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DA Schottelius Diplomarbeit Titel der Diplomarbeit Von Wortwuertzeln und fruchtbringenden Lustgaerten Über Leben, Sprache und Dichtung des Suchenden Justus Georg Schottelius (1612 – 1676) Verfasserin Gabriele Mandl Angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 8. Dezember 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 332 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Diplomstudium Deutsche Philologie Betreuer: Univ. Prof. Dr. Michael Rohrwasser 2 I NHALTSVERZEICHNIS Seite I. Vorbemerkung 7 - 8 A. Lebensweg und Bildungsgang des Justus Georg Schottelius 9 - 19 1. Schottelius’ Freundschaft mit den Pegnitzschäfern 20 - 25 B. Lebensbedingungen der Beamten und Schriftsteller im 25 17. Jahrhundert im Allgemeinen 1. Weltliche und religiöse Oberhoheit seit dem 15. bzw. 25 16. Jahrhundert in den Händen der Fürsten 1.1. Fürstliche Rechtsprechung 25 1.2. Fürstliche Konfessionsherrschaft 25 - 26 1.3. Luthers Berufskonzeption als Vorgabe 26 - 27 protestantischer Arbeitsmoral 2. Lebensbedingungen der Gelehrten im 17. Jahrhundert 27 - 28 3. Beziehungen der Gelehrten untereinander 29 4. Sprache als Medium der Kommunikation 29 4.1. Latein als Metasprache in der „res publica literaria“ 29 4.2. Wachsende Bedeutung des Deutschen 30 4.3. Post- und Briefverkehr zwischen den Gelehrten 30 - 31 4.4. Mündliche Kommunikation der Gelehrten mit 31 Analphabeten sowie mit „Standespersonen“ 4.5. Kritik am Stil des Diskurses der Gelehrten untereinander 31 - 32 4.6. Die Verhaltensmuster der Fruchtbringenden Gesellschaft 32 - 33 5. Die Situation der freischaffenden Literaten am 33 - 34 Beispiel Sigmund von Birkens 3 Seite C. Der Nachlass des Justus Georg Schottelius 35 1. Der verschollene private Nachlass 35 2. Der Druckschriften-Nachlass in der 36 Wolfenbütteler Herzog-August-Bibliothek D. Sprachwissenschaft 36 1. Justus Georg Schottelius’ Vorstellung vom 36 - 37 „Ursprung der Teutschen Sprache“ 2. Justus Georg Schottelius’ Epochengliederung der Teutschen 37 - 39 Sprache gemäß „Ankunft/Alterthum und Wachsthum“ in fünf „Denkzeiten“ 3. Sprachbetrachtung in der Reformation 39 4. Das Frühneuhochdeutsche Martin Luthers um 1640 als 40 - 41 Ausgangsbasis für die Spracharbeit des Justus Georg Schottelius 5. Sprachauffassung im Barock 41 - 42 6. Die ontologisierend-patriotische Sprachreflexion im Barock 42 6.1. In Deutschland 42 - 43 6.2. In Frankreich 43 7. Status und regionale Verbreitung der deutschen Sprache 43 - 44 im Barock 8. Barocke Gottesfrömmigkeit und Jakob Böhmes Mystik als 44 - 46 zusätzliche Komponenten im Sprachdenken des 17. Jahrhunderts 9. Der beklagenswerte Zustand der Teutschen Sprache 47 und die Gründe hiefür 9.1. Aufholbedarf in der Spracharbeit 47 9.2. Missachtung der Teutschen Sprache durch Fremde 47 9.3. Die „Froemdgierigkeit“ der Teutschen 48 9.4. Sprachmengerei bereits in der Antike – 48 Schottelius’ Standpunkt des Sprachpurismus 9.5. Die Sprachmengerei der Teutschen 48 4 Seite 9.6. Auflehnung gegen das Primat der Fremdsprachen 48 - 49 in Teutschland 10. Die Institution der Fruchtbringenden Gesellschaft und ihre 49 - 51 Lexikographiebestrebungen – Schottelius’ grammatische Gesichtspunkte 11. Grundlagen der beiden Normkriterien „physei/thesei“ bzw. 52 - 53 „analogia/anomalia“ in der 3-Phasen-Entwicklung der Sprachphilosophie der Antike 11.1. Der Analogie-Anomalie-Streit in der FG 1641 53 – 55 11.2. Justus Georg Schottelius’ zunehmend gemäßigte 55 Einstellung zum Anomalie-Konzept 11.3. Sprachnorm anstatt Sprachgeschichte 56 11.4. Justus Georg Schottelius’ Stellungnahme 56 - 57 zum Sprachwandel 12. Schottelius’ „Ausführliche Arbeit Von der Teutschen 57 - 60 HaubtSprache“ (1663) – eine Übersicht 12.1. Rezeption und Nachwirkung der HS 60 - 61 E. Drama 62 1. Schottelius’ höfisches Knabentheater als Sonderform 62 - 63 des regulären Schultheaters 2. Höfische Festmusik als Beitrag von Heinrich Schütz 63 - 64 zum Werk von Schottelius und anderen deutschen Dichtern 3. Die Ambivalenz des „Glücks/Fortuna“ im FriedensSieg- 64 Schauspiel des Schottelius 4. Das „Neu erfundene FreudenSpiel genandt FriedensSieg“ 65 (1648) als ein allegorisch-höfisches Knabentheater 5. Zum deutschen Kulturpatriotismus im 17. Jahrhundert 66 6. Die Aufführung und Rezeption des FriedensSieges 66 - 67 7. Standesmäßig ausgewogene Vergabe der Rollen beim 67 - 68 höfischen Schuldrama 8. Schottelius’ Theaterarbeit zur Förderung von Sprache 68 - 72 und Tugend 5 Seite 9. Schottelius’ Widmung seines Freudenspiels an die 72 - 74 Fürstin Sophie-Elisabeth zu Braunschweig-Lüneburg 10. Schottelius’ „FriedensSieg“ - Inhalt und Aufbau 74 – 81 F. Prosodie/Poetik 81 1. Justus Georg Schottelius’ „Teutsche Reim- oder 81 - 88 VersKunst“ 1645/1663 G. Ethica 88 1. Mit Frömmigkeit, Sprachtugend und Tugendlehre 88 auf dem Weg zur Glückseligkeit: – J.G.Schottelius’ „Ethica“ (1669) als Exempel der Wissenschaftsfähigkeit der deutschen Sprache des Barock 1.1. Zur Frühgeschichte der deutschsprachigen 88 - 89 Philosophie im Allgemeinen 1.2. Protestantischer Glaube versus „heidnische“ Maximen 89 - 90 1.3. Schottelius’ Einblicke in die Werke seiner Vorgänger 90 - 91 2. Aufbau und Inhalt der „Ethica“ 91 - 95 3. Mangelnde Rezeption der „Ethica“ als ein zeitgeschichtliches 95 - 99 und situationsbedingtes Problem des Autors 4. Justus Georg Schottelius’ höchstes Verdienst als erster 99 - 100 Verdeutscher der peripatetischen Ethiklehre H. Zur Barockforschung im Allgemeinen 100 1. Die drei zentralen Begriffe als Basis der Barockforschung: 100 1.1. Die „Wechselseitige Erhellung“ 100 1.2. Die „Positivistische Literaturwissenschaft“ 100 - 101 1.3. Die „Geistesgeschichtliche Literaturwissenschaft“ 101 2. Kritik der frühen Barockforschung 102 - 103 3. Freiherr Max von Waldberg (1858 Tschernowitz - 103 - 105 1938 Heidelberg) und seine Schottelius-Biographie 1891 4. Friedrich Gundolfs skurrile Schottelius-Kritik 1930 105 - 106 als Persiflage 6 Seite 5. Die internationale Bühne der Barockforschung in der 106 - 107 Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel seit den 1970-iger Jahren bis heute II. Schlusswort 107 III. Literaturverzeichnis 108 - 114 IV. Anhang 115 1. Zusammenfassung 115 2. Abstract 116 3. Lebenslauf 117 Verwendete Siglen FG Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft FS FriedensSieg HS HaubtSprache/HauptSprache 7 I. Vorbemerkung Das Anliegen meiner Arbeit ist ein monografischer Überblick über Leben und Werk Justus Georg Schottelius’, des um die Normierung der deutschen Sprache verdienten Grammatikers des 17. Jahrhunderts, dessen Geburtstag sich am 23. Juni 2012 zum 400. Male jährte. Dabei konnte ich auf Vorarbeiten des langjährigen Schottelius-Forschers Jörg- Jochen Berns aufbauen, wobei das Fehlen autobiografischer Notizen und persönlicher Briefe Schottelius’ – außer jenen an seinen Pegnitzschäfer-Freund Sigmund von Birken, die beiderseitige Abeit betreffend – eine Schwierigkeit darstellte. Berns hat seine Habilitationsschrift 1972 über „Schottelius: Leben und Werk“ nicht publiziert, und sie kann derzeit auch nicht eingesehen werden, weil der Wissenschafter an einer zweibändigen Gesamtausgabe Schottelius’ arbeitet und seine Habilitation nicht freigibt. Herr Christian Hogrefe von der Herzog-August-Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel hat mir jedoch in dankenswerter Weise die der Grabrede des Theologen und Schottelius- Freundes Brandanus Daetrius beigelegte Schottelius-Vita übermittelt, die mir eine Annäherung an die Persönlichkeitsstruktur meines Protagonisten ermöglichte. Ungeachtet der Apodiktik „De mortuis nil nisi bene“ enthüllt Daetrius darin eine ansehnliche Reihe lobenswerter Schottelischer Charakterzüge wie seinen unermüdlichen Fleiß in den Amtsgeschäften, die tiefe Religiosität und Wohltätigkeit Notleidenden gegenüber, seine Vaterlandsliebe und Fürstentreue sowie Zielgerichtetheit in der Sprachforschung aufgrund seiner Liebe zur deutschen Muttersprache und deutschen Jugend. Ein Mann wohl zu bieder und in der Dichtung noch dazu unpolitisch und nüchtern, mit einem Wort zu uninteressant, um von Günter Grass in seiner Erzählung „Das Treffen in Telgte“ (1979) in die fiktive Runde seiner barocken Schriftstellerkollegen aufgenommen zu werden, die 1647 gegen Ende des Dreißigjährigen Krieges ein Friedensfest geplant hatten, das jedoch vielleicht gerade zufolge der Absenz des fürstenhörigen, nüchternen Schottelius nicht zustande kam ... 8 Schottelius’ Beharren auf der Physei-These und dem Analogia-Prinzip zur Normierung der deutschen Sprache zur Schaffung eines verbindlichen Wörterbuches hat ihm in der Fruchtbringenden Gesellschaft nicht nur Freunde gemacht, ihm jedoch nicht nur von der Mehrheit seiner Zeitgenossen, sondern in hohem Maße auch von seiner philologischen Nachfolgerschaft große Anerkennung eingebracht, wie aus der Wirkung seiner „Ausführliche[n] Arbeit Von der Teutschen HaubtSprache“ hervorgeht. Das war also der Mensch Schottelius, hervorgegangen als Sohn eines einfachen Einbecker Predigers aus der Zeit der Wirren und der Not des großen Krieges, dessen Hingabe und Fleiß an die Aufgaben seines Lebens durch Erfolge abgegolten wurde. In der Lyrik zwischen Reimkunst, fruchtbarer Jesus-Minne- und Andachtsdichtungen sowie Gelegenheitsdichtungen zur Erbauung seines Fürsten und seiner Freunde tätig, wendet er sich gegen Ende seines Lebens – wie auch die meisten seiner poetischen Zeitgenossen – als zentrale Themen der „vanitate mundi“ und dem Ende des menschlichen Daseins sowie der Beschreibung des ewigen Lebens danach zu: Himmel oder Hölle; der Unterschied zwischen beiden wird von Schottelius seinen Lesern als Prophylaktikum zur rechtzeitigen Sündenbekehrung krass vor Augen geführt. Sein „FriedensSieg-Schauspiel“, veröffentlicht 1648 und
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