The history of world civilization. 3 cyclus (1450-2070) New time ("new antiquity"), capitalism ("new slaveownership"), upper mental (causal) plan. 19. 1450-1700 -"neoarchaics". 20. 1700-1790 -"neoclassics". 21. 1790-1830 -"romanticism". 22. 1830-1870 – «liberalism». Modern time (lower intuitive plan) 23. 1870-1910 – «imperialism». 24. 1910-1950 – «militarism». 25.1950-1990 – «social-imperialism». 26.1990-2030 – «neoliberalism». 27. 2030-2070 – «neoromanticism». New history. We understand the new history generally in the same way as the representatives of Marxist history. It is a history of establishment of new social-economic formation – capitalism, which, in difference to the previous formations, uses the economic impelling and the big machine production. The most important classes are bourgeoisie and hired workers, in the last time the number of the employees in the sphere of service increases. The peasants decrease in number, the movement of peasants into towns takes place; the remaining peasants become the independent farmers, who are involved into the ware and money economy. In the political sphere it is an epoch of establishment of the republican system, which is profitable first of all for the bourgeoisie, with the time the political rights and liberties are extended for all the population. In the spiritual plan it is an epoch of the upper mental, or causal (later lower intuitive) plan, the humans discover the laws of development of the world and man, the traditional explanations of religion already do not suffice. The time of the swift development of technique (Satan was loosed out of his prison, according to Revelation 20.7), which causes finally the global ecological problems. The new history corresponds to the antiquity, being its repetition on the higher level. In correspondence to the human life, it is a period from 45 to 51 years. The new history is divided into nine periods, now we are in the middle of the 8th period. 19 period (1450-1700) “neoarchaics”. 1. America in 1450-1700. A.North America in 1450-1700. Giovanni Caboto, an Italian seaman, who sailed under the English flag, crossed the Atlantics from Bristol 1497. He was in search of a new sea way to China, but landed in New Foundland. About 500 years after the Vikings he was a first European, who came to the North America. He had discovered the big fishing grounds, which were visited by English fishers. But only 1610 a settlement was founded there. Giovanni da Verrazano traveled before the American coast 1524. A Frenchmen Jacques Cartier sailed upwards the St. –Laurence Stream 1535/36. He wanted to cross the northern continent; the others wanted to sail around it. The first French settlers in the North America were hunters for fur animals. They made trade with Indians, changing tools, weapon and alcohole against fur. The demand for American fur was big in Europe; the biber fur had a high current by the hut-makers. The French discoverers traveled along the St.-Laurence Stream till the Great Seas. They invade inside the land and came through the Mississippi till the Mexican Gulf. 1577-80 the second sailing around the world is made by English sea hero and pirate Francis Drake (ca.1545-1596). 1584-1590 Sir Walter Raleigh founds a settlement at the island of Roanoke for short time. A painter John White took part at many expeditions to the North America. 1587 he was a governor of the colony at Roanoke (modern state Virginia). His paintings are the oldest pictures of Indian life. After the the first attempts to settle were unsuccessful, the first British colony is founded in Jamestown (Virginia) by John Smith 1607. Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) as the first governor of Canada takes Newfoundland, New Scottland and New France into possession. 1608 Champlain, the “founder of Canada”, founds a settlement in Quebec and studies the Champlain sea. The first European settlers were peasants, who cut and burned the forests along the Atlantic coast to get the land for tillage. Soon the agrarian society after the European example appeared. Appalaches were the natural barrier. The settlements in Virginia were financially supported by the English nobility through the investition into the new plantages. There was a lot of working power: poor settlers, African slaves and criminals, who prefer the emigration to America to the imprisonment. Many settlers became victims of the subtropic climate of Virginia. The planting of tobacco, the indigenous plant in America, and its export to Europe make soon Virginia as rich as the haven towns of New England. The Indian princess Pocahohtas from the tribe of Powhatan became Christian, was married to Englishmen John Rolfe, came to England and died 1616, 21 years old. 1625 the missionary activity of French Jesuits began. 1643 Montreal is founded. The French West Indian company (1664) made trade with fur and alcohol with Indians. In the 17th century through the immigration of the religiously persecuted the states of New England are built both as crown colonies (with the king’s governor and own people’s representation) and as propriety colonies (because of the free private treaties with the crown). 1620, December 26 the “Pilgrim Fathers”, a Puritan sect, persecuted in England, land in Plymouth (Massachusets) from the “Mayflower” ship. They worked hard and tried to build the God-like society in the New World. Colonists had conflicts with Indians. They welcomed the first settlers, but hindered their invading inside the country. Already 1622 in Jamestown Indians murder 350 colonists, who occupied their land. Soon the settlers outnumbered the Indians. They expelled them from their tribal lands. Many natives became victims of the illnesses, brought from Europeans, which decimated the population of the already small tribes. 1632 the Catholics found Maryland. The state supports the colonies (1640 about 25,000 settlers) through “charts” (protection letters) and the trade favorings (navigation acts), which are directed mostly against the Dutch sea and trade rivals. Swedish and Dutch colonists came later. New Netherland was founded 1616. 1626 the Dutch found New Amsterdam. Already 1636 the Harvard university is founded. 1650 there were already many colonies at the East coast, among them Swedish and Dutch. 1654, August the first Jewish settlers arrive in New Amsterdam; one month later they are joined by 23 Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews refugees from Brazil, who had participated in the war against the Portuguese. By the end of the 17th century, the second Jewish community on the North Afmerican continent had already been established in Charleston, South Carolina. Different nations fought each other, like in Europe, and Indians. New Sweden (Delaware) is conquered by the Dutch 1655, but they gave it to England 1664. In the same year the Englishmen conquer New Amsterdam and rename it to New York. According to the peace of Breda (1667), New Netherland became English (states: New York, New Jersey, Delaware). From 1670 South Carolina and the Rupert land (Hudson Bay Company) were occupied. The Indian attacks at the European settlements grow. 1675-1676 the king Philipp war between Indians and colonists takes place. 1683 William Penn founds Philadelphia and the quackers’ colony Pennsylvania. The extension of English settlements along the St.-Laurence Stream till the Great Seas causes the conflicts with the French. From 1674 the state mercantile protection of the first French colonial empire by Colbert begins. 1681-1682 La Salle studies the Mississippi and incorporates Louisiana. After 1686 the plunderings of British trade points at the Hudson Bay and the attacks till New England take place. In the whole, in the first period Europeans became to settle in the North America. Initially Frenchmen dominated, then the Englishmen created the first real colonies on the east coast, taking some of them from the Swedes and the Dutch. The colonies were still formally subordered to England. B. Central and South America. Using the map of Florentinian Toscanelli (1397-1482), a Genuasan Christoph Columbus (1451-1506) in the service of Isabella of Castilia searchs the western sea way to India. After 61 day’s way he discovered the islands of Guanahani (San Salvador), Kuba and Haiti on October 12, 1492.In his team there were at least four descendants of Spanish Jews. One of them, interpreter Luis de Torres, was among the first to set foot on the shores of the island of Guanahani. His voyage was made possible by the political and financial support of courtiers of Converso origin, and it was to them that he sent his first reports. Soon after the first discoveries (1494) the treaty of Tordesillas is concluded: the world was divided into Spanish and Portugal colonial empires. Pope Alexander VI establishes the demarcation line ca. 370 miles to the west of Azores as frontier between Portugal (to the east) and Spain (to the west). 1496 Columbus founded the first European settlement Santo Domingo upon Hispaniola. As viceking Columbus makes four traveling to West- India (how it became to be called) and discovers the continent (the estuary of Orinoco; later Panama) 1498. 1499-1502 a Florentinian Amerigo Vespucci (1451-1512) travels near the coast of South America. Because of his traveling reports the new continent becomes famous and called America according to the proposal of German scholar Martin Waldseemüller 1507. 1500 Brasil is discovered at the India journey of a Portuguese Pedro Alvarez Cabral (1460-1526), where another Converted Jew worked as an interpreter. From 1507 all those who could not prove their “purity of blood” were not permitted to travel to the Americas. Already 1510/11 the first black slaves were imported to the West India. A Spanyard Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches as the first European the Pacific Ocean after the crossing of Panama strait 1513.