CARNIVAL XVI/2014 Journal of International Students of History Association ISSN 1457-1226 Internationa Students of History Association ISHA International Secretariat c/o Historia vzw. Blijde Inkomststraat 11 3000 Leuven Belgium www.isha-international.org Facebook: Carnival – Journal of the International Students of History Association INTERNATIONAL BOARD 2013/2014 Barbora Hrubá, President Anthony Grally, Vice-President Daria Lohmann, Secretary Roberto Tuccini, Treasurer EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Flavia Tudini ASSISTENT EDITOR Flavia Caruso LANGUAGE PROOFREADING ISHA Kent 2013-2014 Elke Close COVER DESIGN Antonino Mario La Commare Facts and opinions published in the papers express solely the opinions of the respective authors. Authors are responsible for their citing of sources and the accuracy of their references and bibliographies. ISHA cannot be held responsible for any omissions or possible violations of third parties’ rights. CONTENTS 8 A word from the Vice President 10 MANUEL REIMANN The American Revolution and its Impacts on British Atlantic Trade 29 NINA KRAUS “Temporary. For Ever.” Turkish Guest Workers in West Germany. Remembering Migration in 1961 - 2011. 52 DÁNIEL MÁRTON MOLNÁR Some new Revelations and Reflexions about the “Wessagusset-killing” in 1623 71 ALEXANDRA ESCHE “An Instrument of Destiny” - The Personal Crisis And Political Socialization of Adolf Hitler in the First World War 89 ERIK A. KRUEGER Murky Waters: How the Major Allied Powers in WW1 Remember the Great War 111 MICHALIS STAVRI Ireland 1912-1923: An exploration of Irish History through the Cypriot Press 129 IVANA NIKOLOVA Anglo-German Relations in the Late XIX and Early XX c. 146 ESZTER HADOBÁS Operetta as mirror 158 HELGE JONAS PÖSCHE Democratic reform through war and crisis? Britain 1914-1918 174 ANAMARIJA BAŠIĆ The big earthquake in Dubrovnik and its consequences for the town and influence on literature in the 17th century 190 TAYFUN ULAŞ Some Notes on the Changes and Transformation Age of the Ottoman Empire: Problems and Proposals of Solutions 196 TEREZA LYCKOVA Consolidation of the Authority of Ferdinand II in the Czech Lands after the Rebellion of the Estates (1618-1620) 211 OLIVER ZAJAC France against French Revolution 232 NICOLE ALBRECHT Review: Englanders and Huns; How Five Decades of Enmity Led to the First World War 240 CÉSAR AUGUSTO DUQUE SÁNCHEZ Interview with Cynthia Brown: Teaching Big History, the institutional goals, technological and intellectual cooperation A word from the Vice-President Dear friends, dear partners, dear ISHA people, It's a real pleasure and a great honor for me to write some words to open this 16th edition of Carnival. You have got in front of you the last edition of our annual publication which had been completed conscientiously by our Editor in chief, Flavia Tudini. I want in the opening text, congratulate and thank her for the quality of her work for ISHA and Carnival as you will see throughout this magazine. I want to thank all the ISHA International Board members and Council members, for their work during all the term 2014-2015. The International Board appreciates the quality of articles we received. This 16th edition covers different events of ISHA. Since the Annual Conference 2014 in Budapest until the Autumn seminar 2014 in Pula ; including our summer event in the Slovenian capital city and the weekend seminar in Sofia. The discussed topics in this opus are varied and approach different fields of study, and reach far beyond historical sciences. It's a promising 16th edition which is reflecting perfectly the new direction followed by ISHA and impulsed by the International Board lead by Barbora Hruba. Furthermore, the level of the texts presented in this opus are representing a collective will to diversify the topics and improve the academic level of Carnival. This is a representative edition because it shows the will to open toward outside. As you have seen this year, ISHA is back on the stage of international students organizations. The long-awaited partenership with EGEA (European Geography Association) finally became a reality, during our New Year Seminar in Olomouc with the presence of Nora Varga, president of EGEA European Board, to sign officially the new partnership. In our next editions of Carnival, our geography student friends will have the opportunity to published an article in our publications. The links we created together are more than just an institutional partnership, ISHA and EGEA are sister organizations ; and our relations are tending to become stronger. This is just the begining of our common work. ISHA also came back this year in ESU (European Students' Union) network, the most important student representative organization and leader player about higher education in Europe. The presence and the participation of ISHA as associate member was really appreciated in the last two board meetings in Azerbaijan and in Armenia. More than ever, ESU can count on us and count with us. ISHA renew strong ties with other students organizations who are IFISO members (Informal Forum of International Student Organizations), and regains a certain imposing presence there. It's now time to share skills, knowledges and best practises to evolve and develop ISHA. This term was the opportunity to work on ISHA communication, especially on internet with our new social networks and our website. It was high time to go on the way of numerical transition, in order to improve the image of ISHA with students but especially with our partners. Because they will have a lot of importance and a major role in the future of ISHA ; they will be directly involved in ISHA life. This 16th edition is double representative about the will of ISHA International Board to meet and be proactive with partners, and propose a higher academic level, better articles with readness to search and critical analysis. I very much welcome the good health of ISHA, this is reflected day by day with the liveliness of our sections; but also through the increase of events in our network. We've got off course our four traditional events ; and the weekend seminars, they offer to participants the possibility to discover new topics and create social links between ISHA members and ISHA sections. The weekend seminars are great experiences, the International Board wants to encourage people to attend and to organize some during the next years. Finally, ISHA is the best way to share our passion for History and for cultures; our desire to share with others students, not for their origins or their social backgrounds. We are in a period of religious, ethnic conflicts, and financial crises; ISHA is the symbole of tolerance, of the openness toward others, many people underestimate the importance of our student mobility, it's the first step of friendship among peoples. Our generation will play a major role in the future of the world. Keep on getting involved in ISHA, keep going on discovering, keep on contributing to this wonderful experience that ISHA is. Viva History ! VIVA ISHA ! On behalf of the International Board and Council 2014-2015 Anthony Grally ISHA – International Vice president. The American Revolution and its Impacts on British Atlantic Trade Manuel Reimann, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz In 1773 the so called “Boston Tea Party” was the start of the American Revolution. The war ended in 1776 with the declaration of independence through thirteen British colonies in North America. In 1783 the Peace of Paris was signed which meant that Great Britain accepted the independence of the USA. The war also had a significant amount of influence on trade. Before 1773 it was a kind of “inland trade” between motherland and colonies. The question now is if the war led to a decrease of trade or if it had positive effects. Additionally, the situation after 1776 will be illuminated in this paper. Another query is if the products of trade had changed through the war or if there were changes immediately before or after 1773–1776. One of the main causes of the revolution was that Great Britain, and particularly the Houses of Parliament published new laws. These laws directly were concerned with the economy in the different colonies. The so called “Tea Act” of 1773 was too much. The reaction was the aforementioned “Boston Tea Party”. The question concerning the war years is what the traders did during that time. They were dependent on trade if they wanted to keep their (financial) status. Immediately after the war both parts started trading with each other again. So the American Revolution will be used as a dissociative element. The two main sections will deal with the time before and after the war, of course it is not possible to divide these phases completely. Suitable for this paper is the thesis which says that war is a strong promoter of progress. If this is right, there should be a bigger volume of trade at the end of 18th century than at the beginning. However, since this is also possible in connection to the 1770s, these two positions must be differed. Introduction “When in the course of human Events, it becomes necessary for one People to dissolve the Political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the Earth, the separate and equal Station to which the Laws of nature and Nature´s God entitle them, a decent Respect to the Opinions of Mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the Separation.” (Declaration of Independence, The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration) These are the first lines of the American Declaration of Independence which was published on July 4th 1776. In addition, to the well-known impacts which accrued through the abolition of the former colony, for example the colonisation of Australia as an alternative to deport convicts, there were also changes in the trade of Great Britain and their former colonies.