THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER

January-February 2018 Newsletter Part 1 Girodet’s Napoleon 1 10 interesting facts about Napoleon 3 The rediscovery of Las Cases 7 The Marquis de Sade saved for the nation 9 A Van Eyck & a Scottish looter 11 In Clausewitz’s Shadow 13 Gros at work 17 Pauline’s last villa 20 A tour of Italy 24

Our 2018 Conference will be in Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia September 28-30. GIRODET’S NAPOLEON We’re going back in time. Join us for dinners in historic Anne-Louis Girodet de Roucy- Girodet (1767-1824) made a taverns, great talks, a tour of Trioson did this portrait of Napo- number of portraits of Napoleon, Yorktown, & much more. leon with a sculpted look. I missed some monumental, some drawn We will be based at the it when it was sold at Christies’ like this one. Williamsburg Woodlands London branch last June. He did it Girodet, as a pupil of Jacques- Hotel, but other hotel choices in black and white chalk, and grey Louis David, learned to do the are available. and brown wash. It’s on paper, great dramatic paintings. You prob- 14¼ by 10½ inches, and signed ably know him for his Oath of the Check and dated ‘GTR.1812.’ at its lower Horatii, or Ossian receiving the napoleonichistoricalsociety.org left. It went for $13,900 (including ghosts of the fallen French Heroes, for updates. buyer’s premium). or the Revolt in Cairo. His theat-

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 1 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER rical style was much admired. His portraits are just as interesting, especially as he did many Bonapartes. He did at least one without ever seeing his subject, as when he painted Napo- leon’s father. By 1812, his powers were waning. His habit of working at night was taking a toll on his constitution. Let’s hope the other excesses that were also blamed were more fun. At a sale of his effects after his death, some of his drawings realized enormous prices.

Above is his portrait of Josephine’s daughter, Hortense. We forget now what a big deal Hortense was during the Empire. Girodet painted this some- time between 1805 and 1809. The Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam has it now.

With fall of Napoleon, the Bourbons were the ones supporting artists. Louis XVIII commissioned this portrait, dated to 1816. He wanted something to buttress the embarrassing lack of heroic figures in the Bourbon line-up. This one, at left, was ideal. It’s of a royalist martyr, Jacques Cathelineau, a leader of the Vendée revolt. No matter Girodet never saw Cathelineau. Maybe that, and his decline, is the reason it doesn’t seem as inspired as the picture of Hortense. Perhaps Girodet just did better with pretty girls. This painting is now in the museum of the Vendean revolt in .

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 2 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER

10 INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT NAPOLEON by Shannon Selin

There’s no shortage of Napoleon dressing, “his handkerchief, his It was usually the most laughable Bonaparte facts. Here are 10 you snuffbox, and a little shell box filled thing in the world to see him play may not be aware of. They struck with licorice flavored with aniseed at any game whatever: he, whose me as interesting when I was and cut very fine, were handed to quick perception and prompt judg- researching Napoleon in America.* him.” 3 ment immediately seized on and Betsy Balcombe attributed Napo- mastered everything else which 1. Napoleon couldn’t carry a leon’s rather discolored teeth to “his came in his way, was, curiously tune. constant habit of eating liquorice, enough, never able to understand Louis-Joseph Marchand, Napo- of which he always kept a supply in the manoeuvres of any game, leon’s valet from 1814 to 1821, his waistcoat pocket.” 4 however simple. Thus, his only wrote: According to Hortense Bertrand, resource was to cheat.7 [T]he Emperor, should he start to the daughter of General Henri French diplomat Louis Antoine sing, which he sometimes did while Bertrand and his wife Fanny, Napo- Fauvelet de Bourienne, Napo- thinking of something else…was leon carried a mixture of licorice- leon’s one-time private secretary, rarely in tune and would repeat the powder and brown sugar in his observed: same words for 15 minutes.1 pockets as a remedy for indiges- In general he was not fond of cards; Betsy Balcombe, whom Napo- tion.5 He also used it as a remedy but if he did play, Vingt-et-un was leon befriended when he was in for colds. his favorite game, because it is exile on St. Helena, described how more rapid than many others, and he regaled her with “Vive Henri because, in short, it afforded him Quatre.” an opportunity of cheating. For He began to hum the air, became example, he would ask for a card; abstracted, and, leaving his seat, if it proved a bad one he would say marched round the room, keeping nothing, but lay it down on the table time to the song he was singing… and wait till the dealer had drawn In fact Napoleon’s voice was most his. If the dealer produced a good unmusical, nor do I think he had card, then Bonaparte would throw any ear for music; for neither on aside his hand, without showing this occasion, nor in any of his it, and give up his stake. If, on the subsequent attempts at singing, contrary, the dealer’s card made could I ever discover what tune it Hortense Bertrand him exceed twenty-one, Bonaparte was he was executing.2 When Napoleon was dying, he also threw his cards aside without wanted to drink only licorice- showing them, and asked for the 2. Napoleon loved licorice. flavoured water. payment of his stake. He was much Louis Constant Wairy, Napoleon’s He asked me for a small bottle and diverted by these little tricks, espe- valet from 1800 to 1814, notes some licorice, poured a small quan- cially when they were played off that every morning, after Napo- tity, and told me to fill it with water, undetected; and I confess that even leon finished washing, shaving and adding that in the future he wished then we were courteous enough to have no other beverage but that.6 to humour him, and wink at his * Napoleon in America is the title cheating.8 of Shannon’s excellent historical 3. Napoleon cheated at cards. Napoleon’s mother Letizia would novel. This article was taked from Napoleon hated to lose at cards, call him on such stunts, as noted in Shannon’s blog shannonselin.com, chess or any other game, and took this description of evenings during where you will find many other pains to avoid doing so. Laure Napoleon’s exile on Elba: excellent articles. Junot wrote: When Napoleon was losing at cards

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 3 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER

4. Napoleon liked snuff. 5. Napoleon loved long, hot baths. This was commented on by many Again, this was something observers, though they differed as frequently commented on. In to whether Napoleon was a prodi- Bourienne’s words: gious snuff-taker or simply a sloppy His partiality for the bath he one. mistook for a necessity. He would Constant wrote: usually remain in the bath two It has been said that His Majesty hours, during which time I used to took a great deal of tobacco, and read to him extracts from the jour- that in order to be able to take it nals and pamphlets of the day, for more quickly and frequently, he put he was anxious to hear and know it in a waistcoat pocket lined with all that was going on. While in the skin for this purpose; these are so bath, he was continually turning many errors; the Emperor never put on the warm water, to raise the tobacco in anything but his snuff- temperature, so that I was some- boxes, and though he consumed a times enveloped in such a dense Betsy Balcombe great deal, he took but very little. vapor that I could not see to read, He brought his pinch to his nostrils and was obliged to open the door.13 he cheated without scruple, and as if simply to smell it, and then all submitted with such grace as he let it fall. It is true that the 6. Napoleon had beautiful hands. they could muster, except the stern place where he had been was often Napoleon was proud of his hands, Corsican lady, who in her decided covered with it; but his handker- and he took great care of his finger- tone would say, ‘Napoleon, you are chiefs, incontrovertible witnesses nails. Betsy Balcombe wrote: cheating.’ To this he would reply: in such matters, were scarcely His hand was the fattest and pret- ‘Madame, you are rich, you can soiled… He often contented himself tiest in the word; his knuckles afford to lose, but I am poor and with putting an open snuff-box dimpled like those of a baby, must win.’9 under his nose to breathe the odor his fingers taper and beautifully The young Betsy Balcombe also of the tobacco it contained… His formed, and his nails perfect.14 challenged Napoleon during a snuff was raped very large and was Napoleon’s valet Louis Étienne game of whist: usually composed of several kinds Saint-Denis thought Napoleon’s Peeping under his cards as they of tobacco mixed together. Some- hands “were of the most perfect were dealt to him, he endeavoured times he amused himself by feeding model; they resembled the beautiful whenever he got an important one, it to the gazelles he had at Saint- to draw off my attention, and then Cloud. They were very fond if it.” 11 slyly held it up for my sister to see. The Count de Las Cases, one of I soon discovered this, and calling Napoleon’s companions on St. him to order, told him he was Helena, said: cheating, and that if he continued The Emperor, it is well known, was to do so, I would not play. At last in the habit of taking snuff almost he revoked intentionally, and at every minute: this was a sort of a the end of the game tried to mix mania which seized him chiefly the cards together to prevent his during intervals of abstraction. His being discovered, but I started up, snuff-box was speedily emptied; and seizing hold of his hands, I but he still continued to thrust his pointed out to him and the others fingers into it, or to raise it to his what he had done. He laughed until nose, particularly when he was the tears ran out of his eyes, and himself speaking.12 10 declared he had played fair. Louis-Joseph Marchand

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 4 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER hands of a woman.” 15 and adds: Saint-Denis also noted that Napo- In the Imperial palaces, care had leon never wore gloves unless he been taken never to expose him was going out on horseback, and to it. In his different journeys, the even then he was more likely to slightest smell of paint frequently put them in his pocket than on his rendered it necessary to change the hands. apartments that had been prepared Even Germaine de Staël, a notable for him; and on board of the opponent of Napoleon, commented: Northumberland [the British vessel I recollect once being told very that took Napoleon to St. Helena] gravely by a member of the Insti- the paint of the ship had made him tute, a counsellor of state, that very ill…. [At Longwood] the smell Bonaparte’s nails were perfectly of the paint was certainly very well made. Another time a courtier slight; but it was too much for the exclaimed, ‘The first consul’s hand Emperor. 18 is beautiful!’ 16 8. Napoleon was superstitious. 7. Napoleon couldn’t stand the Napoleon was superstitious and he Louis Étienne Saint-Denis smell of paint. did not like people who regarded aka Mamlouk Ali Napoleon had an acute sense of superstition as a weakness. He used smell, and one of the things that to say that none but fools affected I was entering his room to dress bothered him was paint. When he to despise it. 19 him, he would rush at me like a learned that Longwood House, A Corsican through and through, madman, and while saluting me to which he was to move on St. Napoleon believed in omens, with his favorite greeting: ‘Eh Helena, smelled strongly of paint: demons and the concept of luck. He bien, monsieur le drôle?’ would He walked up and down the lawn, disliked Fridays and the number 13. pinch both ears at once in a way to gesticulating in the wildest manner. He considered December 2, the day make me cry out; it was not even His rage was so great that it almost of his coronation in 1804 and of his rare for him to add to these soft choked him. He declared that the victory at the Battle of Austerlitz in caresses one or two slaps very well smell of paint was so obnoxious to 1805, one of his lucky days. Upon laid on; I was sure then of finding him that he would never inhabit a the occurrence of remarkable inci- him in a charming humor all the house where it existed. 17 dents, either good or bad, he habitu- rest of the day, and full of benevo- Las Cases corroborates this story ally crossed himself. lence. Roustan, and even Marshal Berthier, Prince de Neufchâtel, 9. Napoleon liked to pinch people. received their own good share of Constant writes: these imperial marks of affection; M. de Bourrienne, whose excel- I have frequently seen them with lent Memoirs I have read with the their cheeks all red and their eyes greatest pleasure, says somewhere almost weeping. 21 that the Emperor in his moments of Laure Junot adds, good humour would pinch his inti- When Bonaparte indulged in rail- mates by the tip of the ear; I have lery he did not use the weapon with my own experience that he pinched a very light hand; and those he loved the whole of it, and often both ears best often smarted under the blow. at once; and that with a master Though Junot was a particular hand. 20 favorite of his during the consulate [H]e squeezed very roughly… and the first years of the empire, he pinched hardest when he was yet he frequently selected him as Laure Junot in the best humor. Sometimes, as the object of some coarse joke; and

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 5 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER

Footnotes Helena, translated by Frank Hunter 1. Louis-Joseph Marchand, In Potter (New York and London, Napoleon’s Shadow (San Fran- 1922), p. 277. cisco, 1998), p. 88. 16. Anne-Louise-Germaine de 2. Lucia Elizabeth Balcombe Staël, Ten Years’ Exile (London, Abell, Recollections of the Emperor 1821), p. 60. Napoleon, during the First Three 17. Abell, Recollections of the Years of His Captivity on the Island Emperor Napoleon, p. 90. of St. Helena (London, 1844), pp. 18. Las Cases, Mémorial de Sainte 25-26. Hélène, Vol. I, pp. 14-16. 3. Louis Constant Wairy, 19. Armand Augustin Louis de Memoirs of Constant on the Private Caulaincourt, Napoleon and His Life of Napoleon, his Family and Times (Philadelphia, 1838), Vol. I, his Court, translated by Elizabeth p. 173. Gilbert Martin (New York, 1907), 20. Constant Wairy, Memoirs Louis Constant Wairy Vol. I, p. 331. of Constant on the Private Life 4. Abell, Recollections of the of Napoleon, his Family and his if accompanied by a pinch of the Emperor Napoleon, p. 22. Court, Vol. I, p. 210. ear, so severe as to draw blood, the 5. Lees Knowles, A Gift of Napo- 21. Ibid., pp. 335-336. favour was complete. 22 leon (London, 1921), p. 18. 22. Laure Junot Abrantès, Memoirs Even the young were not spared. 6. Marchand, In Napoleon’s of the Duchess D’Abrantès, p. 54. Betsy Balcombe describes how, Shadow, p. 636. 23. Abell, Recollections of the playing blind man’s bluff, 7. Laure Junot Abrantès, Memoirs Emperor Napoleon, pp. 73-74. The Emperor commenced by of the Duchess D’Abrantès (New 24. Ibid., pp. 100-101. creeping stealthily up to me, and York, 1832), p. 208. 25. Constant Wairy, Memoirs giving my nose a very sharp twinge; 8. Louis Antoine Fauvelet de of Constant on the Private Life I knew it was he both from the act Bourienne, Private Memoirs of of Napoleon, his Family and his itself and from his footstep. 23 Napoleon Bonaparte (Philadelphia, Court, Vol. 1, p. 319. Betsy also writes that Napoleon 1831), Vol. I, p. 219. handled the Montholons’ six-week 9. Norwood Young, Napoleon in old baby (Lili) “so awkwardly, that Exile: Elba (London, 1914), p. 233. we were in a state of terror lest he 10. Abell, Recollections of the should let it fall. He occasionally Emperor Napoleon, p. 49. diverted himself by pinching the 11. Constant Wairy, Memoirs little creature’s nose and chin, until of Constant on the Private Life it cried.” 24 of Napoleon, his Family and his Court, Vol. II, p. 10. 10. Napoleon never felt his heart 12. Emmanuel-August-Dieudonné beat. de Las Cases, Mémorial de Sainte According to Constant: Hélène: Journal of the Private Life A very remarkable peculiarity is and Conversations of the Emperor that the Emperor never felt his Napoleon at Saint Helena (London, heart beat. He has often said so 1823), Vol. II, p. 232. both to M. Corvisart [Napoleon’s 13. Bourienne, Private Memoirs of doctor] and to me, and more than Napoleon Bonaparte, Vol. I, p. 269. once he had us pass our hands over 14. Abell, Recollections of the his breast, so that we could make Emperor Napoleon, p. 41. trial of this singular exception; we 15. Louis Étienne Saint-Denis, never felt any pulsation. 25 Napoleon from the Tuileries to St. Letizia Bonaparte

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 6 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER

THE REDISCOVERY OF LAS CASES

In December 1816, Emmanuel, Historians long ago learned to treat A sensational find. comte de Las Cases, was deported the Memorial with great caution. The Memorial’s journey to the from Saint Helena. Sir Hudson Las Cases was prone to insert his publisher was not uninterrupted. Lowe had kicked him out for own thoughts, of which he had When Las Cases reached England infringing his regulations. Las many, and to color Napoleon’s from Saint Helena, his papers Cases was a difficult character, and words with his bias. In some cases, were confiscated. They included a it was hard not to provoke Lowe. he misstated or fabricated facts. manuscript ready for publication, In 1823 Las Cases began to publish So writers using his work, like which Las Cases called, “Napo- his Memorial of Saint Helena. It Shannon Selin in the previous leon’s Memoirs.” It cost Las Cases was a publishing success, and Las article, have learned to evaluate considerable time and trouble Cases made a fortune from it. him every time they use him, seek before he could get it back, in It is a record of his almost daily corroboration, and judge his cred- September 1821. By the time it was conversations with Napoleon ibility on a case by case basis. For published, Las Cases’s book had during their imprisonment. Las it’s hard to give up on Las Cases. grown massively as he found more Cases was not taking dictation from Too many of our favorite sayings and more to add. But what did he Napoleon, so we have always hoped of Napoleon come from the Memo- add, and was it any good? he completed his account later that rial. We could not check the original, night from memory and notes. as that wasn’t available. It has taken

St Helena 1816: Napoleon dictating to Count Las Cases the Account of his campaigns, painted by William Quiller Orchardson in 1892. It is now in the Napoleon room of the Lady Lever Art Gallery, in Liverpool, England. But is this merely the picture Las Cases wanted us to see?

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 7 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER two centuries for it to be rediscov- reasons. tions” run into hundreds of pages. ered. Thanks to the superb work But now we have the text which Las Cases’s genius has been unap- of Peter Hicks of the Fondation was actually written on Saint preciated until now. He was able to Napoléon, we can consult it now. Helena. This crack team of four take a few phrases jotted down at It turns out that Lord Bathurst, historians have tried to determine the dinner table, and expand them the Secretary of War and Colo- which parts of the printed Memo- into brilliant passages. In the orig- nies, and the minister responsible rial came from notes made on the inal manuscript, the great maxims for Saint Helena, had a copy made spot, and which were Las Cases’s attributed to Napoleon are just not of the manuscript in 1817, before own work. Now we can separate there. Were they really Las Cases’s it was returned to Las Cases. It Napoleon from Las Cases. The work? filled four volumes. But they lay historians have tried to evaluate the We also lose the famous boast, hidden amongst the Bathurst family authenticity of the long quotations “My life, what a novel!” papers. In 1923, the papers were attributed to Napoleon. “I am the Messiah of the Revolu- transferred to the predecessor of It’s clear that Napoleon welcomed tion, doesn’t appear either. ” the British Library. The acquisition the participation of Las Cases in his Napoleon may not have said of was announced, and the catalogue effort to present the face he wanted Marshal Lannes, “I found him a entries made, but the significance the world to see. It’s equally clear pygmy, I lost him a giant.” was missed. that Las Cases’s own “elabora- So we do lose many old favor- Peter Hicks was doing some ites. Not lost really, we just have to research at the British Library in accept that they may be too good London on Sir Hudson Lowe. He to be true, coming from a tainted had the wits to recognize that these source. As compensation, we are four volumes were a true copy of assured that there are fresh anec- Las Cases’s original manuscript. dotes of Napoleon that we have not He called in fellow historians, heard before. Thierry Lentz, Chantal Prévot, and Best of all, we are much closer François Houdecek, to assess the to the facts, to Napoleon’s actual discovery. words. We can look forward to better history. The “rediscovered A new Memorial of Saint Helena. manuscript” has been published in Las Cases’s artistic licence had France. I hope the English language always been known. He elabo- version gets to us soon. Meanwhile, rated on and improved his mate- I can have something very enjoy- rial to increase sales, to exaggerate able, the chance to praise superb his own importance, to settle old Las Cases, too good to be true? work by these fine historians at the scores, perhaps even for political Fondation Napoléon.

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 8 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER

THE MARQUIS DE SADE SAVED FOR THE NATION

In December, the government ished manuscript was returned to said auctioneer Claude Aguttes. of France intervened to stop a Sade. It had to remain unpublished “Sade used to hide it every night manuscript being sold at auction, until the early 20th century. Now behind a stone in the Bastille.” declaring it a national treasure. France’s ministry of culture had The novel tells the story of four Officials ordered Aguttes, a Paris promised to buy it “at international libertines, a duke, a bishop, a judge auction house, to withdraw from market rates.” and a banker, who lock themselves sale the Marquis de Sade’s manu- Sade would have been amused away in a castle with an entourage script, 120 Days of Sodom. This by the French Republic buying his including two harems of teenage was part of a vast sale of historic pornography. What did they get? boys and girls. Four ageing prosti- documents formerly owned by tutes act as storytellers, each telling French investment firm Aristophil. 120 Days of Sodom. of 150 ‘passions’ or perversions 120 Days of Sodom was expected “It’s a book written on a 12-metre over the course of a month. The to go for up to $7.35 million. long roll which if it’s rolled up libertines enact the passions, and When he wrote the novel, Sade tightly can be hidden in your hand,” as these become more violent, the was imprisoned in the Bastille, and forbidden paper. So he wrote it on a roll made up from bits of parch- ment friends smuggled into the prison. Sade wrote it in just 37 days in 1785. The Paris prison was stormed at the beginning of the French revo- lution, on 14 July 1789. Sade may have had a role in that famous event. He had been in the habit at yelling from his window at passers- by that the prisoners within were being tortured and murdered. In fact there only eight prisoners inside, and they were not being particularly mistreated, but Sade’s provocations may have helped to stir up the people. He was taken by surprise when he was freed. He was hauled out of his cell without a chance to pack. The manuscript was left behind. Sade believed it had been lost to looters. He wept “tears of blood” over his lost masterpiece. The long scroll of paper stayed safe in its hiding place in the walls of his cell. Someone with a sharp eye for pornography found it, perhaps when the Bastille was demolished soon after. Decades later, the unfin- A roll of Sade.

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 9 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER narrative builds to a murderous He risked publicly criticizing Robe- In 1801, Sade was in prison climax. spierre. He was lucky to survive the again. Even then, the insanity plea . worked. Sade served his time in the Sade takes risks. In 1791, Sade published another more congenial Charenton insane Sade enjoyed a rare stretch of novel, Justine, which was his great asylum. He didn’t live long enough freedom. “Citizen Sade” actu- success. But it turned out to be to outlast Napoleon, dying in 1814. ally managed to get elected to the another rash move, because Napo- Later writers have found consider- in 1790. He leon described it as the “most abom- able merit in 120 Days of Sodom. joined the most radical political inable book ever engendered.” Camille Paglia considered the faction, though his aristocratic Napoleon’s literary opinions work a “satirical response to Jean- background was very embarrassing. mattered after his ascent to power. Jacques Rousseau.”

Another view of the roll.

The Aristophil scandal. running a Ponzi scheme no better in the world.” We mentioned Aristophil as the than Wall Street fraudster, Bernard He is correct that Aristophil at former owner of the manuscript. Madoff. The French courts ordered least left some valuable assets. But Aristophil was an investment fund the seizure of the 130,000 historic in the case of 120 Days of Sodom, specializing in literary treasures. documents which Aristophil had the numbers raise some ques- It has appeared in this newsletter bought for its investors. tions. Lhéritier bought 120 Days before, with accusations that it was Lhéritier is still being investigated of Sodom for $7.5 million in 2014. bidding up the market for manu- by judges. His lawyer has rebutted He sold it on to Aristophil for $15.3 scripts such as Napoleon’s wedding any comparisons. “Madoff and million, insisting that its true worth certificate to unrealistic heights. Ponzi sold thin air, but Aristophil at auction would now be around In 2015, the French police sold authentic manuscripts. Every- $21.4 million. The auctioneer denounced the company as a huge body is talking about the Aristophil suggested $7.35 million as his pyramid scheme. They claimed that ‘scam’ but at the same time they say guide. We’ll see what the French its founder, Gerard Lhéritier, was it’s the most prestigious collection government thinks a fair value.

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 10 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER

A VAN EYCK & A SCOTTISH LOOTER

The wars in Europe transformed The Provenance. tation of being one of the better, if the British art market. During the In 1816, the painting was in not the best, British cavalry regi- many aristo- London, the property of Colonel ment. Hay had been so seriously cratic art collections were broken James Hay, a Scottish soldier. He injured at Waterloo that he was not up as their owners were either had worked his way up the officer removed from the field for eight impoverished or were guillotined. ranks of the 16th Light Dragoons days. He was now a famous soldier. Napoleon’s campaigns also shook until he became its Lieutenant- He claimed he had purchased the loose many Old Masters. The art colonel on 18 February, 1813. The painting from the owner of the Brus- he demanded as spoils of war went 16th, and Hay, had served in the sels lodging house where he recov- to the Louvre. The art his generals Peninsular campaigns from the very ered from his Waterloo wound. He seized went mostly to French early on. The 16th earned the repu- fell in love with it, and persuaded collections. But in many European cities, especially Italian, entire collections were liquidated to raise funds, sometimes by their owners, sometimes by someone else. London emerged as the centre for the international art market in conflict art. The work of some of the most famous artists were soon been offered for sale. Paintings by Rubens, Titian, Caravaggio, and many more, were now on view in London. Such artists had been known mostly through prints. The real thing stunned Britons. The influential art critic William Hazlitt wrote that when he saw the works, “a new heaven and a new Earth stood before me.” One example of such a master- piece arriving in London is the Arnolfini Portrait, aka the Arnolfini Wedding. It was painted by Jan van Eyck in the Netherlands in 1434. An oil painted on an oak panel, it is a full-length double portrait. The subjects are thought to be the Italian merchant Giovanni di Nicolao Arnolfini and his wife, perhaps in their home in the Belgian city of Bruges. Now it is one of the treasures of London’s National Gallery. How did it get there?

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 11 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER the owner to sell. It makes sense, Palace of Madrid. The painting Soon they were turning up in the doesn’t it, that a Belgian painting remained in the royal collection, markets held in the army’s camps. would turn up in Brussels? and by 1794 had been moved to Many were recovered at Welling- Despite his love for it, Hay used the Palacio Nuevo. Many of these ton’s command. He offered to return Sir Thomas Lawrence to approach paintings passed into the hands of this royal treasure to Ferdinand IV, the Prince Regent (later George IV) Joseph Bonaparte during his time the rightful King of Spain. Ferdi- with an offer to sell it. The Prince as King of Spain. A great collector nand was a thug, though a royal had it on approval for two years at himself, Joseph took the best of one, and had no interest in art, not Carlton House, but he returned it in the Spanish Royal Collection with even the treasures of his ancestors. 1818. George always had a problem him when he was forced to leave On the other hand, he was obliged paying his bills. Madrid. to reward Wellington, his savior. Around 1828, Hay entrusted it to Giving Wellington the recovered the care of a friend. He didn’t see Vitoria. paintings probably seemed a clever that friend for the next thirteen In 1813, they were still in Joseph’s move. You can see some today years to reclaim it. Eventually it baggage at the Battle of Vitoria. in Apsley House, Wellington’s was publicly exhibited in 1841. The The French army was routed, and London house. I imagine in Madrid brand new National Gallery paid Joseph forced to flee. His baggage today they are still irritated by such £600 for it the following year. was looted by the Anglo-Portu- foolish largesse. guese troops. They were mostly More relevant to the story is that Suspicions. interested in food and gold, but Hay and the 16th Light Dragoons There’s another provenance for their enthusiasm for the task made were also present at Vitoria. It seems the painting. Van Eyck dated it it one of the most uproarious parties the 18th Hussars were not the only 1434. Presumably it was then the British army ever had. cavalrymen to pick up some loot. owned by the Alnolfinis. By 1516 One prize was Joseph’s silver Hay may have found this painting it had passed to Don Diego de chamberpot, which fell into the himself, or he may have bought it Guevara, a Spanish courtier of the hands of the 18th Hussars, who up for a song in the trading in the Habsburgs. He lived most of his life have treasured it thereafter, using it camps afterwards. He was clever in the Netherlands, and may have as a loving cup in their mess. enough to keep it. known the Arnolfinis. Guevara died Wellington was furious. For a Given that the painting had spent so in Brussels in 1520. start, troops who should have long in Brussels, it was an inspired We know in 1516 Guevara gave the pursuing the beaten French were move by Hay to claim he found it painting to Habsburg Archduchess looting instead. He singled out the there. Hay was a good soldier, and Margaret of Austria, Regent of the 18th Hussars in particular for his just another Scot looking out for the Netherlands. In 1530 it was inher- censure. He was also dismayed that main chance. Can we blame him? ited by Margaret’s niece, Mary of he had almost captured the French If not for Hay, the Arnolfini portrait Hungary. In 1556 Mary went to live military treasury, but it had slipped would ended upon the walls of in Spain. It was inherited by Philip away from him. He was desperately Apsley House. Or perhaps it would II of Spain. In 1599 we know it was short of ready cash, and all that hang in the Prado in Madrid, which in the Alcazar Palace in Madrid. It specie disappeared into the back- has more than enough Flemish is very likely that Velázquez knew packs of lucky soldiers and camp- masterpieces as it is. Hay was the painting, which some think followers. merely doing his bit to redistribute influenced his Las Meninas. For the more perceptive looters, art to where it was most appreci- The Alcazar was rebuilt in the paintings appeared nicely portable. ated. eighteenth century as the Royal

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 12 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER

IN CLAUSEWITZ’S SHADOW

There were three early interpreters debacle the next day. of strategy who witnessed Napo- The Prussians tried to get away, leon’s rise and fall. They were but on 28 October at Prenzlau, Clausewitz, Jomini, and Rühle. Massenbach was completely fooled Their writings set the pattern for by the French claims that the Prus- later works on strategy. Well, the sians were surrounded and badly first two did, as Rühle has been outnumbered. So he convinced forgotten. Prince Hohenlohe that surrender The three authors had a remarkable was the only option. But escape amount in common. All three were may have been possible. born within fifteen months of each There were suggestions that other. All three came from fairly Massenbach was a traitor. His humble origins. All three were born court-martial was only avoided to large families with numerous by Prince Hohenlohe taking upon children. All three became soldiers. himself, as commander-in-chief, Rühle and Clausewitz had to leave complete responsibility. With his home to become officer cadets for A lithograth of Rühle. mentor in disgrace, Rühle’s career sheer economic necessity, as the was in trouble. army then fed, clothed and educated became Rühle’s mentor. In 1795, them. Jomini was different in that Rühle became an ensign in the The Saxon years. regard. He could have afforded to Guards Regiment. So did Heinrich Jena lay within the Duchy of Saxe- be a civilian, as his family preferred, von Kleist, later more famous for Weimar, and Rühle seems to have but he chose a military career. All his writing. They were close friends taken lodgings in Weimar after three changed sides at some stage thereafter. Unlike Kleist, Rühle the battle. Had he been wounded in the Napoleonic Wars, though for made the army his career, or captured? I must admit I don’t different reasons. Massenbach assured his admission know. He wrote an eye-witness to the newly formed General Quar- account of the campaign. Rühle in Prussian Service. termaster’s Staff in 1804. He was Duke Charles Augustus of Saxe- Johann Jacob Otto August Rühle under Massenbach’s command in Weimar had also taken part in it. He von Lilienstern was born in Berlin the campaign of 1806. For Massen- hired Rühle as tutor to his second in 1780. His father was a Hessian bach it was a disaster. He had been son, the teenage Prince Bernhard. lieutenant in Prussian service. His praised for his reforms of the Prus- After the Peace of Tilsit, Rühle mother was a native Prussian. sian staff, but in the field the staff- received permission to serve in the Rühle was Clausewitz’s senior by work was very bad. Massenbach Weimar army. The Prussian army a mere two months. Both boys were was chief of staff to Prince Hohen- was being reduced, and he had little sent to the Kadettenhaus (the Prus- lohe, over whom he soon obtained chance of getting a good post now. sian cadet corps) in Berlin at the a dominating influence. The after- In Weimar service, Rühle rose age of 13. Both were in the same noon before the Battle of Jena, to the rank of major. He was also promotion, the first one, to Scharn- 13 October 1806, Massenbach chamberlain and the governor of horst’s newly founded Academy for convinced Hohenlohe there was the prince. Rühle made the most Officers in Berlin. They competed no need to drive Suchet’s division of his opportunities. He had time for the top marks in their year. off the height to the west of Jena, for writing, founding a journal Clausewitz won, but barely. which at that moment was very devoted to political and military Scharnhorst took Clausewitz possible. During the night, Napo- matters which he called Pallas after under his wing. Fatefully, it was leon massed his forces on that key the Greek goddess of war, Pallas another lecturer, Massenbach, who height. The result was a Prussian Athena. Rühle enjoyed the intellec-

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 13 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER tual life of Weimar, then the cultural Kleist had returned in Berlin in his successful shuttle diplomacy centre of Germany, enlivened by 1810. In 1811, he chose a suitable between the Prussian, Russian, and Goethe, Schiller, and other writers. end for a poet, committing suicide Austrian headquarters. He may have At some point, both Rühle and together with a female friend. used his old contacts in persuading Prince Bernard moved to Dresden. Rühle was rescued when the world the Saxon army to defect and join Prince Bernhard was assigned to changed with Napoleon’s cata- the allied coalition. a Royal Saxon regiment which strophic defeat in Russia. Prussia Rühle again fell ill, and he wasn’t was stationed there. It helped that was soon at war again. able to continue with the army. Dresden was then the most enjoy- But he was promoted to the Prus- able city in Germany. A Prussian soldier again. sian rank of Colonel, and made Rühle was still in an intellec- In 1813 Rühle volunteered for Commissar General for military tual center, for Kleist too moved Blücher’s general staff. He wrote a procurement and recruitment. He to Dresden, and he was now the Military Catechism (or handbook). worked out of Frankfurt am Main. great writer of German romantic He worked closely with Scharn- He was summoned to the Congress literature. Kleist started the journal horst, Gneisenau, and Müffling, of Vienna, and was far from the Phöbus in 1808. The close friend- and he was back in the heart of campaign that led to Waterloo. ship between Kleist and Rühle is the Prussian general staff. But a Clausewitz fought in that campaign. documented by numerous letters. throat disease forced him to take a So did Rühle’s former pupil, Prince Rühle supported Kleist by helping prolonged sick leave. Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, who to finance the publication of It was probably during this sick made quite a name for himself. Phöbus. Kleist dedicated an essay leave that Rühle wrote a short trea- to Rühle on finding the safe way to tise criticizing Kant’s work, Eternal The Berlin years. happiness, even among the greatest Peace. It was originally titled, With peace, the competition for tribulations of life. That is rather An Apology of War, but when the top jobs was fierce. In 1815, sad, given what happened to Kleist he republished it a year later, he Rühle was given the Military later. changed the title to Vom Kriege (On History Department of the Prussian In 1808, Rühle married Henriette, War). Clausewitz later took the title General Staff. In 1816, he became in Dresden. She was 19 but already for his own more substantial work. Colonel in the Great General Staff. a widow. The marriage was child- In September 1813, Rühle rejoined In 1817/18, he published his two less, but they later adopted a girl, Blücher’s headquarters. He assisted volume Handbuch für den Offizier, Jenny. in co-ordinating the movements of on which more later. In 1809, Prince Bernard, aged the allied armies before the Battle For a little more than a year, he was 17, was off to war with the Saxon of Leipzig. He was praised for Chief of the General Staff, from contingent in Napoleon’s Grande November 1819 to January 1821. Armée. Rühle accompanied him, as While the German General Staff guardian and the keeper of the war was to become very famous, it was diary. The campaign culminated a generation later that Moltke made in Napoleon’s victory at Wagram. it so. Rühle seems to have been a Rühle later published an eye- filler between the longer terms of witness account of the campaign. Grolman and Müffling. But at least In 1811, Prince Bernhard no longer Clausewitz never got that job. needed a tutor, and Rühle lost his After that, Rühle wrote and taught. job. He gave lectures on war in His publications are not always Dresden. He requested a post as easy to find, as he often published teacher at the Prussian General War his work with just the abbreviation School, but was rejected. He tried R.v.L. Sometimes he wrote only to his hand at farming, unsuccessfully, supplement his income. Some of it using up his small fortune. was hack work, making up atlases Misfortune struck in other ways. Nemesis in the form of Clausewitz. and wall maps.

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 14 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER

In 1835 he was promoted to lieu- Rühle elaborated on this point in In a footnote he explained further. tenant general. In 1837 he became his second volume of Handbuch “Each war has an outstanding or Director of the Allgemeine Kriegss- für den Offizier. He stressed that a main purpose, which, however, chule, the Prussian War Academy. war in general, and any operations according to the opinion of some, Clausewitz had already held that that were part of it, were subordi- is not always peace. Peace can post. nate to a higher purpose. For a war be seen merely as the end-state of Rühle wasn’t just a military intel- that would always be a political war. The obstacle which in war lectual. In 1846 he became an purpose. This may be his greatest obstructs the attainment of the main honorary member of the Royal insight. It’s laid out in the following purpose is the enemy, and it has to Prussian Academy of Sciences. He passage. be cleared out of the way. In the was considered an expert on old “Operations only serve to make best case this may lead to victory, German paintings and amassed a possible the final purpose of the but for this reason alone, victory good collection. He died in 1847, war. Whatever is achieved in these is not the main purpose of the war, aged 67. individual operations is not the but only a subordinate purpose ultimate purpose in itself, but only within war. If somebody concludes His book. a means or a step towards the final a peace without attaining the main Rühle and Clausewitz knew each purpose, a condition for the possi- purpose, that which was supposed other well. For much of their lives bility of the realization of attaining to be attained by the war, he can be they had shared the same experi- this final purpose. If the success called the defeated party, however ences. They competed for the same of these operations does not lead many battles he may have won, jobs. As each of them wrote their to the realization of the political even if he has won all of them.” great work, the other had been near. purposes, if indeed they clash with In this passage, Rühle is clearly Clausewitz died leaving his work them, or do not further their attain- thinking of Napoleon. He thought incomplete, but his brilliant wife ment, they are pointless, however Napoleon wasn’t interested in finished it off for him. brilliant and exemplary their peace, but only armistices. Napo- Rühle definitely knew Jomini, as achievement may [otherwise] have leon, as a military sovereign, he published Jomini’s first article. been… needed war to justify his rule. Clausewitz, who knew French, Some say that the aim of war is As the 19th century went on, a cult must have read Jomini’s earlier victory. Others say it is peace. Even of the decisive battle grew. Jomini work, such as the article in Rühle’s others say it is the defense … or the and Clausewitz were quoted on the journal. Jomini’s German was rudi- conquest of large pieces of land. In importance and means of achieving mentary, so he must have struggled some cases any of these definitions this. In Clausewitz’s case, this was to read On War, but we know that may be right. In general, however, sometimes a misreading of what he did, because he claimed Clause- one is as unsatisfactory as the he was saying, but it’s easy to find witz had stolen some of his ideas. other, for otherwise each of these what you want in obscure and trans- So how did Rühle’s book differ [three definitions] would have to lated philosophical writing. from Clausewitz’s. The two had state the same. Victory, however, is Rühle was unimpressed by Napo- many ideas in common. After not always the necessary condition leon’s big battles. He did not miss all, both were prominent in Prus- of conquest or of peace, and peace the point of Napoleon’s defeat, that sia’s community of military intel- is not always the necessary result winning battles was not the same lectuals. Both had studied under of victory and conquest… To the as winning the war. The quest for a Scharnhorst. contrary, victory and conquest are decisive victory could mean losing They agreed that war was political often causes of the continuation, a war. Some 19th century generals in nature, not a controversial idea in the renewal and the multiplication forgot that. their circle. War was a Zweikampf, of war. Often, peace comes because Rühle noted that das Gefecht, the translated literally a "two-struggle." none of the warring parties was engagement, a generic term which In English, this is usually described able to defeat the other, and often includes anything from a skirmish as a duel. Clausewitz made these war is not made in order to estab- to a major battle, did not neces- ideas famous in his book On War. lish peace.” sarily have to aim for “victory.” He

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 15 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER conceded that both sides ceaselessly Clausewitz was wise to grab the On Sources. aimed to win at the highest military Strategy title. As I said, you won’t find Rühle level and to bring about a glorious The handbook format didn’t help in print today. Most of what I have end to the war, but he stressed that to keep the book in the public view. written comes from an article by all military action must be subor- As the practise of war changed, Beatrice Heuser, “Who Won at dinate to Zweck, a higher political much of Rühle’s book became less Waterloo? Rühle von Lilienstern, purpose, that would vary according relevant to later generations. Jomini, Clausewitz, and the Deci- to the particular nature of each war. It has to be admitted that both sive Battle.” You’ll find it in the I feel wiser when I can sprinkle authors frequently had similar British Journal for Military History, in a few German terms. I couldn’t ideas, Rühle was published first, Volume 1, Issue 3, June 2015. find a translation of Rühle in print but Clausewitz just said them There’s a more background in today. Clausewitz and Jomini better. Much of that is due to Marie Beatrice Heuser’s The Strategy have completely eclipsed him, von Clausewitz, who prepared On Makers: Thoughts on War and and even Jomini is fading now. In War for publication. Thanks to Society from Machiavelli to part this because of Rühle’s title. A her, pundits talk of Clausewitz, not Clausewitz (Santa Monica, CA: Handbuch or field manual doesn’t Rühle. Greenwood/Praeger, 2010). really sell the idea of strategy. But overall, Rühle is forgotten.

The stronghold of military theorists, the Allgemeine Kriegsschule, the Prussian War Academy, in Berlin, where both Rühle and Clausewitz taught and wrote their books.

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 16 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER

GROS AT WORK

When Gros exhibited his painting the letter. Napoleon and the figures grouped of Napoleon on the Battlefield of 26 artists submitted sketches, around him. There are some notice- Eylau at the Paris Salon of 1808, which were exhibited in the Louvre. able differences between it and the it so impressed Napoleon that at Gros was won, and at the salon of composition of the final painting. the artists’ awards ceremony he the following year, he displayed his Napoleon’s posture and expression presented Gros with his own cross painting to great acclaim. In a way are very different. In the sketch of the Légion d’honneur. the painting was a collaboration Napoleon’s expression is grimmer. Gros’s masterpiece was his entry between Denon and Gros. His hands are in his coat pockets, to a competition launched by In July of last year, Sotheby’s sensible on such a cold day. In Vivant Denon on 7 March, 1807, the auctioneers displayed some of the final version, the Emperor just a month after the battle itself. Gros’s sketches in London. But faces the wounded, and his arm Denon’s requirements for entries these don’t seem to be the ones is outstretched towards them. His were very detailed, including the that appeared in the Louvre for expression shows more concern. moment to be depicted, the number the competition, but preparatory The message is compassion. The of figures, the bodies of the dead, studies. Emperor sees the suffering, but it’s and above all, the large format. On one side of a sheet of paper not his fault. Gros followed these instructions to is a pen and brown ink sketch of On the reverse of the page is in

What you can see at the Louvre.

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 17 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER

Above, the study, and below part of the finished canvas, to show the changes in composition.

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 18 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER pen and brown ink again, with know whether they were made were very good with detail. some pencil work, and is filled with before or after the competition Gros’s great painting is in the heads. These must be studies for in the Louvre. Changes between Louvre where he won the competi- the wounded and prisoners in the studies and the final version are no tion. It is 17 feet by 26 feet, as large painting, though I tried in vain to surprise, but again we don’t know as life, perhaps even larger. There’s find a match to any of the faces in whether Denon or even Napoleon another version in the Toledo the final version. inspired any of the changes. After Museum of Art, closer, but only 3½ This sketch provides some insight all, both men were determined to by 4¾ feet. The sketches are 9½ by on how Gros worked on his most present a certain image, and both 14 inches. important painting. But we don’t

The reverse has these studies of heads. Did Gros find some Russian prisoners to give the final version some authenticity?

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 19 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER

PAULINE’S LAST VILLA

If real estate salespeople can be being found in Napoleon’s carriage Now her villa is up for sale for believed, this is the villa where when it was captured after Waterloo. ten million dollars. It is a U-shaped Pauline Bonaparte sought refuge. So Pauline returned to where she house, with the bedrooms in the This is the good Pauline we’re had been happy, Lucca. Tuscany has wings, and the public ones in talking about, the one who gave always be welcoming to foreigners the middle. The villa has passed up all her selfish ways and showed who can afford a good villa. She through numerous owners, but has herself more loyal than the rest of finally settled on an 18th century always being sold furnished. One his family. She shared Napoleon’s villa, formerly a hunting lodge, owner was an Italian who outlived exile on Elba, consoling him by outside Lucca. She purchased the two wealthy American wives who creating a court life, and giving him house furnished. She spent her later paid for major renovations. But her money to finance the Hundred years there, until 1825. running out of wives, he was forced Days. But Pauline was dying of tuber- to sell in the 1960s to the family After Waterloo, she was sheltered culosis. She appealed to the Pope. who are selling it now. by Pope Pius VII . But the Borghese Camillo had been living not far off, Despite the succession of owners, Palace in Rome was miserable for in Florence, with a mistress. The there are still reminders of Pauline. her, partly because her husband, Pope bade the prince to reconcile They say there are gilded frescoes Prince Camillo Borghese, disowned with her for her final moments. in the Empire-style in the main her. Perhaps that had something to Three months later she died in the salon, but unfortunately I have no do with the Borghese diamonds Rome's great Palazzo Borghese. pictures to see what they mean.

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 20 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER

I suppose I should show some interiors. I don’t know if anything we can see dates back to Pauline’s time.

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 21 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER

The main house has about 16,000 square feet, seven bedrooms, and ten bathrooms. The central section has a grand salon, a library, and a dining room. It also has a kitchen now. In Pauline’s day that was in a different building, to avoid fire hazards, smells, and noisy cooks. The garden is adorned with marble statues and foun- tains, but the 140 foot pool is later addition. The limonaia, a greenhouse for citrus plants, was renovated to be a substantial house in itself. There are numerous other out-buildings. The twelve acre grounds are surrounded by a stone wall. The villa is now really a suburban one. Through a towering gate, a short drive gets you to the heart of splendid Lucca. It’s admitted the house needs some work, but if you want to live like Pauline, get in touch with the Italian branch of Sotheby’s International Realty.

At right, François Kinson’s portrait of Pauline, done in 1808. It is now in Rome’s Museo Napoleonico.

Several rooms still retain doors embellished with Pauline’s monogram, an intertwined P and B, made of sterling silver. The room beyond is the library.

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 22 THE NAPOLEONIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER

The villa from the other side.

Another of Pauline’s homes. But Todd Fisher managed to get one If Pauline’s your interest, and you of his tour groups inside a few years want to see how she lived in her ago, so it’s not impossible. prime, you need to visit her Paris The good news is that when the town house, the lovely Hôtel de British purchased the house from Charost. her in 1814, she also sold them the The bad news is that now the furnishings. Many of the public British ambassador lives there, and rooms have been left in the condi- it’s definitely not open to the public. tion she liked.

© Copyright 2018 the Napoleonic Historical Society. All rights reserved. Contact: [email protected]. This newsletter edited by John Brewster.

January-February 2018 Part 1 Page 23 Advertisement

SOME EXCITE- MENT IN NAPLES

Here is Vesuvius exploding in 1794. The excitement in 2018 will be EHQ Travel’s tour of southern Italy. Our tour will go from Palermo to Naples, through the land of Nelson & Murat.

Why Palermo? It’s a beautiful city where bluff King Enjoy palaces, treachery, great food & wine. To be Ferdinand and Queen Maria Carolina hid when the honest, we doubt we can get the volcano to explode French chased them out of Naples. They had the while we’re there. But otherwise, it’s history and fun. protection of Nelson and his fleet. Nelson spent his time wooing the queen's favorite, Emma Hamilton. May 21-29, 2018 They were the celebrities of their day. After Palermo we’ll drive north. We’ll visit the battle- The small print: $4400 per person double occupancy, field of Maida, where a British landing smashed a small which includes all ground transport, hotels, food, and French army. There’s Pizzo, where Murat met his gory entry fees. Unfortunately for those who want a single end. We may pause for a Greek temple or two. Then the room there’s a $650 charge, and to reserve your trip you Bay of Naples, which the world then thought the most need to make a non-refundable $500 deposit. We start beautiful place in the world. There’s the isle of Capri, at Palermo and end in Naples. For those interested, we now the resort for the wealthy, then the site of a daring may add an option to extend the tour to end in Rome. French amphibious action. As we’re so close, a visit to Call our Todd Fisher at 773 807 5178 to chat, or contact Pompeii. But it was the palaces of Naples that seduced [email protected]. Murat & Caroline with a dream of a kingdom in the EHQ Tours, PO Box 1371, Deerfield IL 60015. sun, a dream that led them to betrayal and ruin.