Salinas Pueblo Missions NM: Architectural History SALINAS "In the Midst of a Loneliness": The Architectural History of the Salinas Missions "In the Midst of a Loneliness" The Architectural History of the Salinas Missions Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument Historic Structures Report James E. Ivey 1988 Southwest Cultural Resources Center Professional Papers No. 15 Southwest Regional Office National Park Service Santa Fe, New Mexico TABLE OF CONTENTS sapu/hsr/hsr.htm Last Updated: 03-Sep-2001 file:///C|/Web/SAPU/hsr/hsr.htm [9/7/2007 2:07:46 PM] Salinas Pueblo Missions NM: Architectural History (Table of Contents) SALINAS "In the Midst of a Loneliness": The Architectural History of the Salinas Missions TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Figures Executive Summary Foreword Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Administrative Background Chapter 2: The Setting of the Salinas Pueblos Chapter 3: An Introduction to Spanish Colonial Construction Method Chapter 4: Abó: The Construction of San Gregorio Chapter 5: Quarai: The Construction of Purísima Concepción Chapter 6: Las Humanas: San Isidro and San Buenaventura Chapter 7: Daily Life in the Salinas Missions Chapter 8: The Salinas Pueblos Abandoned and Reoccupied Chapter 9: The Return to the Salinas Missions file:///C|/Web/SAPU/hsr/hsrt.htm (1 of 6) [9/7/2007 2:07:47 PM] Salinas Pueblo Missions NM: Architectural History (Table of Contents) Chapter 10: Archeology at the Salinas Missions Chapter 11: The Stabilization of the Salinas Missions Chapter 12: Recommendations Notes Bibliography Index (omitted from on-line edition) APPENDICES Appendix 1: Examination of Beam Sockets at Quarai Appendix 2: Seventeenth Century Mission Church Roof Beams Appendix 3: The Names of the Churches at Gran Quivira Appendix 4: The Extent of Construction of San Buenaventura Appendix 5: The Patio Kivas of Abó and Quarai TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1 The Salinas Basin Figure 2 Plan of the pueblo and mission of Abó in the period from 1622 to 1673 Figure 3 The plan of the mission of Abó about 1630, as it was originally built Figure 4 The plan of the mission of Abó after its first reconstruction about 1652 Figure 5 The sanctuary area and altars of the church at Hawikuh, burned out in 1672 file:///C|/Web/SAPU/hsr/hsrt.htm (2 of 6) [9/7/2007 2:07:47 PM] Salinas Pueblo Missions NM: Architectural History (Table of Contents) Figure 6 The upper level of Abó about 1652 Figure 7 Hypothetical section down the nave of the church of San Gregorio de Abó as completed about 1652 Figure 8 Plan of the second reconstruction of Abó, about 1658 Figure 9 Elevation of the east side of the church of Abó about 1670 Figure 10 Elevation of the front, or south side of the church of Abó about 1670 Figure 11 Plan of the last changes to Abó about 1670 Figure 12 Plan of the pueblo and mission of Quarai about 1632 Figure 13 The mission of Nuestra Señora de Purísima Concepción de Quarai about 1632 Figure 14 Elevation of the facade or south side of the church and convento of Quarai about 1632 Figure 15 Section down the nave of the church of Quarai about 1632, just after completion Figure 16 Section down the east side of the church of Quarai about 1660 Figure 17 Plan of the mission of Quarai about 1670 Figure 18 Plan of the pueblo and missions of Las Humanas Figure 19 The first convento and churches of Las Humanas about 1635 Figure 20 Plan of San Buenaventura and its convento Figure 21 Section across the nave of San Buenaventura at its maximum height Figure 22 Section down the nave of San Buenaventura at its maximum height Figure 23 The pueblo of Abó about 1882, at the time of Bandelier's visit Figure 24 Abó as painted by Abert in 1846 file:///C|/Web/SAPU/hsr/hsrt.htm (3 of 6) [9/7/2007 2:07:47 PM] Salinas Pueblo Missions NM: Architectural History (Table of Contents) Figure 25 Abó in 1882 as photographed by Bandelier Figure 26 Abó as seen by Charles Lummis in 1890 Figure 27 A second view of Abó in 1890 Figure 28 Abó from the northwest in 1916, by Jesse L. Nusbaum Figure 29 Abó in about 1916 Figure 30 The pueblo of Quarai about 1830 Figure 31 Changes to the convento of Quarai after the reoccupation during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Figure 32 Quarai as painted by Abert on Wednesday, November 4, 1846 Figure 33 Quarai on December 28, 1882, as photographed by Bandelier Figure 34 Quarai as photographed by Charles Lummis in 1890 Figure 35 Quarai from the north in 1890 Figure 36 The interior of the church of Quarai in 1890 Figure 37 Quarai about 1900 Figure 38 San Buenaventura in 1877, as sketched by Morrison Figure 39 San Buenaventura in 1883, as photographed by Bandelier Figure 40 The interior of the church of San Buenaventura as Bandelier saw it in January, 1883 Figure 41 San Buenaventura from the south in 1890, as photographed by Charles Lummis Figure 42 The interior of the church of San Buenaventura in 1890 Figure 43 The doorway into the sacristy of San Buenaventura in 1890 file:///C|/Web/SAPU/hsr/hsrt.htm (4 of 6) [9/7/2007 2:07:47 PM] Salinas Pueblo Missions NM: Architectural History (Table of Contents) Figure 44 The lintel over the entrance to the church of San Buenaventura in ca. 1890 Figure 45 A beam from San Buenaventura Figure 46 The north portion of the convento of San Buenaventura about 1900 Figure 47 The Marcos Luna house at Abó Figure 48 Stabilization and excavation of Abó by Joseph Toulouse, 1938 Figure 49 The first church of San Gregorio de Abó Figure 50 Quarai on August 26, 1913 Figure 51 The area of the sacristy of Quarai in 1913 Figure 52 Excavations in the church of Quarai, first week of August, 1934 Figure 53 Removing the fill from the nave of Quarai, first week of August, 1934 Figure 54 The west transept and apse of the church of Quarai in the fall of 1937 Figure 55 The pueblo of Quarai west of the church in 1940 Figure 56 San Buenaventura about 1920, taken from almost the same spot as Bandelier's photograph in 1883 Figure 57 Excavation of the convento of San Buenaventura Figure 58 Abó in 1939 Figure 59 Abó as it appears today Figure 60 The nave of the church of Quarai in the fall of 1937 Figure 61 Quarai during the stabilization by Wesley Hurt, October, 1939 Figure 62 Quarai in 1956, and generally as it appears today file:///C|/Web/SAPU/hsr/hsrt.htm (5 of 6) [9/7/2007 2:07:47 PM] Salinas Pueblo Missions NM: Architectural History (Table of Contents) Figure 63 San Buenaventura in the 1940s sapu/hsr/hsr.htm Last Updated: 03-Sep-2001 file:///C|/Web/SAPU/hsr/hsrt.htm (6 of 6) [9/7/2007 2:07:47 PM] Salinas Pueblo Missions NM: Architectural History (Executive Summary) SALINAS "In the Midst of a Loneliness": The Architectural History of the Salinas Missions EXECUTIVE SUMMARY "Of the various bits of evidence concerning the seventeenth-century friars, however, the most eloquent are the isolated ruins of such missions as Abó, Las Jumanas, and Pecos-- massive monuments to the zeal of the friars, situated in the midst of a loneliness akin to what they knew." Friar Hans Lentz, OFM, "Franciscan Missiology in Seventeenth-Century New Mexico," manuscript at Duns Scotus College, Southfield, Michigan, 1969. "In the mystery that envelopes everything connected with these ruins--as to when, and why, and by whom they were erected; and how, and when, and why, abandoned--there is much food for very interesting speculation. Until that mystery is penetrated so that all these questions can be answered without leaving a doubt, Abó belongs to the region of romance and fancy; and it will be for the poet and the painter to restore to its original beauty this venerable temple, to rebuild its altars, and to exhibit again unto us its robed priests, its burning censers, its kneeling worshippers." Major James Henry Carleton, United States Army, at Abó, December 17, 1853. Congress established Salinas National Monument "to set apart and preserve for the benefit and enjoyment of the American people the ruins of prehistoric Indian pueblos and associated seventeenth century, Franciscan Spanish mission ruins." In order to preserve these ruins, an effective plan of stabilization and maintenance is needed. The trouble with the stabilization and maintenance of a ruin, however, is that it inevitably changes the nature of the ruin. The visible stonework gradually, through small steps of repointing, dismantling and rebuilding, and capping, becomes the product of a generalized National Park Service policy rather than the product of a particular people at a particular time in the past. To slow down this process of the loss of the original nature or cultural imprint of a ruin, a careful maintenance program that minimizes changes to the appearance of the building is necessary. The most important single document for planning such a program is the Historic Structure Report, that determines file:///C|/Web/SAPU/hsr/hsrs.htm (1 of 2) [9/7/2007 2:07:47 PM] Salinas Pueblo Missions NM: Architectural History (Executive Summary) the original appearance of a building and the previous attempts at stabilizing it. After its preparation, interpreters frequently use the Historic Structure Reports as one of the sources of information in their effort to make a site more understandable to the park visitor. This Historic Structure Report was written with the needs of both managers and interpreters in mind.