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The cases of Austria and Sweden: Implications and prospects of European Community /European Union membership Roberson, Joanne M., M.A. The American University, 1994 Copyright ©1993 by Roberson, Joanne M. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. owner.Further reproductionFurther reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. RECONCILABLE DIFFERENCES EUROPEAN NEUTRALITY AND EUROPEAN TNTF.OR ATTON: The Cases of Austria and Sweden Implications and Prospects of European community/European Union Membership by Joanne M. Roberson Submitted to the Faculty of the School of International Service of The American University in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in International Affairs Signatures of Committee: Jr,^ U) C h a i “ an: Dean of School i / . /A._______ Date: I l°2Cf3> Date: f' Z . f ' l j ? 3 ____ The American University Washington, DC q THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ,0u:' 1 0 AMERICAS USIVERSITY LIBRARY Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. © COPYRIGHT by JOANNE M. ROBERSON 1993 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. RECONCILABLE DIFFERENCES: EUROPEAN NEUTRALITY AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION BY JOANNE M. ROBERSON ABSTRACT European neutrality and European integration are dynamic processes which represent means for nation states to maintain sovereignty and achieve common or similar goals. Neutrality can preserve the sovereignty and national identity of some states while integration can enable states to keep pace with the growing interdependency of the world. Nevertheless, both are tools which ultimately ensure the viability of each nation state which chooses to engage in either process. Thus, despite the increasingly comprehensive integration of the European Community and the European Union, the continuation of the inter-governmental nature of the common foreign and security policy will allow for reconciliation with neutrality. During the Cold War, Austria and Sweden focused their attention and experience on universal collective security as opposed to ideologically divided defense blocs as members of the United Nations. This experience will enable the Euro-neutrals to be potential leaders in developing any future regional security ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. architecture in post-Cold War Europe. As neutrality is an adaptable process which will continue to evolve by enhancing security through participation in the broader scheme of European integration, so too will the dynamic process of European integration adapt to and benefit from the precepts of European neutrality as the European integration process proceeds "toward an ever closer union." iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to first thank my thesis committee, Dr. William C. Cromwell and Dr. Amos Perlmutter. Dr. Cromwell, you were the fundamental inspiration behind my education at The American University, and I cannot thank you enough for your encouragement, enthusiasm, and patience. Dr. Perlmutter, you helped me to keep this research in perspective and always shed new light on seemingly resolved issues. Thank you both for taking the time that you did to review and critique my many drafts. Your combined knowledge and insights were invaluable to my analysis. I would also like to thank my husband, Scott, for the endless hours of engrossing discussion and debate, as well as his remarkable patience with my schedule this past year. Scott, you are truly the best. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, who have always encouraged me to be independent, both in thought and in action. Whether you know it or not, you have been the foundation of my inspiration to pursue my goals with the same dedication and diligence which you have shown with such grace and ease as the parents of four daughters. You will both always be a source of awe to me. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ........................... 1 II. THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN NEUTRALITY AND INTEGRATION ........ 50 III. EUROPEAN NEUTRALITY AND EUROPEAN POLITICAL COOPERATION/COMMON FOREIGN AND SECURITY POLICY ................... 138 IV. THE FUTURE OF EUROPEAN NEUTRALITY AND INTEGRATION ........ 222 V. CONCLUSIONS........................... 262 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................... 288 V Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Out of the crooked timber of humanity no straight thing was ever made. Immanuel Kant, 1784 Purpose of Research In a thesis which hopes to shed light on the largely misunderstood concept of neutrality, it is important to immediately assess which states can and cannot adopt neutrality; what the advantages and disadvantages are in practicing neutrality; and what the consequences are for a nation for having neutrality and not having neutrality. However, any attempt to be so clear-cut runs the risk of over-simplification. Nevertheless, if such a presentation orients the reader to the purpose of the research and the underlying arguments contained throughout the research, then it will not have been in vain. In a world of big and small states, the ability of small states to survive largely depends on external factors beyond their control such as geography and the relative balance of power surrounding them. Moreover, very few states, let alone small states, are able to uphold the burdens of self-sufficiency. Nevertheless, certain small states opt for the policy of neutrality in an effort to 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 minimize the possibilities of becoming pawns of the great powers either during peacetime or during the outbreak of a potential war. As such, neutrality is a tool used by certain small states to make themselves as invulnerable as possible and to reaffirm their self-preservation and national identity. However, neutrality is only one of the components of a nation's security policy, and since it is a means and not an end unto itself, the policy is flexible and can be emphasized or minimized depending on the external environment. In choosing a policy of neutrality, however, it is not enough for a state to simply profess it, and then for it to relinquish all responsibility to itself and others by virtue of its claim. Rather, neutrality has to be reinforced by credibility, supported by the premise of a strong and viable economy as well as a strong and independent defense. This is essential since perception is reality when it concerns the authenticity of neutrality. Consequently, neutrality is not an easily transferrable policy, especially if the goal in its adoption is a "quick-fix" to a security vacuum. Thus, while some small states would very much like to adopt neutrality, they simply cannot because they lack the very premises to make it credible. Moreover, nations which proclaim and practice neutrality are keenly aware of their vulnerabilities and Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 their ancillary position

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