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Die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Kiesstelsel - ‟N Kritiese Ontleding En Alternatiewe

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Die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Kiesstelsel - ‟N Kritiese Ontleding En Alternatiewe Die Suid-Afrikaanse nasionale kiesstelsel - ‟n Kritiese ontleding en alternatiewe PJ GROENEWALD Studentenommer: 10247696 Proefskrif voorgelê vir die graad Philosophiae Doctor in Politieke Studies aan die Potchefstroomkampus van die Noordwes-Universiteit Promotor: Prof A Duvenhage April 2013 OPSOMMING Die Republiek van Suid-Afrika het in 1994 ʼn nuwe grondwetlike bedeling betree. As deel van hierdie nuwe grondwetlike bedeling is ʼn nuwe kiesstelsel, naamlik die geslotelys- proporsioneel verteenwoordigende kiesstelsel aanvaar. Hierdie kiesstelsel is aanvaar vir verkiesings op nasionale vlak van verteenwoordigers vir die Nasionale Vergadering en hou bepaalde voor- en nadele in. Sommige politieke wetenskaplikes, politieke partye en meningsvormers is van mening dat hierdie kiesstelsel meebring dat daar gebrekkige kontak is tussen die verteenwoordigers in die Nasionale Vergadering (parlement) en die kiesers. Die kritici is ook van mening dat partyleiers te veel mag binne hierdie kiesstelsel verkry deurdat die partye die kandidate op kandidaatlyste aanwys. In verkiesings stem kiesers vir bepaalde politieke partye en het dus nie ʼn keuse ten opsigte van wie hulle verteenwoordigers is nie. Die gevolg is dat Suid-Afrika aan die verteenwoordigende aspek van demokrasie voldoen, maar in gebreke bly wat betref verantwoording deur verteenwoordigers aan die kiesers. Die legitimiteit van die parlement word ook hierdeur aangetas. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die Suid-Afrikaanse kiesstelsel te ontleed en die funksionering daarvan op nasionale vlak te ondersoek. In die ontleding word bepaal in watter mate die Suid-Afrikaanse kiesstelsel aan die kriteria voldoen wat gestel word vir ʼn kiesstelsel om legitimiteit aan die parlement en ʼn volhoubaar verteenwoordigende demokrasie en verantwoordbare regering op die langtermyn in Suid-Afrika te verseker. Hierdie ontleding en beoordeling is aangewend om te bepaal of die bestaande geslotelys- proporsioneel verteenwoordigende kiesstelsel die geskikste kiesstelsel vir Suid-Afrika is, en indien nie, ʼn alternatiewe kiesstelsel vir Suid-Afrika te identifiseer en te ontleed. Die studie behels ʼn literatuuroorsig-ontleding van kiesstelsels. Uit die studie blyk dit dat moderne demokrasieë ʼn wye verskeidenheid verskillende kiesstelsels toepas. Eenstemmigheid bestaan dat daar nie ʼn enkele beste kiesstelsel is wat deur alle state toegepas kan word nie, omdat elke staat sy eiesoortige omstandighede het en ʼn kiesstelsel se werking en uitkomste hierdeur geraak word. In ii hierdie studie word twaalf verskillende kiesstelsels geïdentifiseer met bepaalde voor- en nadele. Kriteria is gestel waaraan kiesstelsels moet voldoen om demokrasie te bevorder en legitimiteit aan die parlement te verseker. Hierdie kriteria behels dat kiesstelsels breë verteenwoordiging, toeganklike en betekenisvolle verkiesings, versoening, stabiele en effektiewe regering, verantwoordbaarheid van die regering, verantwoording van verteenwoordigers, bevordering van politieke partye, opposisie en oorsig, volhoubaarheid van die verkiesingsproses en internasionale standaarde moet bevorder en verseker. Genoemde kriteria is in prioriteitsvolgorde geplaas in volgorde van belangrikheid in die huidige Suid-Afrikaanse omstandighede. Hiervolgens is ʼn evalueringsmodel opgestel wat gekwantifiseer is ten einde die voldoening van elke kiesstelsel aan die vereiste en prioriteitsvolgorde te verreken. In die bepaling van die prioriteitsvolgorde van die vereistes in die kriteria is die historiese omstandighede van Suid-Afrika van verdeeldheid, konflik, rassehaat, opstande en agterdog tussen rasse onderling verreken. In die toepassing van die evalueringsmodel op die twaalf verskillende kiesstelsels is bevind dat die huidige geslotelys- proporsioneel verteenwoordigende kiesstelsel, die geskikste kiesstelsel vir Suid-Afrika is, en ook behou moet word. Ten opsigte van die kritiek teen die huidige kiesstelsel is die gevolgtrekking dat kiesstelsels nie die mate van verantwoording van verteenwoordigers kan verseker nie. Dit word verseker deur die interne reëls en dissipline van die verteenwoordigers se politieke partye. Kiesstelsels se bydrae tot verantwoording deur verteenwoordigers is om te verseker dat kiesers by ʼn volgende verkiesing ʼn keuse het tussen meer as een kandidaat of politieke party. Dit is ook nie kiesstelsels wat kandidate in ʼn verkiesing aanwys nie, maar die onderskeie politieke partye. In enige aanwysing van kandidate sal die leierskap en partyburokrasie ʼn bepaalde rol speel, ongeag die tipe kiesstelsel. iii Sleutelterme: Suid-Afrikaanse kiesstelsel, kiesstelsels, demokrasie, verteenwoordigende demokrasie, liberalisme, meerderheidkiesstelsels, gemengde kiesstelsels, proporsioneel kiesstelsels, stemreg, verkiesings, verantwoording. iv ABSTRACT The South African national electoral system – a critical analysis and alternatives The Republic of South Africa entered into a new constitutional dispensation in 1994. As part of this new constitutional dispensation, a new electoral system, i.e. the closed-list proportional representative electoral system, was adopted. This electoral system was accepted for elections on a national level of representatives for the National Assembly and has certain advantages and disadvantages. Some political scientists, political parties and opinion formers are of the opinion that this electoral system brings about poor contact between the representatives in the National Assembly (Parliament) and the voters. Critics are also of the opinion that party leaders obtain too much power within this electoral system, in that the parties appoint candidates to the candidate lists. In elections, voters vote for specific political parties and therefore do not have a choice with regard to who their representatives are. The result is that South Africa adheres to the representative aspect of democracy, but is lacking with regard to the accounting of representatives to voters. The legitimacy of Parliament is impaired by this defect. The aim of this study is to provide a critical analysis and investigate alternative frameworks of the South African electoral system and its functioning on a national level. In the analysis it is determined to what extent the South African electoral system meets the criteria set for an electoral system to ensure the legitimacy of Parliament, a sustainable representative democracy and an accountable government in the long term in the country. This analysis and evaluation was used to determine whether the existing closed-list proportional representative electoral system is the most suitable electoral system for South Africa and, if not, to identify and analyse an alternative electoral system for South Africa. The analysis entails a literature overview analysis of electoral systems. From the study it appears that modern democracies use a wide variety of different electoral systems. There is consensus that no single best electoral system exists which v could be used by all countries, since every country has its distinctive circumstances and an electoral system‟s functioning and outcomes are affected by it. In this study, twelve different electoral systems are identified with specific advantages and disadvantages. Criteria were set with which electoral systems had to comply in order to promote democracy and ensure the legitimacy of Parliament. These criteria require that electoral systems have to promote and ensure broad representation, accessible and meaningful elections, reconciliation, stable and effective government, accountability of government, accountability of representatives, promotion of political parties, opposition and oversight, sustainability of the electoral process, and international standards. The listed criteria were placed in order of priority according to those which are the most important in the current South African circumstances. In accordance with this, an evaluation model was drawn up which was quantified in order to calculate the extent to which every electoral system met the requirements and priority order. In determining the order of priority of the requirements in the criteria, the historical circumstances of South Africa, of discord, conflict, racial hatred, riots and suspicion between races, were taken into account. When applying the evaluation model to the twelve different electoral systems, it was found that the current closed-list proportional representative electoral system is the most suitable electoral system for South Africa and should be retained. In terms of the criticism of the current electoral system, the conclusion drawn is that electoral systems cannot ensure the measure of accountability of representatives. It is ensured by the internal rules and discipline of the political parties they represent. The contribution of electoral systems to the accountability of representatives is to ensure that voters have a choice between more than one candidate, or more than one political party at a following election. Furthermore, electoral systems also do not appoint candidates in an election; the respective political parties appoint them. In any appointment of candidates, the leadership and party bureaucracy will play a specific role, regardless of the type of electoral system. vi Key Terminology: South African electoral system, electoral systems, democracy, representative democracy, liberalism, majority electoral system, mixed electoral systems, proportional electoral systems, right to vote/suffrage, elections, accountability. vii VOORWOORD “Aan my Hemelse Vader kom toe al die eer en die lof.”
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