OECD Territorial Reviews the Megaregion of Western Scandinavia 2018 OECD Territorial Reviews Th E M E Ga Re Gi O N O F W E S Ter N Sc an D Inavia 2018 Inavia
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OECD Territorial Reviews THE MEGAreGION OF WESterN ScANDINAVIA 2018 OECD Territorial Reviews Reviews Territorial OECD TH E M E GA re GI O N O F W E S ter N Sc AN D INAVIA 2018 OECD Territorial Reviews: The Megaregion of Western Scandinavia This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. This document, as well as any data and any map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Please cite this publication as: OECD (2018), OECD Territorial Reviews: The Megaregion of Western Scandinavia, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264290679-en ISBN 978-92-64-29066-2 (print) ISBN 978-92-64-29067-9 (PDF) Series: OECD Territorial Reviews ISSN 1990-0767 (print) ISSN 1990-0759 (online) The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Photo credits: Cover © Jeffrey Fisher Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm. © OECD 2018 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of the source and copyright owner(s) is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre francais d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. FOREWORD │ 3 Foreword Not all cities are equally prepared to compete in a globalised economy. The largest cities around the world are often better equipped than smaller ones to attract investment, increase their market shares, upgrade their skills base and move up the global value chain. Such cities benefit from “agglomeration economies”, which typically arise when firms and workers come together in close proximity, share knowledge and become more productive. When cities that are relatively smaller on a global scale – such as Oslo, Gothenburg and Malmö – engage in a network with each other, they can collectively “borrow” agglomeration economies while minimising the costs associated with large cities, such as traffic congestion, air pollution, soaring house prices and social inequalities. For example, improving the transport network between two similar sized cities will reduce the cost of moving goods and people between them. These cities will gain faster and cheaper access to product markets. Their labour pool will get bigger and become more diversified. Therefore, the city network helps each individual city to function as if it were twice as big, without necessarily enduring the drawbacks that come with larger size. Such city networks can sometimes grow to encompass more neighbouring cities, expanding into “megaregions”. The OECD Territorial Review of the Megaregion of Western Scandinavia explores this new economic scale by looking at how Oslo, Gothenburg and Malmö have grown more interconnected with each other and their hinterlands. The review offers targeted policy recommendations to help local and national stakeholders build a more dynamic, sustainable and inclusive megaregion. This review was carried out under the auspices of the OECD Regional Development Policy Committee and its Working Party on Urban Policy. Within these unique arenas for international exchange and debate, around 100 OECD Territorial Reviews have been conducted, allowing for peer-to-peer learning and the dissemination of best practices. OECD TERRITORIAL REVIEWS: THE MEGAREGION OF WESTERN SCANDINAVIA © OECD 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS │ 5 Acknowledgements This Territorial Review on the Megaregion of Western Scandinavia was produced in the OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities (CFE), led by Lamia Kamal-Chaoui, Director, and as part of the programme of work of the Regional Development Policy Committee. The OECD would like to thank the eight regional and local authorities that supported this Review: the counties of Akershus and Østfold in Norway; the counties of Västra Götaland, Halland and Skåne in Sweden; the city of Oslo in Norway; and the cities of Gothenburg and Helsingborg in Sweden. Special thanks go to Jon Moxnes Steineke, Senior Adviser, Akershus County Council, Norway; Tomas Ekberg, Chief Analyst, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden; Madeleine Nilsson, Analyst, Region Skåne, Sweden; Lena Holmberg, Project Co-ordinator, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden; as well as the members of the political reference groups and steering groups, analysts and communication experts who worked on the project. The OECD extends warm thanks to all the stakeholders from government, civil society, academia and business representatives across the regions met during the on-site study missions in January 2017 and April 2017. The OECD would also like to thank the national government authorities from Norway and Sweden for their input during the process. The OECD is grateful to the three peer reviewers who contributed valuable international insights to the project: Johannes Gielge, Head of the Urban Research Section of the Urban Planning Department, City of Vienna (Austria); Gil Kelley, General Manager, Planning, Urban Design and Sustainability, City of Vancouver (Canada); and Xavier Tiana Casablancas, Head of International Relations, Barcelona Metropolitan Area (Spain). The review was co-ordinated and edited by Soo-Jin Kim of the Cities, Urban Policies and Sustainable Development Division. The report was supervised by Rudiger Ahrend, Head of the Economic Analysis, Statistics and Multi-Level Governance Section. The review was drafted by Daniela Glocker (Chapter 1), Soo-Jin Kim (Chapter 2), and Chris McDonald (Chapters 3, 4 and 5). The review also benefited from comments by Karen Maguire, Aziza Akhmouch, Enrique Garcilazo, Varinia Maria Michalun, Oscar Huerta Melchor, Elodie Isabel De Oliveira and Abel Schumann. Jennifer Allain copyedited and formatted the manuscript. Jeanette Duboys, Cicely Dupont-Nivore and Pilar Philip prepared the review for publication. OECD TERRITORIAL REVIEWS: THE MEGAREGION OF WESTERN SCANDINAVIA © OECD 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS │ 7 Table of contents Foreword................................................................................................................................................. 3 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ 5 Executive summary .............................................................................................................................. 11 Assessment and recommendations ..................................................................................................... 13 Part I. The Megaregion of Western Scandinavia .............................................................................. 25 Chapter 1. Connectivity in the Megaregion of Western Scandinavia ............................................. 27 Chapter 2. Building more effective governance in Western Scandinavia ....................................... 83 Part II. Spotlight on the regions ....................................................................................................... 149 Chapter 3. Oslo-Akershus-Østfold ................................................................................................... 151 Chapter 4. West Sweden ................................................................................................................... 181 Chapter 5. Skåne ................................................................................................................................ 219 Annex A. List of people met during OECD study missions ........................................................... 253 Tables Table 1.1. Snapshot of Western Scandinavia ......................................................................................... 32 Table 1.2. Decomposition of GDP growth ............................................................................................ 39 Table 1.3. Three-year survival rate of businesses started in 2008 ......................................................... 40 Table 1.4. Greenhouse gas emissions to the air in Western Scandinavia .............................................. 45 Table 1.5. Co-patenting activities within Western Scandinavia ............................................................ 65 Table 1.6. Number of holiday homes owned by natural persons in 2016 .............................................. 70 Table 2.1. Regions of Western Scandinavia in a national and OECD context: The potential to achieve a critical mass together ..................................................................................................... 87 Table 2.2. Overview of multi-level governance frameworks in Norway, Sweden and Denmark ......... 89