Project Status Summer 2020

04 17 August 2020

1. A White Book for the responsible use of digital data as a product of a transdisciplinary process Roland W. Scholz (IASS Potsdam and Danube University Krems) and Ortwin Renn (IASS Potsdam)

The main product of the first year of the DiDaT regulation-oriented vulnerability spaces (trust- project is the White Book "Orientations for a re- worthiness of information, digital law). The start- sponsible use of digital data: Results of a transdis- ing point of the DiDaT project was the key message ciplinary process". Based on the DiDaT rough plan of a European science roundtable, in which the and the discussions at the second stakeholder con- contested interrelation between ference on January 22, 2020, currently (about) 70 practitioners and 60 scientists are in the process (i) ownership, of completing the White Book and an additional (ii) economic uses, volume with supplementary materials to the (iii) access, and White Book. (iv) application

Newsletter 04: Contents of digital data was identified as the central cause for negative (side) effects1. In simple terms, this 1. Introduction: Planning and status quo (p. 1) 2. Political Monitoring Group (p. 5) can be formulated in such a way that Europe and 3. Deepening research & transdisciplinarity labora- Germany will be negatively affected by too weak a tories (p. 9) participation in the shaping of the digital transfor- 4. How is DiDaT transdisciplinary? (p. 10) mation. 5. Transdisciplinary consultation process of the DiDaT White Book (p. 11) At the 2nd DiDaT Stakeholder Conference in Janu- 6. White Book contents and excerpt (p. 15) ary 2020, each working group of the above-men- Excerpt – preview on some SI tioned vulnerability spaces presented specific un- VR 01, VR 02, VR 03 intended negative side effects (so-called unseens). VR 05, VR 07 For each of these unseens, sub-groups were formed within the vulnerability spaces, which pro- The seven main chapters of the White Book provided detailed descriptions of the unseens and the vide orientation, guidance and guard rails for a reasons for their formation. In order to develop sustainable handling of digital data in the impact- socially robust orientations, they also identified oriented vulnerability spaces (mobility, health, fu- goals that are tailored to different parts of society ture of SMEs and agriculture), the value-oriented (individuals, organizations, the government, and vulnerability space (social media) and the various stakeholder groups) in dealing with these

1 Scholz, R. W., Bartelsman, E. J., Diefenbach, S., Franke, L., table. Sustainability, 10(6), 2001; Grunwald, A., Helbing, D., ... Viale Pereira, G. (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10062001. Unintended side effects of the digital transition: European scientists’ messages from a proposition-based expert round

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unseens. Furthermore, they developed options various criteria summarized in Box 1. A socially ro- for possible countermeasures to handle the un- bust orientation indicates which measures could seens more effectively. The overall goal is to de- be taken in the near future by civil society, eco- velop a socially robust orientation that meets the nomic and/or political actors.

Box 1 Criteria of socially robust orientations (Scholz, 2011, p. 3782 based on Gibbons & Nowotny, 2001)3 1. The orientations are derived from a process of integrating or relating profound experience-based practitioner knowledge (from representatives of the main stakeholder groups) and coherent and/or empirically validated scientific knowledge. 2. They are generally understandable and have the potential to obtain the consent of a large proportion of those who are affected. 3. They are compatible with recognised, current (i.e. state-of-the-art) scientific findings. 4. They fairly contain not only the uncertainties, but also the limitations and incompleteness for each type of knowledge employed. 5. They convey in detail through which process they were derived or designed and with what effort.

The 35 or so descriptions of socially robust orien- individual unseens and what are unintended side- tations for the selected Unseens developed by the effects in a general sense) from the set of devel- groups will be published in an additional volume oped orientations. This can be seen as a "bottom- with supplementary material (supplementary in- up" approach to the core message of the White formation, SI) in a separate book. Book. There will also be a "top-down” approach or access. Each working group was instructed to This supplementary information for a vulnerability specify to what extent the unseens in a vulnerabil- space such as mobility serves as a foundation for ity space can be described by general characteris- the development of a core message on how to han- tics of the existing digital infrastructure (techno- dle digital data. This core message also meets the logical, economic, or other special features) and to criteria of socially robust orientations. The core what extent changes have to be made to the de- message is formulated and explained in the sum- sign conditions and regulations so that the rele- mary at the end of the White Book. A major chal- vant unseens discussed can be eliminated or at lenge for the groups has been to work out the least reduced in the long term. "specifics and generics" (i.e., what is special for

2 Scholz, R. (2011). Environmental Literacy in Science and So- Society: An Effective Way for Managing Complexity, ciety: From Knowledge to Decisions. Cambridge: Cam- Birkhäuser Basel, pp. 67-80, ISBN 978-3-0348-8419-8, DOI bridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511921520 10.1007/978-3-0348-8419-8_7, URL https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8419-8_7 3 Gibbons, M., Nowotny, H. (2001). The Potential of Transdis- ciplinarity, in: Klein, J. T et al. (Eds.), Transdisciplinarity: Joint Problem Solving among Science, Technology, and

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Comprehensive quality control supplementary materials with a more detailed description of the selected Unseens and the orienta- The entire process of preparing the White Book tions for measures based on them are to be sent and the accompanying book on socially robust ori- out to 30-50 persons, organisations and institu- entations is subject to extensive quality control. tions in the first week of August. The aim here is to After extensive and sometimes very controversial ask a broad spectrum of experts, affected persons, discussions in the working groups, all chapters causers and regulators, who could be affected by were subjected to a preliminary review. The aim the unseens, for written feedback. This feedback here was to examine the extent to which the doc- should be available by 30 September 2020. uments produced meet the requirements and objectives of the project in terms of form and con- After a detailed review and discussion in the work- tent. The preliminary review was followed by a ing groups/author teams, it is planned to arrange transdisciplinary review. One scientist, one sus- virtual or, if possible, physical meetings with the tainability expert and one practitioner from the stakeholder groups. The content of these meet- field provided feedback on the guidelines devel- ings should be to correct essential missing, oped in the accompanying book. The same proce- wrongly or distortedly portrayed content in order dure is used for the White Book. This ensures that to obtain additions, modifications or corrections science and practice are involved not only in the to the listed orientations. The aim is that the finally process of drafting the White Book, but also in the adopted orientations are considered acceptable process of review and feedback in order to accom- or even desirable by a large part of the stakeholder plish high synergy effects. groups. The written and verbal feedback is then incorporated into a careful revision of the docu- Delayed production due to the Corona Pandemic ments. The two volumes are to be published in German and English at the beginning of next year. The White Book was originally scheduled for com- The results are of interest not only for Germany. pletion by 23 June 2020 (see Fig. 1). This timetable The DiDaT project was already planned in its early could not be met, partly because of the effects of stages as a follow-up project to the European Sci- the corona pandemic. The cooperation of a large ence Experts Roundtable (see footnote 1). It is ob- number of participants (practitioners and scien- vious that the results of the DiDaT project will be tists) was blocked or severely impaired for several of interest throughout Europe, but also worldwide. weeks. We are currently planning the completion A renowned, internationally operating publishing of the volumes for summer 2020. house has already declared its interest in publishing an English version. Transdisciplinary consultation We are sure that the two volumes will be signifi- After completion of the two books, the respective cant milestones in the elaboration of the desired chapters go into the consultation process. This and undesired consequences of handling digitally participation process, rooted in the Helvetic de- stored data for the scientific discussion and for the mocracy, is explained in more detail in an article in further development of the rules and institutional this newsletter by Scholz & Albrecht (p. 11). The framework. seven chapters of the White Book and the

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Pre Corona - DiDaT time plan, (Dirk Marx, 01.07.2020)

Material rough plan, + revision, fine plan with U & O x table

Step 1 Responsible: Template for creating the “Supplementary Information” 28.02.2020 Coordination short "SI", the Unseens x Orientation Table Goal: Preparation of the VR contributions (5000 words incl. Tab. & Fig.) of the DiDaT white book Template SI with reference to the socially robust orientations “SROs” as a result of the various collaborative processes (2) Establishment of the working groups (author teams of 2-5 and products, in particular the preparation of Step 2 u. 3 Facilitators 15.03.2020 persons from science and practice for each SI of an SRO) SIs as explanatory comments on the (3) Convening of at least two VR group meetings orientations and chapters of the white book Draft SIs (in their final form, target size 2000 words); 3-4 reviewers from the Steering-Board for • Preparation of the 50 word abstracts per SI the preparation of the written reports per SI are found and determined

Step 4 Facilitators, SI- • Small SI authoring teams work on the SIs for orientations Author groups • VR group meeting convenes in full & discusses the drafts of the SIs 15.04.2020 • Elementary work consolidation and Td knowledge integration

First complete draft of all SIs is also discussed in one step with the steering board

Step 5 Facilitators, SI- • The author groups have revised the SIs 15.05.2020 Author groups, • The contents of the SIs on the orientations provide the basis Steering-Board for the chapters of the white book 23.06.2020 On 23.06.2020 the first version Die inhaltliche Vorlage „Weißbuch“ wird für die Textstellung der Kapitel genutzt of the white book will be presented at the 3rd DiDaT- Step 6 Facilitators, Network • Final editorship Reviewers (at least 2 reviewers per Unseen) and DiDaT team Stakeholder conference in 14.06.2020 Coordination and • The first complete version is not allowed to be cited Berlin. 23.07.2020 reviewers The conference is cancelled The written peer-reviewed SIs (contributions from the VR) are revised by the teams of authors and are compiled together and we are seeking an with the management team as the first version of the white book and made available to 30-50 persons, organizations, alternative (24 February 2021) etc. relevant to the VR in the transdisciplinary consultation process. Note: Chapters that are not available in sufficient form/quality by the deadline will not be considered.

Figure 1: DiDaT adjusted schedule and timetable.

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2. Report on the meeting of the Monitoring Group from the political sphere - Dialogue with Members of the German Parliament Ortwin Renn (IASS Potsdam) and Roland W. Scholz (IASS Potsdam and Danube Uni- versity Krems)

The research project “Digital Data as Subject of a stakeholder groups. During the discussion, it be- Transdisciplinary Process” is characterized by the came clear that the seven scientific discourse fact that it addresses research questions on how spaces are compatible with the focal points of to deal with undesired side effects of digitisation everyday political work in the Bundestag (brief in seven working groups. DiDaT aims to develop characterisation of the seven rooms in Table 2). socially robust orientations (SROs) for the responsible handling of digital data in impact, value and After Prof Roland Scholz's presentation of the dis- institution-related areas for politics, economy course spaces, Prof Ortwin Renn emphasized the and society. The results will be presented in a special role of political shaping and governance in comprehensive White Book on digitalisation as a dealing with the side effects of digital data han- reflective working basis by autumn 2020. A sub- dling and above all emphasized the balancing act sequent consultation (transdisciplinary qualifica- between data solidarity and data sovereignty. tion process) is planned, the results of which will Stephan Noller, spokesman for the practical im- be integrated into the White Book. plications within DiDaT, pointed out the opportunities offered by digitalisation. He emphasized, The final version of the White Book is expected to however, that the exploitation of these opportu- be available in February 2021. The first phase of nities requires an intelligent and competent reg- the transdisciplinary research project will focus ulatory framework. on seven topic-related working groups. Half of the groups are composed of practitioners and The presentation of the project was followed by a half of scientists and are supported, but also ad- lively discussion on all seven discourse spaces. vised and accompanied by subject-specific moni- Many of the questions could not be answered im- toring groups. Of particular importance for the mediately - also due to time constraints. Thus, the project is the monitoring group of the political ex- focus was on collecting the extensive questions, perts of the German Bundestag. A first video con- concretizing their content and reflecting them ference took place on April 30, 2020, in which back to the working groups in the discourse most of the participants in the monitoring group spaces. All participants welcomed the project. In were able to participate (see Table 1). some of the statements, the transdisciplinary approach, the broad spectrum of stakeholders and The focus of the deliberations and discussions relevant scientists as well as the inclusive dis- was the thematic orientation of the overall pro- course were particularly appreciated. Both the ject and the scientific discourse spaces in the organizers and the members of the monitoring seven working groups (divided into main areas of group were satisfied with the first meeting and a modern society). Introductory information was have agreed to a second meeting after the provided on the topics, the status of the work and presentation of the White Book. on some critical conflicts of interest between

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Statement from the transdisciplinary management committee of Stephan Noller • Comment from the point of view of the practice management • Courageous - to invite me as a fan of digitisation as a “clear proponent of the doer side - to design digitalisation more cleverly and to set guard rails, monitoring - better than to be on the prevention side". • But perceives the potentially dystopian side • Welcomes critical discourses and inter/transdisciplinary approach • Example: Ubirch Proposal: Blockchain fingerprints (Corona) • School during Corona, absurd situation • see also interview of May 3rd àhttps://www.jungundnaiv.de/2020/05/03/constanze-kurz-ueber-die-corona-app-folge-460/

DiDaT Websites: • http://www.didat.eu/homepage.html • https://www.iass-potsdam.de/en/research/didat DiDaT short brochure: https://www.iass-potsdam.de/sites/default/files/2020-03/DiDaT%20Kur- zbroschu%CC%88re%20V13_EN.pdf

Table 1: Participants (in the process) of the political monitoring group. Parliamen- Name tary Group Function Dr Jens Zimmermann SPD Digital policy spokesperson Spokesperson for Digital Policy and Chairman of the Digital Agenda Manuel Höferlin FDP Committee Tabea Rößner Green Party Spokeswoman for network policy Tankred Schipanski CDU Digital policy spokesperson Maik Beermann CDU Chairman of the CDU Digital Agenda Committee Dr Petra Sitte Left Party Member Digital Agenda Committee Dr Anna Christmann Green Party Member Digital Agenda Committee Marc Biadacz CDU Member of the Enquete Commission "Artificial Intelligence”

Note: Dr P. Sitte and Manuel Höferlin could not attend the meeting, but were involved in the process. Participants DiDaT (transdisciplinary management and staff) and IASS representatives (Communica- tions Department): Ortwin Renn (IASS), Roland W. Scholz (IASS, BTU and DUK), Stephan Noller (DiDaT Head of Economic CEO Ubirch GmbH & BVDW), Markus Beckedahl could not attend, Dirk Marx (DiDaT - BTU), Verena van Zyl-Bulitta (DiDaT - IASS); Jonas Brandhorst (IASS), Matthias Tang (IASS)

Figure 2: Participants of the meeting on 30th April 2020: Tabea Rößner, Dr Anna Christmann, Dr Petra Sitte, Maik Beermann, Dr Jens Zimmermann, Manuel Höferlin, Tankred Schipanski, Marc Biadacz.

Table 2: Brief characterization of the seven discourse spaces. VR 01 – Mobility • Very strong disruptive changes in the transport system • Transformation of the system of the German automotive industry • How are platforms organised and innovative mobility services provided, and to what (in)favour is the mobility chain changing • Question of data allocation, how should it be designed or constructed from a social point of view? • What will the reliable infrastructure operators of the future look like? VR 02 – Health • Digital health applications are highly controversial, norm-led • Digital patient file vs. own condition, assessment of the doctor, what counts more? • Weaknesses and strengths of digital systems and health services • Quality certification of digital health services • National Health Portal - as a kind of clearinghouse, for performance of services • Good models for the interaction between digital data and health technologies VR 03 – Future of SME • Risks posed by platforms; willingness and ability to adapt to digitalisation is limited, but knowledge is also only available to a limited extent • IHK, companies need new strategies that are useful for SMEs • Industry 4.0 – SMEs become an extended workbench, production processes, much outsourcing • This requires a more comprehensive development of competence in small and medium-sized enterprises • Role of the platform economy • GWB – Unfair Competition Act - "we are mostly addressing this issue by considering this law" • Monopoly and competition law are central alongside liability law (RS reply) VR 04 – Agriculture / Agro-food chain • Fears of parts of nature conservation groups that some players (BASF, VDMA) are driving further automation and intensification with digital agriculture • Technologies for nature conservation, sensors, quality of ecosystems • Farmers' federation, DLG - different interpretations of agricultural objectives • Discourse in a broadly diversified group VR 05 – Social Media • Clearly structured through restriction to effects on the individual • Internet addiction or overuse and effects on well-being is a major problem • Digital violence, social pressure, polarization • Impairment of the capacity for democracy • A kind of "data pervasion law" would make sense to create interfaces to large providers • One would have to think about … • ... advisory councils, mixed forms of discourse, and • ... institutionally about new forms of intersection (social and technical possibilities) VR 06 – Trustworthiness of information & 07 Cybercrime were presented together • Trustworthiness • Law enforcement is at risk • Legal system is called into question • Ways to assess the correctness and falsity of digital data are lacking • Deep fake, fake news • Blockchain, retraceability • Amazon has started to use a very hidden, slowly accessible data layer • verification of forgery, civil law, handling such things

3. Deepening research and transdisciplinarity laboratories Roland W. Scholz (IASS Potsdam and Danube University Krems) und Magdalena Mißler-Behr (Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg)

In the second year of the DiDaT project, the par- which can support deepening research and activi- ticipatory deepening research on central and in- ties in the Td-Labs. sufficiently answered questions on dealing with In participatory deepening research, the con- unintended side effects of digitalisation is planned. struction of the research question, the planning of On the other hand, examples and models for deal- the project, etc. is mainly determined by the re- ing with the requirements of adapting to digital searchers. Thus, under the direction of Dr C. Sin- worlds will be tackled in a constructive manner dermann, members of VR'5 Social Media and VR07 within the framework of Transdisciplinarity La- Cybercrime have submitted a major research pro- boratories (Td-Labs). posal together with researchers from IASS (Dr The difference between participatory deepening Schweizer). In the transdisciplinary action re- research and Td-Labs is that the former focus on a search in the Td-Labs a joint definition of project scientific treatment of unresolved questions. For goals, procedure and results for tasks planned example, it is unclear what negative effects arise with the participating companies and other stake- from nutritional recommendations based on ge- holders is planned. We use the term action re- netic analyses. A further issue for deepening research here because the project should also have search is the unclear statements about digital a direct local benefit. 3-5 Td-Labs are planned. One players in the health market. When and how will of these labs will deal with the adaptation perfor- digital actors replace which traditional health pro- mance of SMEs. Another lab will be placed in the fessionals? area of data economy. For an exchange of further ideas for Td-Labs, please contact the project man- For the Td-Labs, various (practically relevant) re- agement. search questions will be dealt with that have arisen in the process of project work in the first Due to the somewhat delayed preparation of the two years of DiDaT and are important for the well- White Book, which was extended by the consulta- founded derivation of socially robust orientations. tion process, these projects will probably extend The DiDaT project has developed the Participa- beyond the duration of the DiDaT project (end of tory Scenario Analysis and Evaluation Tool within October 2021). the framework of the DiDaT Method Laboratory,

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4. How is DiDaT transdisciplinary? Dirk Marx (Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg)

In the context of this newsletter, from the per- (cognitive, experienced, intuitive, cultural) in front spective of the accompanying project manage- of the face of society (and the criteria of scientific ment, I am particularly interested in writing about compatibility) in such a way that we are aware, where, in my subjective view, we currently find within the framework of DiDaT, to recognize and ourselves in the transdisciplinary process. How- experience an individual and special also common ever, in the context of the project phase - prepa- way, with the aim that such knowledge is placed ration of the SIs - the question of how the process and put together by us. Mere joining is not the is to be understood is, in my view, more obvious same as the knitting of a pattern. No, many a fine than ever, since all those involved are in what is thread (representing a thought) does not stand up usually a "new environment" for them and are fac- to the urgently strong thread (the always already ing the tasks of DiDaT. resilient concept), but wants to be woven into the common pattern. This attitude of insisting on it is This devotion ranges from someone's head under a first transformative addition to the points 1 and water to someone who has hardly gotten wet. This 2 above. Like a bridge, the arguments fixed there does not make it easy to write about it, because it are visibly connected to a record. However, con- is obvious that different temperaments, starting nectedness is a rather unscientific than emotional from different worldviews, fight, argue and wres- tendency to want to put things together and be- tle for a goal. As the next step after the generation cause it pleases, to leave it that way. of the first 2000 words of each SI, the White Book chapter follows. In today's transdisciplinary approach, the border is a final metaphor for the fact that there can never The subject of this project DiDaT combines what I be enough courage and audacity. Misunderstand- am now trying to concretize through words in such ings require tolerance - perhaps they are part of a way that it is scientifically but also practically the system and are quickly considered normal. easy to read and understand. The following tripar- Corrections in the transdisciplinary process be- tite structure is intended to create transparency, come less necessary with each step, if the Td-Re- so that it can be recognized that actually separate view process takes place in a non-subversive way. ways of working in and by DiDaT are "ways and But, as if not drowning and always wanting to get means” or modalities. safely to another shore, it takes a sea voyage and the courage to want to reach new islands with the 1. combine individual, systemic (inter)disciplinary crew that has been on board from the beginning. or typical professional working methods 2. to use knowledge from theory and practice as Finally, allow me to express my gratitude to you all. new common experience in such a way that Only you have made it possible for me to create new knowledge is generated and evaluated in this first reflection - and if it pleases you, others a common process will follow. For it is only through our cooperation 3. crossing borders and inviting people to con- that "new" thoughts and experiences come into tinue to do so for particular reasons being, and I consider this to be a special transdisciplinary achievement for science in the context of I am now concerned with legitimizing the refer- co-creative processes and because of our special ence of different categories of knowledge encounter.

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.5. Transdisciplinary consultation of the DiDaT White Book Roland W. Scholz (IASS Potsdam and Danube University Krems) and Eike Albrecht (Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg)

The seven main chapters of the DiDaT White Book On the objectives of the discursive consultation "Orientations for a responsible use of digital data: of the White Book Results of a transdisciplinary process" provide socially robust orientations (SRO) for users, decision- In order to support the balance, the factual accu- makers and political regulators of the digital infra- racy and the practicability/feasibility of the SROs, structure on the topics of vulnerability spaces in which is necessary for broad acceptance, the first the White Book. complete version of the DiDaT White Book, which has been reviewed by academics and practitioners, The development of the contents and the SROs and the supplementary materials (Supplementary was carried out in a transdisciplinary manner. In all Information, SI for short) to the White Book will groups and at all levels of the project, an equal be submitted to a participatory consultation pro- number of scientists and practitioners worked to- cess. We use the Swiss term for consultation, gether on an equal footing with their respective “Vernehmlassung” (in the broader sense), since it formal competences. Thus, a balance in the pro- corresponds very well to the deliberative transdis- cess was lived out and was not just on paper. The ciplinary process in terms of procedure and basic selection of the scientists was based on the the- ideas. matic competences. An extensive stakeholder analysis was carried out to fill the position of the The origins of the consultation concept (in the practitioner bank. Each relevant stakeholder broadest sense) date back to the nineteenth cen- group was to be represented by a delegate. Stake- tury. The aim was to involve not only state actors holder groups were generally defined as groups of (such as cantons and municipalities) but also asso- actors4 who are affected by the use of digital do- ciations and estates in the definition and formula- mains in a specific area (e.g. mobility or agricul- tion of social regulations and laws, and thus "to in- ture), who were responsible for the negative clude" historically established structures in the (while there might also be positive) impact of the analysis, also in order to do better justice to a "so- use of digital data or who can contribute to reduc- cial factual situation" (Blaser, 2013). Thus, the col- ing the consequences (regulatory function). lection of practical and scientific knowledge can be seen in the light of this idea of Swiss grassroots de- A pluralistic approach was thus followed in the mocracy. stakeholder analysis. The aim was to consider the various interests and perspectives in the formula- tion of socially robust orientations. In some extensive vulnerability spaces, however, it was difficult or impossible to achieve this in a balanced and complete way due to the small number of only six practitioners. In principle, however, care was taken to ensure a balanced staffing.

4 In VR02 Health, the stakeholder groups were defined on the basis of a system model.

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In Switzerland, the purpose of the the representatives of various positions have the consultation process is to enable dif- opportunity to check the factual accuracy and to ferent stakeholders to deal with a de- introduce additional points of view and arguments fined issue, to read and understand it, and contribute to improving the SRO. to evaluate it, to identify false statements and to formulate arguments In order to achieve this, all chapters of the DiDaT for them, which are then incorporated White Book are to be sent to 30 to 50 companies, into the decision-making process “ organisations and individuals (stakeholder groups) (Roth-Godat, 2020) with the request for a written statement.

Consultation procedures (in the broad sense) are The aim of SROs is to describe a framework (and not only carried out in the phase of the preliminary measures), based on a common problem defini- proceedings for constitutional amendments or tion supported by as many people as possible, draft laws, etc., but also in the phase of the prep- which outlines or describes/limits the scope of fu- aration of the draft laws. (Confoederatio Helvetica, ture solution strategies/problem solutions. This 2020), but are also applied in other5 contexts.6 space can be described in a certain way as a kind of negotiation space. In the theory of conflict res- Since the DiDaT White Book is not used to prepare olution, the negotiation space is considered to be laws by an appointed commission of experts, but those possible future states which are either rather to develop SROs for a responsible handling equally or more beneficial to all participants than of data through the interaction of science and the current state (the status quo). practice, we use the term transdisciplinary consultation (Td-Vl). The organisations and persons involved in the consultation process are appealed to not exclusively Features of the transdisciplinary consultation on (or primarily) represent their interests and posi- the DiDaT White Book tions (i.e. to lobby in extreme cases), but also to look specifically for solutions in which the overall A transdisciplinary consultation is a specific form profile of the solutions leads to very good benefits of discursive consultation. It includes written for almost everyone, if this is associated with mi- statements from a large circle of stakeholders, nor losses for individual parties. We believe that companies, associations, other organizations, per- by including such solutions, which send out strong sonalities and public institutions. The written com- cooperative signals, the scope for problem-solving ments on a main chapter of the White Book are can be positively expanded.7 made the subject of a discussion forum, in which

5 In the German legal system, the procedures that are closest 6. We would like to point out that the consultation procedure to this type of consultation are those of consultation in the in Switzerland was strongly criticised in the 1990s (Müller, legislative process or the participation of public bodies (so- 1997). Consideration was even given to abolishing this form called TöB) as well as, if applicable, public participation in ad- of preparing laws and regulations. The reason for this was ministrative proceedings (Krause, 2017). These also exist in that the consultation procedure had not managed to develop German law. A special feature of the Swiss legal system is, from a "Helvetic ritual" into a (modern) participatory instru- however, that the consultation process is intended to make ment of democracy (Müller, 1997, p. 17). In particular, the known counter-positions to the legislative or other plans in lobbying of associations was viewed critically from various order to integrate them into the law. In this respect, there is sides. a much greater incentive in Switzerland to balance opposing 7 We propose here, following the term "close to Pareto opti- positions, because otherwise a referendum is likely to mal" coined by Joseph E. Stiglitz, the term "almost optimal, threaten the process, or there is a risk of (mis)success in a ref- highly cooperative" Pareto optimal solution. This means, for erendum. example, that in such a procedure one party refrains from

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Procedure of the consultation procedure particular importance and which include sensitive stakeholder groups are requested to submit writ- Originally it was planned to hand over the chap- ten comments. ters of the DiDaT White Book including their supplementary information to the targeted public on The first step of sharing the information that forms 23 June 2020 and to start the consultation process. the basis of the discursive consultation, is the re- This date had to be postponed, primarily due to quest to participate. With this request, an over- the Corona crisis and the unexpected considerable view of others that are also requested at that time additional burdens on a large part of the transdis- will also be sent. This should serve to make further ciplinary process. We first planned for a postpone- suggestions for other participants, if necessary, for ment of one month, i.e., until July 23, 2020, which example if a better balance can be achieved was partly feasible for some working groups. The among the respondents. reviewed and revised supplementary information and the equally reviewed chapters of the hand- Written feedback should be provided in the same book should be completed in such a form. structured form for all participants. The format and the length of the statement should be limited The first step after this is to identify the 30-50 by its scope/length, so that a response can be stakeholder groups (in the coming weeks). This made in a timely manner and its processing in the process will take into account aspects of plurality, DiDaT project team and in the author teams re- opinions, the importance of those who take a mains feasible and straightforward. stand, and the need for vulnerable and sensitive groups to be especially heard and given a voice. Of By sending the request, the organisations and per- course, the selection cannot be complete, but at sons can decide whether they want to receive the best a robust representativeness can be aimed for. DiDaT White Book and supplementary materials in The selection should be designed in such a way electronic and/or printed form for readability that even if individual important stakeholders are preferences. Feedback will be provided in elec- not included, a robust overall picture is still main- tronic form on a special template or via a platform. tained (Scholz, 2017). All stakeholders of the Di- DaT process will be involved in this process. A summary of the feedback will be compiled in a booklet and made available in electronic form to The process of selecting the representatives of all those involved. At workshops to be held for stakeholder groups will begin in the coming weeks. each vulnerability space, the feedback received Requests should be sent and a written feedback will be discussed in November/December. For this from the representatives of the stakeholder purpose, participants will be selected to represent groups should be sought. specific positions. The teams of authors of the chapters of the handbook will present suggestions In order to achieve this, a consultation process will for redesigning statements, sections or possibly in- be started, which is in principle open to all stake- dividual chapters of the handbook. On this basis, a holder groups. This means that, as is customary in revision of the chapters will take place by 15 Janu- a Swiss consultation process, anyone can in prin- ary 2021. ciple participate in the process with objections, suggestions, comments, etc. At the start of the The questions, problems and points of view for consultation process, companies, organisations which no formulations/solutions acceptable to all and individuals for whom the SROs are of are found or with which individual key parties do achieving the status quo while accepting a small loss if all other parties can achieve a (large) profit.

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not agree are presented in a special section fol- The 3rd Stakeholder Conference, at which the final lowing the revised chapters. version of the White Book will be presented to the public, will take place in February 2021.

Literature Müller, H. M. (1997). Vernehmlassungsverfahren- helvetisches Ritual oder modernes Blaser, J. (2013). Das Vernehmlassungsverfahren in der partizipatorisches Instrument der Konkor- Schweiz: Organisation, Entwicklung und danzdemokratie? Gesetzgebung heute, 8(2), aktuelle Situation (Vol. 191): Springer-Verlag. 17-41.

Confoederatio Helvetica. (2020). Roth-Godat, c. (2020). Die Vernehmlassung als ein Vernehmlassungsverfahren. Retrieved from wesentliches Element der Schweizer https://www.admin.ch/ch/d/gg/pc/index.ht Diskurskultur. In DiDaT Newsletter (pp. 8). ml on 20th June 2020. Potsdam: IASS.

Krause, J. (2017). Partizipation und Beteiligung bei Scholz, R. W. (2017). Managing complexity: from visual kommunalen Verkehrsprojekten. In perception to sustainable transition Handbuch der kommunalen Verkehrsplanung management. Contributions of Brunswik’s (pp. 77. Ergänzunglieferung). Frankfurt: VDE. Theory of Probabilistic Functionalism. Environment Systems and Decisions, 37(4), 381-409. doi:DOI 10.1007/s10669-017-9655-4

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6. White Book contents and excerpt Responsible use of digital data: Orientations of a transdisciplinary process Editors: Roland W. Scholz, Markus Beckedahl, Stephan Noller, Ortwin Renn8

Part 1: Unintended side effects of ownership, economic value, access, and use of digital data – a sustainable development perspective

A major 15.000 Word paper on the digital transformation, coupled human × digital environment systems, and the specific role of digital Data

Part 2: Unintended side effects in impact, value, and regulation-oriented vulnerability spaces (with respect to digital data use) (i) Impact-oriented spaces (1) Mobility SI1.1 Data culture SI1.2 Mobility offers SI1.3 Spatial effects SI1.4 Resource consumption SI1.5 Added value (2) Public Heath SI2.1 Shift of interests SI2.2 Quality v. Diagnostics SI2.4 Data-driven personalization SI2.6 Communication SI2.8 Patient Expectations SI2.9 Healthcare system (3) Future of SMEs SI3.1 Platform Dependence SI3.2 Cloud providers SI3.3 Production networks SI3.4 IoTization SI3.5 Organizational Change SI3.6 Employee qualification (4) Agriculture SI4.1 Ecological effects SI4.2 Diversity of actors SI4.3 Data rights SI4.4/5 Loss of knowledge/full automation SI4.6 loss of value added SI4.7 Food Security

8 Ortwin Renn and Roland Scholz are scientists; Science and Technology Studies (STS) and coupled human environment systems; Markus Beckedahl (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netzpolitik.org; https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Beckedahl) leading civil society activist; Stephan Noller (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Noller) pioneering digital economist and designer.

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(ii) A value-oriented space (5) Impact of social media use on the individual SI5.1 Overuse SI5.2 Digital violence SI5.3 Capability for democracy SI5.4 Interaction capability (iii) Institution and regulation-oriented spaces (6) Socio-technological design of trustworthiness SI6.1 Unreliable techniques SI6.2 Distrust SI6.3 Disorientation SI6.4 Undermining SI6.5 Reliance on government (7) Cybercrime SI7.1 Protection of availability SI7.3 Security and reliability of legal and evidence transactions SI7.4 Protection of the digital infrastructure

Part 3: Socially robust orientations: Emergence, countermeasures, goal conflicts, and goal- conditional strategies

Short descriptions of some SIs Verna van Zyl-Bulitta (IASS Potsdam) and Roland W. Scholz (IASS Potsdam and Danube University Krems)

The description of four to seven socially robust In order to convey the core of the socially ro- orientations for each of the unseens (acronym bust orientations well, the essence of the Sup- for "unintended side effects") presented at the plementary Information (Unseens and orienta- 2nd DiDaT Stakeholder Conference form the tions for their handling) is brought into a short fundamental basis for the preparation of the form (which also appears in the last sections of White Book RESPONSIBLE USE OF DIGITAL the White Book chapter). DATA: ORIENTATIONS OF A TRANSDISCI- PLINARY PROCESS. These explanations - called The reader will find in the following pages a set Supplementary Information (SI) - will be pub- of the Socially Robust Orientations as a brief in- lished in a volume of supplementary materials sight into the issues dealt with in the vulnera- to the White Book. bility spaces.

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SI # Title Short descriptions VR 01 Mobility 1.1 Secure data cul- Authors: Karl Teille, Katharina Jahn, Thomas Waschke, Christoph Wust, Yulika Zebuhr, ture Klaus Markus Hofmann The collection, storage and use of mobility-related data and the exchange of mobility data between public and private actors require socially robust institutions in terms of a secure data culture to prevent misuse. This includes non-discriminatory access to mobility data and platforms, compliance with European data protection directives and fall-back levels to ensure mobility that is independent of networks. 1.2 Digital mobility Authors: Johanna Tiffe, Florian Krummheuer, Klaus Markus Hofmann, with the participa- offers tion of Weert Canzler Digitalisation can contribute to the desired mobility transition, provided that innovative mobility offers and existing mobility systems are integrated in a user-friendly way. Avail- ability of mobility services via platforms and data on system usage promote allocation efficiency and seamless intermodal links. Digital network effects can increase disparities and establish new barriers to entry. If efficiency gains are compensated for by increased traffic and the use of transport space is intensified, rebound effects for the environment and society are likely to result.

1.3 Mobility and Authors: Wolfgang H. Serbser, Meike Levin-Keitel, Michael Prytula, Thomas Waschke, space Yulika Zebuhr, Klaus Markus Hofmann Strong interactions between digitalised mobility systems and spatial developments on the micro and macro scale are evident. Digital mobility takes up physical space and sim- ultaneously changes spatial resistance and mobility patterns and social structures. For a strongly sustainable development of digital mobility, digitisation should not be promoted primarily as a technology, but rather to respond to individual social and societal requirements and the consequences in the systemic context of space, environment and society, and socially robust solutions should be preferred.

1.4 Resource use and Authors: Liselotte Schebek, Susanne Hanesch, Elke Fischer, Johanna Tiffe, Christoph Wust, digitalisation Klaus Markus Hofmann Digital mobility requires additional resources (raw materials, energy) for the production of networked infrastructures, vehicles and the operation of data storage devices and platforms. Efficiency potentials of digital mobility systems are to be evaluated on the basis of a life cycle approach to sustainability. To evaluate adaptation measures, the energy and resource requirements of necessary background systems for digitalisation as well as possible additional traffic through behavioural adaptations are to be included.

1.5 Change in value Authors: Christoph Wust, Karl Teille, Klaus Markus Hofmann creation The digitalization of mobility is changing the value added of manufacturers, public and private mobility providers and the patterns of use. In order to remain internationally com- petitive, the players in the European mobility sector must be enabled to develop and operate digital business models. Mobility infrastructures in Germany must be upgraded in line with transport and energy policy objectives and business processes must be designed to be digitally compatible and sustainable.

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SI # Title Short description VR 02 Health 2.4 Data Driven Per- Authors: Lisa Rosenberger, Michael Weller sonalization / Per- In the second health care market, the effectiveness of digital applications is increased by sonalized Applica- individual adaptation (personalization) of these applications. Inappropriate data-driven tions personalization can have a negative impact on the health of the users. In order to avoid such side effects, institutional support measures are needed to make good use of digital health skills with regard to data-based profiling and to realize equal health opportunities.

SI # Title Short descriptions VR 03 SME 3.1 Online Platforms Authors: Thomas Schauf, André Reichel SMEs are threatened by dependency and substitutability on a few providers of closed platforms. Therefore, in order to maintain their ability to innovate, their digital skills need to be strengthened in order to reap their own benefits and ward off global threats. This requires their own platforms and cooperations as well as regulatory measures to minimise data-based market power.

3.2 Cloud Providers Authors: Thomas Schauf, Rahild Neuburger SMEs are bound to cloud providers by the vendor lock-in, which massively increases any possible switching costs. For this reason, their digital skills must be strengthened to develop their own cloud strategies in order to avoid dependencies. This requires (politically promoted) federated multi-cloud offers in Europe, which keep switching costs low with open standards and thus minimise the risks for SMEs.

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SI # Title Short descriptions VR 05 social media 5.1 Overuse Authors: Cornelia Sindermann, Sina Ostendorf, Christian Montag In order to reduce the risk/Unseen of overuse of social media, there is a need for both general awareness-raising measures such as newspaper articles and generally accessible expert lectures as well as help services for prevention and intervention, for example through school courses, the establishment of help hotlines, training of trusted teachers and parents and the establishment of psychological help centres, and technical/system integrated support possibilities that reflect, for example, the time spent on social media.

5.3 Democracy capa- Authors: Philip Freytag, Lisa-Maria Neudert, Roland W. Scholz, C. Sindermann bility In order to permanently ensure the individual prerequisites of a democratic model of society under the premises of the information architectures of social media, measures must be taken.

SI Title Short description VR 07 Cybersecurity and -criminality #

7.3 Security and relia- Authors: Dirk Labudde, Eike Albrecht, Veselko Hagen, Dirk Marx, Bernhard Otupal bility of legal and Because the analogue original does not clearly relate to the "digital twin", the processes evidence transac- around providing evidence are at risk. In order to maintain trust and enforceability, ad- tions in cyberspace aptations of the penal framework (e.g. § 269 StGB), good practice in digital standards (e.g. for electronic signatures), pre-judicial AI-based document verification and dispute resolution, and the capability of law enforcement agencies are needed.

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Responsible use of digital data:

Digital Data as a Subject of a Transdisciplinary Process (DiDaT)

Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies Potsdam (IASS) e.V. Berliner Strasse 130 14467 Potsdam

Tel: +49 (0) 331-28822-300 Fax: +49 (0) 331-28822-310

E-mail: [email protected] www.iass-potsdam.de

Authors: Roland W. Scholz, Magdalena Mißler-Behr, Verena van Zyl-Bulitta, Eike Albrecht, Dirk Marx, Ortwin Renn

Contact: Ortwin Renn: [email protected] Roland W. Scholz: [email protected] or [email protected] or [email protected] Verena van Zyl-Bulitta: [email protected] Dirk Marx: [email protected]

ViSdP: Prof. Dr. Ortwin Renn, authorised to represent the institute

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