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The Ulster Women's Unionist Council and Ulster Unionism

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The Ulster Women's Unionist Council and Ulster Unionism “No Idle Sightseers”: The Ulster Women’s Unionist Council and Ulster Unionism (1911-1920s) Pamela Blythe McKane A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN POLITICAL SCIENCE YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO JANUARY 2015 ©Pamela Blythe McKane 2015 Abstract Title: “No Idle Sightseers”: The Ulster Women’s Unionist Council and Ulster Unionism (1911-1920s) This doctoral dissertation examines the Ulster Women’s Unionist Council (UWUC), an overlooked, but historically significant Ulster unionist institution, during the 1910s and 1920s—a time of great conflict. Ulster unionists opposed Home Rule for Ireland. World War 1 erupted in 1914 and was followed by the Anglo-Irish War (1919- 1922), the partition of Ireland in 1922, and the Civil War (1922-1923). Within a year of its establishment the UWUC was the largest women’s political organization in Ireland with an estimated membership of between 115,000 and 200,000. Yet neither the male- dominated Ulster unionist institutions of the time, nor the literature related to Ulster unionism and twentieth-century Irish politics and history have paid much attention to its existence and work. This dissertation seeks to redress this. The framework of analysis employed is original in terms of the concepts it combines with a gender focus. It draws on Rogers Brubaker’s (1996) concepts of “nation” as practical category, institutionalized form (“nationhood”), and contingent event (“nationness”), combining these concepts with William Walters’ (2004) concept of “domopolitics” and with a feminist understanding of the centrality of gender to nation. This analytical framework is used to explore the UWUC’s role in the Ulster unionist movement during the 1910s and the1920s, with a particular focus on the gendered constitution of Ulster. This study argues that Ulster historically has been constituted through the gendered discourses, norms, symbols, rituals, ii traditions, and practices of Ulster unionist institutions, and contingent events, such as the Ulster Crisis, World War 1, the Anglo-Irish War, and the partition of Ireland. This dissertation analyzes primary sources related to the UWUC. It reveals the extent of the work undertaken by members of the UWUC in terms of opposing Home Rule and constituting Ulster. It argues that the scale of the mobilization of the UWUC and the scope of its anti-Home Rule work makes clear that the UWUC was not peripheral to Ulster unionism; nor were its members “idle sightseers” in terms of the events of the 1910s and 1920s and the constitution of Ulster. iii Dedicated to my family: My parents, David and Susan McKane My sister and brother-in-law, Jeanne McKane and Rob Murakami My sister and brother-in-law, Erin McKane and Anton Swanson My nieces, Olivia and Ella Murakami My nephew, Dean Swanson and to my great-grandmothers, Gertrude Fraser and Margaret McKane, and my great- great-grandmothers, Barbara Garvie and Mary Jane Crosbie, signatories to the Declaration in 1912 iv Acknowledgements Although the process of completing this degree has involved a great deal of solitary research and writing I could not have completed it alone. I owe a huge debt of gratitude to: my committee: Susan Henders, William Jenkins, and Sandra Whitworth. I could not have asked for a better supervisor or committee. You challenged and also supported me. I am immensely grateful for the time, energy, and effort you provided throughout the process and for your suggestions which have made this dissertation a much stronger piece of work. And my external defence committee members: Fidelma Ashe, Wenona Giles, and David Mutimer. I could not have asked for a better defence experience. Your generous, kind, supportive words, and engagement with my work put me at ease and made for a wonderful ending to my doctoral studies. Thank you. Carmel Roulston, Karyn Stapleton, May Steele, Olive Whitten, and the staff of both the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland and the Linenhall Library who were incredibly helpful in facilitating my research during my three months of field work in Belfast. my family in Northern Ireland: Ulwyn, William, and Aaron Marshall and Fraser Agnew who went above and beyond during my stays; my great-aunts Eunice McGowan, Dolly Martin, and Ell Patrick; my great-uncle Lexie Patrick; and cousins Geoffrey and Valerie Agnew; Wendy Brines; Adele and Colum Hughes; Brian and Dorothy Martin; Mark, Wanda, and Shannon McGowan; Ronald and Carol McGowan; Timothy, Anne, and Jordan McGowan; Wesley and Valerie McGowan; Edna McKane; Vanessa, David, Robert, Vicky, James, and Hollie Montgomery; Robin Patrick; and Denise Topping for their hospitality, generosity, and support while I was in Northern Ireland for my field work, as well as during my return trips. my friends: Thom Bryce; Susan Charney and Chuck Anders; Brenda Currie; Nicky, Bruce, Torey, Heather, and Emily Hutchison; Natasha, Aaron, Abby and Leah Kendal; Pat and Gavin McGregor; Gayle McNeil; Enid and Paul Merritt; Rachel O’Donnell and Adam, Finnegan and Thisbe Hayes; Sara and David Rowden; Andy, Carolyn, Locksley and Trinity Sinclair; Malcolm and Elspeth Sinclair; Roslin Sinclair and Alan, Evan and Rhiannon Maynes; Mary Steen; Susanne Sutherland; Sandy Symes; Pat Tripp; Paula Tseng; and Winnie and Dave Wake. and finally to my immediate and extended family: David, Susan, Jeanne, Rob, Erin, Anton, Olivia, Ella, Dean; Mary and Wesley Cragg; Ann McKenzie; Wendy Newbery and Doug, Evie and Clare Allgeier—and my late grandparents Bill and Inez McKane and Ed and Rena Newbery. Your their love and support through what has been both an enjoyable and challenging process means everything to me. v Table of Contents Abstract ii Dedication iv Acknowledgements v Table of Contents vi List of Figures and Illustrations viii Acronyms x Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Ulster as Gendered “Nation”: 24 Establishing a Framework of Analysis Chapter 3 The Evolution of Irish Nationalism and the 74 Constitution of Ireland Chapter 4 Constituting Ulster 144 Chapter 5 “Both Peeress and Peasant” 210 Chapter 6 “For the Cause of Ulster” 268 Chapter 7 Conclusion 325 Bibliography 335 Appendix A Map of Ireland 359 Appendix B Historical Time Line 360 Appendix C Constituting Ulster (Chapter 4) Images 377 Appendix D Text of UWUC resolution submitted to the 391 House of Commons, June 1912 Appendix E Both Peeress and Peasant (Chapter 5) Images 393 vi Appendix F Text of draft of letter to the Lord Mayor of Belfast 397 from Lady Londonderry, Lady Abercorn, and Lady Dufferin and Ava Appendix G Text of the prayer used at opening of meetings of 398 the Council and Executive Committee of the UWUC vii List of Figures and Illustrations Appendix C Figure 1. Ulster Unionist image of Sir Edward Carson from the period of the Ulster Crisis (Heroes of the Union). Belfast Telegraph. Figure 2. Signed copy of the Solemn League and Covenant Figure 3. Ulster Unionist delegates ratifying the Covenant, Ulster Hall, Belfast. September 23, 1912. Belfast Telegraph. Figure 4. Ulster Day—Unionist Clubmen marching into City Hall to sign the Covenant. September 28, 1912. Belfast Telegraph. Figure 5. Unionist demonstration on the eve of Ulster Day, Ulster Hall, Belfast. September 27, 1912. Belfast Telegraph. Figure 6. Belfast streets, Ulster Day. September 28, 1912. Belfast Telegraph. Figure 7. Sir Edward Carson signing the Covenant, Belfast City Hall, Ulster Day. September 28, 1912. Belfast Telegraph. Figure 8. Ulster Volunteer Force parading, Balmoral, Belfast. September 27, 1913. Belfast Telegraph. Figure 9. The Apprentice Boys rally to defend Londonderry during the Siege of Derry in 1689 (half-penny postcard). Belfast Telegraph. Figure 10. William of Orange at the Battle of the Boyne (half-penny postcard). Belfast Telegraph. Figure 11. Sir Edward Carson—The first President of the Ulster Provisional Government (“King Carson”) (half-penny postcard). Belfast Telegraph. Figure 12. Ulster to England (half-penny postcard). Belfast Telegraph. Figure 13. Ulster’s Covenant (half-penny postcard). Belfast Telegraph. Figure 14. Entreat me not to leave thee. Ulster’s appeal. (half-penny postcard). Belfast Telegraph. viii List of Figures and Illustrations (cont’d) Appendix E Figure 1. Signed copy of the women’s Declaration Figure 2. Members of the Ulster Women’s Unionist Council with the ambulance presented on behalf of the UWUC to Col. F.H. Crawford and Sir Robert Liddell Figure 3. The presentation of an ambulance by members of the Ulster Women’s Unionist Council to Col. F.H. Crawford and Sir Robert Liddell Figure 4. Ulster women parading as part of the UVF ambulance, driving, and signaling corps. Belfast Telegraph. ix Acronyms AOH Ancient Order of Hibernians DMP Dublin Metropolitan Police GAA Gaelic Athletic Association INV Irish National Volunteers IPP Irish Parliamentary Party (Nationalist Party) IRA Irish Republican Army IRB Irish Republican Brotherhood IUPP Irish Unionist Parliamentary Party IWFL Irish Women’s Franchise League IWWU Irish Women’s Workers Union LAOI Loyal Association of Orangewomen of Ireland RIC Royal Irish Constabulary RUC Royal Ulster Constabulary UUC Ulster Unionist Council UULA Ulster Unionist Labour Association UUP Ulster Unionist Party UDA Ulster Defence Association UDU Ulster Defence Union UVF Ulster Volunteer Force UWUC Ulster Women’s Unionist Council UWUC ECM Ulster Women’s Unionist Council Executive Committee Minutes UWVA Ulster Women’s Volunteer Association x Chapter 1 Introduction 1 All I boast is that we have a Protestant parliament and a Protestant state. (Sir James Craig, Lord Craigavan, first Prime Minister of Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), House of Commons, vol 2, cols 1091, 1095, cited in Farrell 1980, 92) The people cannot decide until somebody decides who are the people. (Sir Ivor Jennings, cited in Huntington 1991, 15) INTRODUCTION One cannot fully comprehend either how Northern Ireland came into being or the approximately three decades of political violence known as “the Troubles” (1968- 1998) without understanding the history of unionism in Ulster.
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