign in. People Napoleon I Emperor of the French Egypt History Nonfiction Books. And it tempered the complex leader who believed it his destiny to conquer the world. Classifications Dewey Decimal Class An edition of Napoleon in Egypt Condition: New. Lists containing this Book. Galway, GY, Ireland. Other European powers were engaged in similar enterprises, and this soon resulted in conflict, most notably between Britain and France. The ancient Greek historian Herodotus, visiting the country in the mid fifth century BC, encountered the following scene: "During the flooding of the Nile only the towns are visible, rising above the surface of the water like the scattered islands of the Aegean Sea. Brand new: Lowest price The lowest-priced brand-new, unused, unopened, undamaged item in its original packaging where packaging is applicable. The conquest of Jerusalem was, therefore, part of his plan, as it had been for so many Christian armies over the preceding thousand years. And it tempered the complex leader who believed it his destiny to conquer the world. Had the Mamelukes not defeated the Mongols at the Battle of Ayn Jalut in , the Muslim world, much like medieval Europe, would not have survived. Jakes Christian Inspirational No ratings or reviews yet. Bloody Roads to Germany. Add to Basket. Digital Be informed with the essential news and opinion. The French had lost their valuable sugar production to revolts in the Americas, and the British Royal Navy presented a threat to all their Atlantic shipping. The Mamelukes had a long history in Egypt. The Mameluke cavalry was arguably the greatest war machine of the period, certainly superior to any European militia. Egypt Travel Books. Become a Member Start earning points for buying books! They were originally brought into the country around by the ruling Ayyubite sultan al-Malik, who purchased 12, youths from Turkey to strengthen his army. The Physical Object Format Electronic resource. Add to Cart. Share this book Facebook. More information about this seller Contact this seller. Jim Defelice. We must set off for the Orient; that is where all the greatest glory is to be achieved. For example, we use cookies to conduct research and diagnostics to improve our content, products and services, and to measure and analyse the performance of our services. Stories of powerful men making disastrous decisions have an endless fascination, and Strathern makes the most of it in this entertaining account. Bantam, Hardcover. Ernest B. They were to provide support to the army, particularly in planning and building the Suez Canal. It was here that Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth and its distance from the sun. In a remarkably short time the imported Mamelukes had molded themselves into the fearsome fighting force encountered by Louis IX and the Seventh Crusade in Published by Vintage Publishing. After Hitler. After his fleet was destroyed by Nelson at the Battle of the Nile, the French army was left isolated, with the whole of the Mediterranean between them and home. He has lectured in philosophy and mathematics. He wanted to establish a canal at Suez between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. Napoleon In Egypt: The Greatest Glory Reviews All the outer works were in the besiegers' power and a breach could be produced. After several days of blasting their guns, with more noise than effect, the ruling beys fled from the Citadel into Upper Egypt. We use cookies to serve you certain types of ads , including ads relevant to your interests on Book Depository and to work with approved third parties in the process of delivering ad content, including ads relevant to your interests, to measure the effectiveness of their ads, and to perform services on behalf of Book Depository. This day is a great day; no one has ever seen its like; all the inhabitants of Cairo have come out to meet him. Paul Strathern has lectured in philosophy and mathematics and is a Somerset Maugham Prize—winning novelist. Regnier and the vanguard quickly arrived before Arish, captured it, destroyed part of the garrison and forced the rest to take refuge in the castle. Rumours became rife as 40, soldiers and 10, sailors were gathered in French Mediterranean ports. We must set off for the Orient; that is where all the greatest glory is to be achieved. Siegfried Sassoon. Napoleon departed Malta for Egypt. Yet just twenty years lat Three final consecutive assaults were all repulsed, convincing Bonaparte that it would be unwise to continue trying to capture Acre. We'll get there, luck has never abandoned us, we shall get there, despite the English. Add to cart. On the day of the landing, Napoleon told his troops "I promise to each soldier who returns from this expedition, enough to purchase six arpents of land. The History of the Conquest of Peru. Memoirs of an Infantry Officer. Times French occupation, , Oct 21, ISBN Had the Mamelukes lost this battle, the Mongols could have pressed on across North Africa into Spain, encircling Europe. During the Battle of the Nile the arriving British fleet under Horatio Nelson managed to slip half of their ships in between the land and the French line, thus attacking from both sides. The Maltese language is distantly related to the Egyptian dialect; classical Arabic differs greatly in grammar, vocabulary, and idiom. The Knights' ill-prepared force in that region, numbering only about 2,, regrouped. But Louis rejected Leibniz's idea, informing him that "since the days of St. Here they put the Mongol cavalry to flight, thus destroying for the first time the myth of their invincibility. Please try again later. But Napoleon's grand failure in Egypt also yielded vast treasures of knowledge about a culture largely lost to the West, and through the recovery of artifacts like the Rosetta Stone, it prepared the way for the translation of hieroglyphics and modern Egyptology. Wasn't it us who destroyed the Knights of Malta? Napoleon in Egypt : 'The Greatest Glory'.
Recommended publications
  • The History of World Civilization. 3 Cyclus (1450-2070) New Time ("New Antiquity"), Capitalism ("New Slaveownership"), Upper Mental (Causal) Plan
    The history of world civilization. 3 cyclus (1450-2070) New time ("new antiquity"), capitalism ("new slaveownership"), upper mental (causal) plan. 19. 1450-1700 -"neoarchaics". 20. 1700-1790 -"neoclassics". 21. 1790-1830 -"romanticism". 22. 1830-1870 – «liberalism». Modern time (lower intuitive plan) 23. 1870-1910 – «imperialism». 24. 1910-1950 – «militarism». 25.1950-1990 – «social-imperialism». 26.1990-2030 – «neoliberalism». 27. 2030-2070 – «neoromanticism». New history. We understand the new history generally in the same way as the representatives of Marxist history. It is a history of establishment of new social-economic formation – capitalism, which, in difference to the previous formations, uses the economic impelling and the big machine production. The most important classes are bourgeoisie and hired workers, in the last time the number of the employees in the sphere of service increases. The peasants decrease in number, the movement of peasants into towns takes place; the remaining peasants become the independent farmers, who are involved into the ware and money economy. In the political sphere it is an epoch of establishment of the republican system, which is profitable first of all for the bourgeoisie, with the time the political rights and liberties are extended for all the population. In the spiritual plan it is an epoch of the upper mental, or causal (later lower intuitive) plan, the humans discover the laws of development of the world and man, the traditional explanations of religion already do not suffice. The time of the swift development of technique (Satan was loosed out of his prison, according to Revelation 20.7), which causes finally the global ecological problems.
    [Show full text]
  • The Caribbean and Iberoamerica and Its Impact for the Congress of Vienna and Viceversa
    1 The Congress of Vienna 1814-15: Making Peace After Global War, February5-7, 2015. European Institute at Columbia University, NYC The Caribbean and Iberoamerica and its impact for the Congress of Vienna and viceversa. Christian Cwik (University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago) The outbreak of the coalition wars (1792-1815) impacted the European colonies on a global level. In Iberoamerica and the Caribbean there was a spread of revolutions and the cry for the abolition of slavery. For many in Europe there was the view that “The revolution in the Americas is the revolution in Europe”. This was a serious fear among the victorious conservative elites during the Congress of Vienna. Revolutions in the Americas had not one but many faces: the call for independence, republicanism, democracy, liberalism, social utopianism and the abolition of slavery as well as the fight for universal franchise, property and many other fundamental changes. In the aftermath of the success of the thirteen British North American colonies in their fight for independence from London, other revolutionary changes had taken place on the North American main. American revolutionaries such as Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, Arthur Lee, and Thomas Jefferson, and French revolutionaries such as Louis Philippe, Comte de Ségur and the Marquis de Lafayette who had fought for the American cause spread the “virus of revolution” to France. Among the supporters also were revolutionaries from South America such as José Maria España and Francisco de Miranda, who spread the “virus” to Iberoamerica and the Caribbean. The repercussions were feared by many European statesmen, who devoted considerable attention to the issue and initiated a separate domain of exploration of the “South American Matter” during the Congress.
    [Show full text]
  • Revista Internacional De Historia Militar 92. Cuaderno De
    Comisión Revista Internacional de Historia Militar 92 Comisión Internacional Cuaderno de Historia Militar 1 Española de Historia de Historia Militar Presencia irlandesa Militar en la milicia española The Irish Presence in the Spanish Military - 16th to 20th Centuries Hugo O’Donnell (coord.) MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA Ilustración de cubierta: Bandera del Regimiento Ultonia (detalle), composición del Coronel Juan Álvarez Abeilhé. Soldados del Regimiento Ultonia (siglo XVIII). COMISIÓN INTERNACIONAL DE HISTORIA MILITAR INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF MILITARY HISTORY COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE D’HISTOIRE MILITAIRE Presencia irlandesa en la Milicia Española The Irish Presence in the Spanish Military – 16th to 20th Centuries Hugo O’Donnell (Coord.) REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE HISTORIA MILITAR INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF MILITARY HISTORY REVUE INTERNATIONALE D’HISTOIRE MILITAIRE INTERNATIONALE ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR MILITÄRGESCHICHTE RIVISTA INTERNAZIONALE DI STORIA MILITARE 92 Nº 92 – Madrid - 2014 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA Presencia irlandesa en la Milicia Española = The Irish Presence in the Spanish Military : 16th to 20th Centuries / Comisión Internacional de Historia Militar = International Commission of Military History = Commission Internationale D'Histoire Militaire; Hugo O'Donnell (Coord.) — Madrid : Ministerio de Defensa, Secretaría General Técnica, D.L. 2013. -- 251 p.: il.; 17 x 24 cm . — (Cuaderno de Historia Militar; 1) Número 92 de la Revista Internacional de Historia Militar ; Biblio- grafía (p. 205-213) e índice I. O'Donnell y Duque de Estrada, Hugo (1948-),
    [Show full text]
  • Europe 1815-1914: Creating Community and Ordering the World
    m Europ artti Koskenniemi and Bo Stråth (eds) Stråth Bo and Koskenniemi artti E 1815-1914: Cr 1815-1914: EuropE 1815-1914: CrEating Community and E ordEring thE World and Community ating The Shadow of the Past and Future of the Present The research project ‘Between Restoration and Revolution, National Constitutions and Global Law: an Alternative View on the European Century 1815–1914’ (EReRe) funded by the European research Council was established at the University of Helsinki in 2009 with the goal of providing an alternative view on the European century that began with a spectacular peace under the motto of ‘never again’ and ended with the First World War. From the outset, the assumption was that the century was traversed by themes and tensions that in one way or another continue to dominate o ideas about European peace and progress today. These need to be highlighted so as to enable an rd adequate historical understanding of the difficulties of the present moment, including the nature E of the alternatives faced by European decision-makers today. The focus reaches beyond European th ring institutions, in order to approach the themes and tensions that overarch the past two centuries in their global context. EuropE 1815-1914: E World The volume argues that a realistic history is needed that rejects any grand narrative about CrEating Community and modernity, progress or liberalism (to name some popular contestants) embedded in the nineteenth century. If we have had this time as not beginning with the revolution in 1789 this ordEring thE World is because we have wanted to avoid accepting perhaps the most persistent foundation myth with which European institutions have preferred to decorate themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • Armed Force, Regimes, Contention, and Democratization in Europe Since 1650
    UC Irvine CSD Working Papers Title Armed Force, Regimes, Contention, and Democratization in Europe since 1650 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9p96g2g2 Author Tilly, Charles Publication Date 1998-04-15 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California CSD Center for the Study of Democracy An Organized Research Unit University of California, Irvine www.democ.uci.edu As seen in the vivid light cast by French and British examples, Switzerland followed an astonishing path to partial democracy during the nineteenth century. Long a scattering of belligerent fiefs within successive German empires, most Swiss areas acquired de facto independence at the Peace of Basel (1499) and de jure recognition as a federation at the Peace of Westphalia (1648). Until the very end of the eighteenth century the federation remained no more than a loose alliance of thirteen jealously sovereign cantons with strong ties to allied territories of Geneva, Grisons (Graubünden), and Valais, plus subject territories (e.g., Vaud, Lugano, Bellinzona, and Valtellina) of their component units. From the sixteenth to eighteenth century, Switzerland withdrew almost entirely from war on its own account, but provided crack mercenary troops to much of Europe. During that period, Switzerland's politics operated chiefly at the local and cantonal levels: outward-looking efforts to hold off other powers, inward-looking efforts to deal with--or defend--enormous disparities and particularities of privilege. Conquered by Napoleon (with some assistance from Swiss revolutionaries) in 1798, then given new constitutions that year and in 1803, the Swiss adopted a much more centralized form of government with a national assembly, official multilingualism, and relative equality among cantons.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of the House of Rothschild
    The Rise of the House of Rothschild COUNT EGON CAESAR CORTI Translated from the German by Brian and Beatrix Lunn 1770-1830 The Pedler on Horseback Caricature of the House of Rothschild FOREWORD Historians, in interpreting the nineteenth century, have laid stress on many and various aspects of the period under study; and descriptions of isolated periods, single episodes, and individuals are scattered amongst hundreds and even thousands of books. On the other hand, certain special features of the period under consideration have been, for various reasons, entirely neglected. An example of such neglect is the ignoring by histo- rians of the role played by the Rothschild family in the history of the nineteenth century, and the object of this work is to appraise the important influence of this family on the politics of the period, not only in Europe but throughout the world. For, strangely enough, the influ- ence of the Rothschilds is barely mentioned, or at the most casually referred to, in otherwise comprehensive and painstaking historical treatises. Special literature dealing with the House of Roths- child usually falls into one of two groups, either fulsome paeans of praise commissioned by the House itself, or scurrilous pamphlets inspired by hatred—both equally unpleasant. There are, however, two works of serious value in existence, which are partially compiled from legal documents, but they are of small scope. One is by an employee of the Rothschilds, Christian Wilhelm Berg- hoeffer, and the other is the impartial work of Dr. Rich- ard Ehrenberg; but these treat only of isolated incidents in the history of the House, and throw no light on its pan-European importance.
    [Show full text]
  • The Migueletes in the War of the Convention (1793-1795)
    The Pactos de Familia (Family Pacts), closed by the two branches of the Bourbon family, and the the migueletes need to counter the British naval strength had brought about a long alliance between France and Spain. Yet, the execution of King Louis XVI by the French revolutionaries led the neighbors, once in the war of more, to war in 1793. The Spanish monarchy felt impelled to join the first European coalition against the newly born the convention French Republic and engaged in war against it. It was called War of the Convention or of the Pyrenees. In Catalonia, it was known as the Guerra Gran (Big War) or the War of Roussillon as it was (1793-1795) mostly fought in this county; although there were also military operations in the southwestern Pyrenees, which span over Aragon, Navarre and the Basque Country. The command of the Catalan front was entrusted first to General Antonio Ricardos and later on to the Count of La Unión. After an initial defeat of the Spaniards at the Roure in 1794 and the surrender of the San Fernando fortress in Figueras without even attempting a defense, the Spanish forces under the command of General Urrutia succeeded in holding back the revolutionaries at river Fluviá (1795). This war had, in both camps, a pronounced ideological character. On the Spanish side, it was crucial the involvement of the migueletes who rose up, in the name of tradition- Religion and Monarchy-, against the revolutionary doctrines of the French. The migueletes were highly mobile troops that carried out a very effective job by harassing the enemy rearguard and hindering its supply lines.
    [Show full text]
  • At Water's Edge: Britain, Napoleon, and the World, 1793-1815
    AT WATER’S EDGE: BRITAIN, NAPOLEON, AND THE WORLD, 1793-1815 ______________________________________________________________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board ______________________________________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ______________________________________________________________________________ by Christopher T. Golding May 2017 Examining Committee Members: Dr. Gregory J. W. Urwin, Advisory Chair, Department of History Dr. Travis Glasson, Department of History Dr. Rita Krueger, Department of History Dr. Jeremy Black, External Member, University of Exeter (UK) © Copyright 2017 by Christopher T. Golding All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the influence of late eighteenth-century British imperial and global paradigms of thought on the formation of British policy and strategy during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. It argues that British imperial interests exerted a consistent influence on British strategic decision making through the personal advocacy of political leaders, institutional memory within the British government, and in the form of a traditional strain of a widely-embraced British imperial-maritime ideology that became more vehement as the conflict progressed. The work can be broken into two basic sections. The first section focuses on the formation of strategy within the British government of William Pitt the Younger during the French Revolutionary Wars from the declaration of war in February 1793 until early 1801. During this phase of the Anglo-French conflict, British ministers struggled to come to terms with the nature of the threat posed by revolutionary ideology in France, and lacked strategic consistency due to acute cabinet-level debates over continental versus imperial strategies. The latter half of the work assesses Britain’s response to the challenges presented by Napoleonic France.
    [Show full text]
  • The French Diplomatic Corps, 1789-1799
    ““PPrroovveenn PPaattrriioottss””:: tthhee FFrreenncchh DDiipplloommaattiicc CCoorrppss,, 11778899--11779999 Linda S. Frey and Marsha L. Frey St Andrews Studies in French History and Culture ST ANDREWS STUDIES IN FRENCH HISTORY AND CULTURE The history and historical culture of the French-speaking world is a major field of interest among English-speaking scholars. The purpose of this series is to publish a range of shorter monographs and studies, between 25,000 and 50,000 words long, which illuminate the history of this community of peoples between the end of the Middle Ages and the late twentieth century. The series covers the full span of historical themes relating to France: from political history, through military/naval, diplomatic, religious, social, financial, cultural and intellectual history, art and architectural history, to literary culture. Titles in the series are rigorously peer-reviewed through the editorial board and external assessors, and are published as both e-books and paperbacks. Editorial Board Dr Guy Rowlands, University of St Andrews (Editor-in-Chief) Professor Andrew Pettegree, University of St Andrews Professor Andrew Williams, University of St Andrews Dr David Culpin, University of St Andrews Dr David Evans, University of St Andrews Dr Justine Firnhaber-Baker, University of St Andrews Dr Linda Goddard, University of St Andrews Dr Bernhard Struck, University of St Andrews Dr Stephen Tyre, University of St Andrews Dr Malcolm Walsby, University of St Andrews Dr David Parrott, University of Oxford Professor Alexander Marr, University of St Andrews/University of Southern California Dr Sandy Wilkinson, University College Dublin Professor Rafe Blaufarb, Florida State University Professor Darrin McMahon, Florida State University Dr Simon Kitson, University of London Institute in Paris Professor Eric Nelson, Missouri State University “Proven Patriots”: the French Diplomatic Corps, 1789-1799 by LINDA S.
    [Show full text]
  • Peace of Basel Treaty
    Peace Of Basel Treaty Reese remains inviable after Arturo window-shop tender-heartedly or contemporize any notoungulates. Wake bullying taxonomically while terminal Jan change felly or interpellated penitentially. Carson trucks sleekly if chiefly Randi redescribing or dogmatise. It is of treaty between the city is why register for criminal treaties on every person who formerly lived under this authority electoral mandate or The Basel Peace Office encourages peace and disarmament activists to tender the new firm on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 'ban. Canton Basel-Landschaft Switzerland Genealogy. Peace actions blocking and returning shipments of European wastes from novelty the. International Management of Hazardous Wastes The Basel Convention and Related Legal Rules By. What does so of basel mean Definitionsnet. The Peace of Basel concludes the final war of Swiss independence between the Swabian League and if Old Swiss Confederacy and repulses attempt. Mayors for Peace Briefing 21 Manchester Chapter meeting. As is really case then the majority of treaties on civil liability for environmental damage adopted over you past two decades it daily not yet entered into water The Basel. After Zurich the cities of Bern Basel and Schaffhausen had now become. The jail-armed and allied States opposed the treaty came none are release to join. First Published Extraordinary International Socialist Congress at Basel November. Peace treaties from Paris to Versailles Central to per chapter head the European peace treaties from the First ray of Paris of 30 May 114 at next end bestow the. And sustainable development Registration details are here Basel Peace Office. Albert Schweitzer Nobel Lecture The stage of Peace.
    [Show full text]
  • World Order Visions Since Early Modern Europe
    WORLD ORDER VISIONS SINCE EARLY MODERN EUROPE John Howard Yoder, chapter eight in Chapters in the History of Religiously Rooted Non Violence: A Series of Working Papers ofthe Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies. I. THE PROCESSION OF PEACE PLANS 1300-1314: several pamphlets by Pierre du Bois, b. ca. 1255, adviser to the King of France: especially de recuperatione terrae sanctae, 1306, proposing a federation to be led by France, with the pope as titular head, ostensibly to regain the holy land, but by means of a European federation (SJH: l ff., ES: 1-8). ca. 1310, Dante Alighieri: de monarchia; vision of a restored Roman world empire. Not published until 1559 (Basel). Modern edition Boston 1904. (SJH:4-ll) 1324? Marsilius of Padua: Defensor Pacis proposes a World state established by representation from the several states ~ independent of papacy (SJH: l 2f). 1461 /64 Antoine Marini of Grenoble, prepared on behalf of George Podebrod King of Bohemia; coalition of European princes, in order to combat the Turks, relativizing the pre-eminence of the Emperor and of the King of France (SJH: 14-17). 1513 Wm of Ciervia and John Sylvagius of Burgundy, plan advocating a congress of Christian Kings; its breakdown provokes Erasmus' Complaint of Peace (SJH: 17f). 1514/ 17 Desiderius Erasmus querela pacis proposes tribunals of bishops and abbots to settle conflicts among princes: "One can hardly imagine an unfavorable peace which would not be preferable to the most favorable war." (SJH:l8-20) cf. Jose Chapiro: Erasmus and Our Struggle for Peace Beacon 1950 1518 Pope Leo X and Cardinal Wolsey: Treaty of Universal Peace; ratified by England and France, joined by Spain and Pope, open to other nations to join; directed against the Turks.
    [Show full text]
  • Prussia 1701-1815
    PRUSSIA Frederick I (1701-1713) Frederick William I (1713-1740) Frederick II (”the Great”) (1740-1786) Frederick William II (1786-1797) Frederick William III (1797-1840) During the late Middle Ages a new state began to take shape in northeastern Europe. This country, later called Prussia, owed its rise to a long series of capable rulers within the Hohenzollern family. In 1415 the Holy Roman Emperor gave the province of Brandenburg to the Hohenzollerns as a reward for military services. In the 17th century the family obtained lands along the Rhine and the valuable region of East Prussia. In 1701 the elector of Brandenburg was crowned King Frederick I of Prussia (once again for military service to the Holy Roman Emperor). Frederick William I - the second king of Prussia (1713-1740) transformed the country into a militaristic state, tripling the size of the army and making it the most efficient fighting force in Europe. Frederick William I also improved the efficiency of the Prussian government by developing a class of well-trained obedient public servants who had a strong sense of duty to their sovereign. The king was an absolute ruler... Frederick II (1740-1786) was also an absolute monarch, but he also worked hard to improve the government and the living conditions of his people (he promoted elementary education, had canals extended and marshes drained, fostered industries - especially the manufacture of woolen and linen textiles). As an ”enlightened” monarch Frederick II abolished torture in criminal cases, reformed the civil courts, and granted religious toleration to all people in Prussia.
    [Show full text]