Europe 1815-1914: Creating Community and Ordering the World

m Europ artti Koskenniemi and Bo Stråth (eds) Stråth Bo and Koskenniemi artti E 1815-1914: Cr 1815-1914: EuropE 1815-1914: CrEating Community and E ordEring thE World and Community ating The Shadow of the Past and Future of the Present The research project ‘Between Restoration and Revolution, National Constitutions and Global Law: an Alternative View on the European Century 1815–1914’ (EReRe) funded by the European research Council was established at the University of Helsinki in 2009 with the goal of providing an alternative view on the European century that began with a spectacular peace under the motto of ‘never again’ and ended with the First World War. From the outset, the assumption was that the century was traversed by themes and tensions that in one way or another continue to dominate o ideas about European peace and progress today. These need to be highlighted so as to enable an rd adequate historical understanding of the difficulties of the present moment, including the nature E of the alternatives faced by European decision-makers today. The focus reaches beyond European th ring institutions, in order to approach the themes and tensions that overarch the past two centuries in their global context. EuropE 1815-1914: E World The volume argues that a realistic history is needed that rejects any grand narrative about CrEating Community and modernity, progress or liberalism (to name some popular contestants) embedded in the nineteenth century. If we have had this time as not beginning with the revolution in 1789 this ordEring thE World is because we have wanted to avoid accepting perhaps the most persistent foundation myth with which European institutions have preferred to decorate themselves. Concentrating on the martti Koskenniemi and Bo Stråth (eds) restoration and the search for European stability in 1815 does not mean a focus on the spectacular exception, but on what appears as normal: the imposition or order from above. But from the choices of the men of Vienna, designed to attain stability, grew fragility. So the narrative of the nineteenth century is neither about the victory of the revolutionary spirit nor of conservative reaction but of both. University of Helsinki Project Europe 1815-1914 © The authors All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the author. Printed and bound in Helsinki by Unigrafia Oy. ISBN 978-952-10-9569-6 ISBN 978-952-10-9570-2 (pdf) Cover illustration top: Vienna Congress 1814-1815. Meeting of the representatives of the great powers. Metternich is standing in the centre of the left part of the engraving, Castlereagh sitting to the right of him. Engraving by Jean Godefroy 1819 after painting by Jean Baptiste Isabey Cover illustration bottom: The European partition of Africa. The Berlin conference on Congo 1884-1885. On the wall in the background a map of Africa. Bismarck in the centre looking on the drawer. Wood-engraving in Ueber Land und Meer. Allgemeine illustrierte Zeitung No 7 1884: 1233. Creating Community and Ordering the World: The European Shadow of the Past and Future of the Present. Report from the Research Project “Europe between Restoration and Revolution, National Constitutions and International Law: an Alternative View on the Century 1815-1914” financed by the European Research Council (2009–2014) University of Helsinki January 2014 Edited by Martti Koskenniemi and Bo Stråth Contents Contents i Notes on the Authors ii Acknowledgements iv Introduction Creating Community, Ordering the World and Struggling for Securing Welfare, an Introduction. Martti Koskenniemi and Bo Stråth 1 Ordering the World Ruling the World by Law(s):The View from around 1850 Martti Koskenniemi 16 Ordering the World in the Nineteenth Century Thomas Hopkins 33 ‘Politics of Change and Stability’ in the Ottoman and Russian Empires, 1815–1914 Adrian Brisku 44 Normative Histories of the World Written in the Long European Century Liliana Obregón 59 Paradoxes of Peace in Nineteenth-Century Europe Thomas Hippler and Miloš Vec 71 Securing Welfare and Creating Political Community Property and Poverty: Perspectives on the Nineteenth-Century Social Question Thomas Hopkins 84 Before Socialism: Political Economy and the Social Question in Post-Revolutionary France Thomas Hopkins 93 Constituting New Republics: Difference in Nineteenth-Century Spanish America Francisco A. Ortega 107 Crisis, Populace and Leadership: Reflections on ‘Modern Caesarism’ Markus J. Prutsch 123 Constitutionalism, Legitimacy, and Power: Nineteenth-Century Experiences Kelly L. Grotke and Markus J. Prutsch 136 Confronting Teleologies Teleology and History: Nineteenth-Century Fortunes of an Enlightenment Project Henning Trüper 147 Vienna 1815 in Perspective: Three Utopias of Peace and the European Search for a Political Economy Bo Stråth 163 The Rise and Fall of the European Union: Temporalities and Teleologies Etienne Balibar 186 Bibliography 200 i Notes on the Authors Etienne Balibar is a French Distinguished Professor of French & Italian and Comparative Literature at the University of California, Irvine. He is as a political philosopher of Western twentieth and twenty-first century political thought, working in a Marxist tradition, and has published extensively on Marxist thought, on Europe and on migration such as Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities (1991), Masses, Classes, Ideas (1994), Spinoza and Politics (1998), Politics and the Other Scene (2002), and We, the People of Europe? Reflections on Transnational Citizenship (2004). Email: [email protected] Adrian Brisku reads ‘Modern Europe’ & ‘EU’s External Political Relations’ at the University of New York in Prague. As part of the research project ‘Europe 1815–1914’ (ERC-funded), his monograph is on ‘Politics of Change and Stability’ in the Ottoman and Russian Empires. His new book Bittersweet Europe: Albanian and Georgian Discourse on Europe, 1878–2008 was published in 2013 by Berghahn Books (N.Y. & Oxford). Email: [email protected] Kelly Grotke received her Ph.D. in history from Cornell University She was a Lecturer in German history at Northwestern University for several years, she has also worked at the Northwestern School of Law on property issues with Clint Francis. Prior to joining the EReRe project, she was Director of Research at Harvest Investments, a private-sector independent securities evaluation firm, where she led a project on increasing financial transparency for state and state-regulated entities. Thomas Hippler is Associate Professor at the Institute of Political Studies (Sciences Po) Lyon. After reading History, Philosophy and Music in Berlin, Paris, Florence and Berkeley, he completed his Ph.D. in 2002 in History and Civilization at the European University Institute in Florence. His research interests are in Modern European and international history, the history of political thought, French poststructuralism, and Spinoza. Email: [email protected] Thomas Hopkins has been a post-doctoral researcher with the Research Project ‘Europe 1815– 1914’ at the University of Helsinki since 2009. He holds a Ph.D. in History from the University of Cambridge, and is currently working on a monograph on political economy in post-Napoleonic Europe, with particular reference to the thought of Jean-Baptiste Say and J.C.L. Simonde de Sismondi. Email: [email protected] Martti Koskenniemi is an Academy Professor at the University of Helsinki. He is also Director at The Erik Castrén Institute of International Law and Human Rights; Hauser Visiting Global Professor of Law (New York University School of Law); Centennial Professor, London School of Economics (2012–2015), as well as a member of the Institut de droit international and former Member of the International Law Commission (UN, 2002–2006). Email: [email protected] Liliana Obregón has been an Associate Professor of Law at the University of Los Andes in Bogotá, Colombia since 2006, and a research fellow for the ERC Project ‘Europe 1815–1914’ since 2009. She holds a doctoral degree in law (SJD) from Harvard University, an MA from the SAIS Johns Hopkins University and a law degree from Los Andes. Liliana has published extensively on contemporary and historical international law topics and has been invited to present her work at universities in Europe and in the Americas. Email: [email protected] Francisco A. Ortega is a professor in the History Department at the National University of Colombia, Bogotá. He is also a researcher with the research project ‘Europe 1815–1914’ at the University of Helsinki. Francisco obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago (2001). He was an assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (2000–2004) and has been a visiting scholar at Harvard University (1995–1999; 2000 and 2012) and at Stanford (2008). He is currently writing a manuscript on the political culture of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in the Grand-Colombian region. Email: [email protected] Markus J. Prutsch holds degrees in History and Political Science. He received his Ph.D. from the European University Institute Florence. In 2009 he was awarded the Bruno-Kreisky Prize for Political Literature. A researcher at the University of Helsinki from 2009 to 2012, he is now senior researcher and research administrator at the European Parliament in Brussels. Email: [email protected] Bo Stråth is the Finnish Academy Distinguished Professor in Nordic, European and World History at the University of Helsinki, a position held since 2007, and is co-director of the ERC Project ‘Europe 1815–1914’. From 1997 to 2007 he was Professor of Contemporary History at the European University Institute, Florence, and from 1990–1996 a Professor of History at Gothenburg University. Email: [email protected], [email protected] Henning Trüper is currently a post-doctoral researcher at the EHESS, ‘Centre des recherches historiques’, in Paris. He holds a doctorate from the EUI (2008) and has been a post-doc at the University of Zurich (2009–2011).

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