Die Geskiedenis Van Die Afrikaner in Rhodesië (1890 – 1980)

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Die Geskiedenis Van Die Afrikaner in Rhodesië (1890 – 1980) DIE GESKIEDENIS VAN DIE AFRIKANER IN RHODESIË (1890 – 1980) deur Gustav Hendrich Proefskrif ingelewer vir die graad Doktor in die Wysbegeerte (Geskiedenis) aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch Promotor: Dr. W.P. Visser Fakulteit Lettere en Sosiale Wetenskappe Departement Geskiedenis Desember 2010 Verklaring Deur hierdie proefskrif elektronies in te lewer, verklaar ek dat die geheel van die werk hierin vervat, my eie, oorspronklike werk is, dat ek die outeursregeienaar daarvan is (behalwe tot die mate uitdruklik anders aangedui) en dat ek dit nie vantevore, in die geheel of gedeeltelik, ter verkryging van enige kwalifikasie ingedien het nie. Datum:……………………………………… Kopiereg © 2010 Universiteit van Stellenbosch Alle regte voorbehou OPSOMMING Die bespreking van die geskiedenis van die Afrikaners as blanke minderheid in Rhodesië is ʼn doelbewuste poging om die teenwoordigheid en wesenlike bydraes van hierdie bepaalde bevolkingsgroep histories te ondersoek. In metodologiese terme ressorteer hierdie studie binne die raamwerk van diaspora- en migrasiestudies, volksverskuiwing en die dinamika van minderhede woonagtig in ʼn gasheerstaat. Sedert 1890 het Afrikaners vanuit Suid-Afrika, merendeels weens die soeke na verbeterde lewensomstandighede en werksgeleenthede, geleidelik hul weg na die gebied noord van die Limpoporivier gevind. Die georganiseerde en individuele Afrikaner-trekke en die sporadiese verhuising van Afrikaner-immigrante na Rhodesië sou die fondamente van ʼn selfonderhoudende, dog geografies wydverspreide bevolkingsgroep lê. Afrikaners sou op feitlik alle lewensterreine en in die verskaffing van noodsaaklike arbeidsdienste deelneem. Aangesien die Afrikaners in hoofsaak ʼn landelike bevolking verteenwoordig het, het hulle goed vertroud geraak met die boerderypraktyk en -omgewing. Die Afrikaner-boere sou oorwegend met verloop van tyd ʼn bydraende ontwikkelingsrol in die algehele Rhodesiese landboubedryf en ekonomie vervul. Die Afrikaner-kerke en -kultuurorganisasies in Rhodesië sou ʼn deurslaggewende godsdienstige, sosialiserings- en saambindende funksie verrig om Afrikaners te verenig. Die invloed van Christelike bearbeiding en reformistiese sendingwerk sou nie tot Afrikaners beperk bly nie, maar terselfdertyd ook die kerstening van swart mense insluit. Polities het Afrikaners in relatief vriendskaplike naasbestaan met die dominante Engelssprekende bevolking van ʼn Britse kolonie verkeer, hoewel onsimpatieke politieke houdings, vooropgestelde idees en vrees vir Afrikaner-nasionalisme dikwels verhoudinge belemmer het. Die beperkende koloniale immigrasiebeleide, verpligte militêre diensplig en die afkeur van Afrikaans as tweede amptelike voertaal deur die Rhodesiese owerhede, was bevestigend van die politieke onderworpenheid van Afrikaners in Rhodesië. Wedersydse aanvaarding tussen Afrikaners en Engelssprekende Rhodesiërs sou eers na die onafhanklikheidverklaring in 1965 na vore kom. Danksy die strewe om die behoud van hul taal, groepsidentiteit en volkseie sou die Afrikaners dus nie polities in die hoofstroom van die Engelssprekende bevolking geassimileer word nie. SUMMARY The discussion concerning the history of the Afrikaners as a white minority in Rhodesia is a purposeful attempt to historically investigate the presence and fundamental contributions of this particular population group. In methodological terms this study falls within the framework of diaspora and migration studies, movement of nations and the dynamics of minorities living in a host country. Since 1890 Afrikaners from South Africa, mostly as the result of the search for improved living conditions and job opportunities, gradually found their way to the territory north of the Limpopo River. The organised and individual treks, and the sporadic movement of Afrikaner immigrants to Rhodesia would lay the foundations of a self-supporting, though geographically straggling population group. In almost every terrain of life Afrikaners would participate in the provision of essential labour service. Since the Afrikaners mainly represented a rural population, they became very familiar with agricultural practices and surroundings. Predominantly, the Afrikaner farmers would in due time play a contributory role in the overall agricultural industry and economy of Rhodesia. The Afrikaner churches and cultural organisations in Rhodesia would decisively serve to unite Afrikaners religiously and socially, and to knit them together. The influence of Christian ministry and reformist mission work would not remain limited to Afrikaners, but would at the same time also include the Christianisation of black people. Politically, the Afrikaners lived in relatively friendly coexistence with the dominant English-speaking population of a British colony, although unsympathetic political attitudes, preconceived ideas and the fear of Afrikaner nationalism often hampered relations. The restrictive colonial immigration policies, compulsory military service and the rejection of Afrikaans as the second official medium of instruction by the Rhodesian authorities confirmed the political subjection of Afrikaners in Rhodesia. Mutual acceptance among Afrikaners and English-speaking Rhodesians would only emerge after the declaration of independence in 1965. Due to the aspiration of preserving their language and group and national identity, the Afrikaners would consequently not be politically assimilated into the mainstream of the English-speaking population. BEDANKINGS Die Universiteit van Stellenbosch, en veral die Departement Geskiedenis, word opreg bedank vir die akademiese en finansiële ondersteuning van hierdie studie. ʼn Besondere woord van dank gaan aan die skrywer se studieleier, dr. Wessel Visser, wat deur betekenisvolle raadgewing, insig en bekwaamheid ʼn leidinggewende rol vervul het. Professor Albert Grundlingh, voorsitter van die Departement Geskiedenis, en dr. Anton Ehlers, word vir hul vakkundige hulpverlening en meningswisseling bedank. Die skrywer bedank ook in die besonder die Erfenis-stigting en die Federasie van die Afrikaanse Kultuurverenigings (FAK) vir die finansiële steun van hierdie geskiedkundige studie. In 2009 het die skrywer die FAK se HB en MJ Thomprys vir navorsing met groot waardering in ontvangs geneem. Die vernaamste biblioteek- en navorsingsinstellings verdien spesiale erkenning. Die Kaapse Argiefbewaarplek en die professionele bystand en raad van mnr. Jacobus van der Merwe en die argiefpersoneel word opreg waardeer. Die Nasionale Argief van Suid- Afrika te Pretoria en die personeel van die Nasionale Biblioteek van Suid-Afrika in Kaapstad verdien erkenning vir die verkryging van historiese en kontemporêre bronmateriaal waarvan skrywer gebruik gemaak het. Die argivaris van die National Archives of Zimbabwe te Harare, mev. Thembile Dube, se hulpvaardigheid en diens is hoog op prys gestel. Die argiefpersoneel van die onderskeie kerk-argiewe, naamlik mev. Marlene Schoeman van die Nederduits Gereformeerde Kerkargief te Stellenbosch, mnr. Nándor Sarkady van die Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerkargief te Pretoria, asook mev. Carmie Huisman van die Gereformeerde Kerk van Suid-Afrika se kerkargief te Potchefstroom, word vir hul vriendelikheid, advies en onbaatsugtige hulp bedank. Die laaste dankbetuiging gaan aan dr. Helena Liebenberg vir die taalversorging, dr. A. van Niekerk van die Departement Geografie aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch vir die kartografiese opstel van die geo-politieke kaarte van Rhodesië, en mev. Corinne Harmsen vir die tegniese versorging tydens die afrondingsproses. Die skrywer betuig opregte dank aan sy ouers, Christina Maria en Wilfried Hendrich, vir hul aanmoediging en morele ondersteuning, asook aan almal wat direk of indirek ʼn helpende hand tot hierdie navorsingstudie verleen het. INHOUDSOPGAWE BLADSY VOORWOORD i LYS VAN ILLUSTRASIES ix LYS VAN AFKORTINGS x HOOFSTUK 1 VERTREKPUNTE TEN OPSIGTE VAN DIE AFRIKANER IN RHODESIË 1 1.1 BENADERING, UITGANGSPUNTE EN LITERATUUR AANGAANDE AFRIKANERS IN RHODESIË 1 1.2 DIE TREKGEES ONDER AFRIKANERS 9 1.3 DIE GEO-POLITIEKE SITUASIE IN SUIDER-AFRIKA TEEN DIE EINDE VAN DIE NEGENTIENDE EEU 13 HOOFSTUK 2 VROEË AFRIKANER-MIGRASIES NA RHODESIË 18 2.1 VROEË AFRIKANER-PIONIERS 18 2.2 DIE PIONIERSKOLONNE VAN 1890 20 2.3 VROEË AFRIKANER-BEROEPE IN RHODESIË: PROSPEKTEERDERS, JAGTERS EN TRANSPORTRYERS 26 2.4 DIE BOERE-DEPUTASIES 35 2.5 DIE AFRIKANER-TREKKE NA RHODESIË (1891 – 1895) 40 2.5.1 DIE ADENDORFF-TREK 40 2.5.2 DIE VAN DER BYL-TREK 43 2.5.3 DIE MOODIE-TREK 44 2.5.4 DIE MOOLMAN-WEBSTER-TREK 48 2.5.5 DIE GIFFORD-EDENBURG-TREK 49 2.5.6 DIE MYNHARDT-UTRECHT-TREK 50 2.5.7 DIE MARTIN-TREK 51 2.5.8 DIE DU PLESSIS-TREKKE 53 2.5.9 DIE KRUGER-BEKKER-TREK 53 2.5.10 DIE HENRY-STEYN-TREK 54 HOOFSTUK 3 OORLOG, OPSTANDE EN BOER-BRIT-VERHOUDINGE IN RHODESIË (1893 – 1902) 57 3.1 DIE ANGLO-MATEBELE-OORLOG VAN 1893 57 3.2 DIE JAMESON-INVAL 60 3.3 DIE MATEBELE-EN MASHONA-OPSTANDE 62 3.4 DIE AFRIKANDER VOLUNTEER CORPS 68 3.4.1 DIE AGTERHOEDEGEVEGTE BY TULI ROAD 71 3.4.2 DIE SLAG BY COLENBRANDER SE PLAAS 72 3.5 RHODES SE BELOFTE VAN GELYKE REGTE 75 3.6 DIE ANGLO-BOEREOORLOG 77 3.7 DIE HANDHAWING VAN VRIENDSKAPLIKE VERHOUDINGE TUSSEN AFRIKANERS EN ENGELSSPREKENDE RHODESIËRS 82 HOOFSTUK 4 IMMIGRASIE EN VERSPREIDING 85 4.1 DIE HOUDING EN REAKSIE VAN DIE BRITSE OWERHEDE TEENOOR AFRIKANER-IMMIGRASIE IN RHODESIË (1902 – 1925) 85 4.2 KLAGTES EN WAARSKUWINGS 93 4.3 ’N ANALISE VAN AFRIKANER-IMMIGRASIE IN RHODESIË (1915 – 1939) 99 4.4 DIE BEVOLKINGSVERSPREIDING VAN DIE AFRIKANER IN RHODESIË TOT ONGEVEER 1920 101 4.4.1 BULAWAYO EN DIE MATOPPO’S 101 4.4.2
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