DESIGN CRITERIA of HIGH CAPACITY BUS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
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DESIGN CRITERIA of HIGH CAPACITY BUS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Engineering and Sciences of İzmir Institute of Technology in Partial Fulfillment to the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER of SCIENCE in Urban Design By Cansu CANER April 2005 İZMİR ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would express firstly great thanks to my supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Güneş GÜR for having accepted me to prepare this master thesis. I would also thank to Assist. Prof. Dr. Yavuz DUVARCI for his theoretical support during the process of this study. I am deeply grateful to; ESHOT staff; Nurcan AKPULAT and İBŞB staff; Ilgaz CANDEMIR for their help to enable data access. ii ABSTRACT This thesis proposes to figure out a new model of public bus transportation mode in Turkey which is more competitive and effective among the conventional public transportation modes. In theoretical framework, the focus is on the new concepts and implementations developed in the urban transportation sector. The effective transportation systems regarding lower expenditures were handled according to the travel demands they serve. However, in general, the effectiveness of the modes is determined according to the economic parameters; mainly the conventional modes are discussed and the effectiveness of BRT systems and LRT systems are compared. A brief survey of the BRT (Bus Rapid Transportation) systems is handled to some extent. The design considerations and the results of the implemented examples are handled to constitute a guideline. The major public transportation modes of Izmir are discussed. A reserved bus-transportation system is designed in the case study stage. Meanwhile the reserved bus concept along the Inönü Street is not designed according to the existing proposals. A distinctive model is concluded regarding the local conditions of Izmir. At final stage, the energy consumption rates of the systems are calculated and the economic comparison of the systems is based on this parameter. Key words: Urban transport, BRT, LRT, Reserved Bus Transport at Inönü Street iii ÖZ Bu tez, otobüs toplu taşımacılığının Türkiye’de geliştirilmesine ve daha etkin olarak kullanılmasına yönelik yeni bir model önermektedir. Hızlı kentsel gelişimin ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda üzerinde yoğun olarak çalışılan toplu taşımacılık hizmetleri ve bu konudaki birtakım yeni çalışmalar, uygulamalar konunun altyapısını oluşturmak amacıyla incelenmiştir. Etkin ve verimli ulaşımın daha az harcamalarla karşılanması yönünde önerilen sistemler yolcu taşıma kapasite parametresi doğrultusunda irdelenmiştir. Bu analizler doğrultusunda dünya genelinde uygulanmış olan yüksek kapasiteli otobüs taşımacılık sistemlerinin tasarım kriterleri ve uygulanmış örneklerin sonuçları ele alınmıştır. İzmir genelindeki toplu taşıma sistemleri hakkında genel bilgiler verilmiştir. Tasarım aşamasında karşılaşılabilinecek kısıtlamalar belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. İnönü Caddesi’ndeki mevcut yol genişlikleri böyle bir sistemin dünya genelinde uygulanmış örneklerine birebir benzemesi noktasında engelleyici olmuştur. Ama önerilen sistem de ülkemiz koşullarına uyum sağlayabilme olasılığı olan ve araçların işlemesi açısından da bazı yenilikler getiren yeni bir öneri olmuştur. Önerilen sistemin işletme maliyetlerinde gerçekleşecek kazanımlar da hesaplanmıştır. Sistemin yapılacak metro sistemiyle ekonomik karşılaştırması da buna dayandırılmış sadece yakıt harcamalarından kaynaklanacak işletme giderleri kıyaslanmıştır. Bunun başlıca sebebi de önerilecek otobüs sisteminin geleneksel otobüs sistemlerinin işletme maliyetlerine göre yakıt harcama miktarlarında büyük farklılıklar göstermesidir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Kentiçi ulaşım, Yüksek kapasiteli otobüs taşımacılığı, Hafif Raylı ulaşım sistemleri, İzmir-İnönü Caddesi Tercihli Otobüs Modeli iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………...i ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………..ii ÖZ……………………………………………………………………………………….iii LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………….vii LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………….....x CHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION...................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2.URBAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS .............................................. 4 2.1. Definition of Transportation .................................................................................. 4 2.2. The Impacts of Transportation Systems on the Development of Urban Settlements ........................................................................................................... 5 2.3. The Classification of Transportation Systems....................................................... 7 2.4. The Classification of Public Transportation .......................................................... 8 2.4.1. Mass Rapid –Transit Systems....................................................................... 11 2.4.1.1. High Capacity Systems.............................................................................. 13 2.4.1.2. Medium Capacity Systems ........................................................................ 14 2.4.2. Personal Rapid –Transit Systems ................................................................. 15 2.4.3. Bus Systems.................................................................................................. 18 2.4.3.1. Express Bus Systems ................................................................................. 20 2.4.3.2 Demand –Responsive Bus Systems............................................................ 20 2.4.3.3. Bus Rapid Transit Systems........................................................................ 22 2.4.4. Dual-Mode Systems...................................................................................... 23 2.5. Evaluation of Public Transportation Systems...................................................... 25 CHAPTER 3.THE CONVENTIONAL PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION MODES....... 28 3.1. The Economic Features of Transportation Systems ............................................ 28 3.1.1. Efficiency in Urban Transportation .............................................................. 29 3.1.2. Economic Efficiency in Urban Transportation............................................. 30 3.2. The Comparison of BRT & LRT......................................................................... 33 3.2.1. The Economic Comparison of Bus and Rail Modes..................................... 33 v 3.2.2. Analysis of Speed Comparison..................................................................... 34 3.2.3. Analysis of Operating Costs per Vehicle Revenue Hour ............................. 35 3.2.4. Analysis of Operating Costs per Vehicle Revenue Km................................ 35 3.3. Advantages of BRT ............................................................................................. 36 3.3.1. Bus Rapid Transit More Flexible Than Light Rail....................................... 36 3.3.2. Bus Rapid Transit Operation Suitable for Phasing....................................... 37 3.3.3. Bus Rapid Transit as an Interim System....................................................... 37 CHAPTER 4.BRT: THE EFFICIENT TRANSPORTATION MODE.......................... 38 4.1. The Pioneer for the Bus Rapid Transportation .................................................... 39 4.2. The Scope of Implementing BRT........................................................................ 40 4.3. Locations of Specific Samples Implemented....................................................... 40 4.4. The Features of the System.................................................................................. 42 4.4.1. Specific Features of the System.................................................................... 43 4.4.1.1. Running Ways............................................................................................ 44 4.4.1.2. Stations....................................................................................................... 46 4.4.1.3. Vehicles ..................................................................................................... 46 4.4.1.4. ITS ............................................................................................................. 47 4.5. The Major Elements of Operating Plan ............................................................... 48 4.5.1. Route Structure ............................................................................................. 49 4.5.2. Service Frequency......................................................................................... 49 4.5.3. Stop / Station Spacing................................................................................... 50 4.5.4. Service Span ................................................................................................. 50 4.5.5. Network Structure......................................................................................... 51 4.5.6. Degree of Integration with Other Transit Services....................................... 51 4.6. Performance......................................................................................................... 51 4.6.1. Rider ship...................................................................................................... 52 4.6.2. Speeds ........................................................................................................... 53 4.6.3. Travel Time Savings..................................................................................... 53 4.6.4. Land Development